[An analysis of the relationship between genetic factors and the risk of schizophrenia]. / Analiz svyazi geneticheskikh faktorov s riskom razvitiya shizofrenii.

The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia remain poorly understood, but it has been established that the contribution of heredity to the development of the disease is about 80-85%. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in the search for specific genetic variants associated with the development of schizophrenia. The review discusses the results of modern large-scale studies aimed at searching for genetic associations with schizophrenia: genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and the search for rare variants (mutations or copy number variations, CNV), including the use of whole exome sequencing. We synthesize data on currently known genes that are significantly associated with schizophrenia and discuss their biological functions in order to identify the main molecular pathways involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.

Revisiting the multiple roles of T-cadherin in health and disease.

As a non-canonical member of cadherin superfamily, T-cadherin was initially described as a molecule involved in homophilic recognition in the nervous and vascular systems. The ensuing decades clearly demonstrated that T-cadherin is a remarkably multifunctional molecule. It was validated as a bona fide receptor for both: LDL exerting adverse atherogenic action and adiponectin mediating many protective metabolic and cardiovascular effects. Motivated by the latest progress and accumulated data unmasking important roles of T-cadherin in blood vessel function and tissue regeneration, here we revisit the original function of T-cadherin as a guidance receptor for the growing axons and blood vessels, consider the recent data on T-cadherin-induced exosomes' biogenesis and their role in myocardial regeneration and revascularization. The review expands upon T-cadherin contribution to mesenchymal stem/stromal cell compartment in adipose tissue. We also dwell upon T-cadherin polymorphisms (SNP) and their possible therapeutic applications. Furthermore, we scrutinize the molecular hub of insulin and adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2) conveying signals to their downstream targets in quest for defining a putative place of T-cadherin in this molecular circuitry.

Secretome of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Promising Treatment and for Rehabilitation of Patients with the Novel Coronaviral Infection.

As a rule, coronavirus infections are mild in healthy adults and do not require special approaches to treatment. However, highly pathogenic strains, particularly the recently isolated SARS-CoV2, which causes COVID-19 infection, in about 15% of cases lead to severe complications, including acute respiratory distress syndrome, which causes high patient mortality. In addition, a common complication of COVID-19 is the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Why is the novel coronavirus so pathogenic? What new treatments can be proposed to speed up the recovery and subsequent rehabilitation of the organism? In 2020, over 34 000 scientific articles were published on the structure, distribution, pathogenesis, and possible approaches to the treatment of infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV2 coronavirus. However, there are still no definitive answers to these questions, while the number of the diseased is increasing daily. One of the comprehensive approaches to the treatment of the consequences of the infection is the use of multipotent human mesenchymal stromal cells and products of their secretion (secretome). Acting at several stages of the development of the infection, the components of the secretome can suppress the interaction of the virus with endothelial cells, regulate inflammation, and stimulate lung tissue regeneration, preventing the development of fibrosis. The results of basic and clinical research on this topic are summarized, including our own experimental data, indicating that cell therapy approaches can be successfully applied to treat patients with COVID-19.

Urokinase receptor deficiency results in EGFR-mediated failure to transmit signals for cell survival and neurite formation in mouse neuroblastoma cells.

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator uPA and its receptor (uPAR) are the central players in extracellular matrix proteolysis, which facilitates cancer invasion and metastasis. EGFR is one of the important components of uPAR interactome. uPAR/EGFR interaction controls signaling pathways that regulate cell survival, proliferation and migration. We have previously established that uPA binding to uPAR stimulates neurite elongation in neuroblastoma cells, while blocking uPA/uPAR interaction induces neurite branching and new neurite formation. Here we demonstrate that blocking the uPA binding to uPAR with anti-uPAR antibody decreases the level of pEGFR and its downstream pERK1/2, but does increase phosphorylation of Akt, p38 and c-Src Since long-term uPAR blocking results in a severe DNA damage, accompanied by PARP-1 proteolysis and Neuro2a cell death, we surmise that Akt, p38 and c-Src activation transmits a pro-apoptotic signal, rather than a survival. Serum deprivation resulting in enhanced neuritogenesis is accompanied by an upregulated uPAR mRNA expression, while EGFR mRNA remains unchanged. EGFR activation by EGF stimulates neurite growth only in uPAR-overexpressing cells but not in control or uPAR-deficient cells. In addition, AG1478-mediated inhibition of EGFR activity impedes neurite growth in control and uPAR-deficient cells, but not in uPAR-overexpressing cells. Altogether these data implicate uPAR as an important regulator of EGFR and ERK1/2 signaling, representing a novel mechanism which implicates urokinase system in neuroblastoma cell survival and differentiation.

Urokinase receptor regulates nerve regeneration through its interaction with α5ß1-integrin.

PURPOSE: Urokinase receptor (uPAR) promotes extracellular matrix proteolysis, regulates adhesion and cell migration, transduces intracellular signals through interactions with the lateral partners. The expression of uPAR and urokinase (uPA) is significantly upregulated in peripheral nerves after injury, however, little is known about uPAR function in nerve regeneration or the molecular mechanisms involved. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of uPAR in nerve regeneration after traumatic injury of n. Peroneus communis in uPA-/-, uPAR-/- or control mice (WT) and in neuritogenesis in an in vitro Neuro 2A cell model. RESULTS: Electrophysiological analysis indicates that nerve recovery is significantly impaired in uPAR-/- mice, but not in uPA-/- mice. These data correlate with the reduced amount of NF200-positive axons in regenerating nerves from uPAR-/- mice compared to uPA-/- or control mice. There is an increase in uPAR expression and remarkable colocalization of uPAR with α5 and ß1 integrin in uPA-/- mice in recovering nerves, pointing to a potential link between uPAR and its lateral partner α5ß1-integrin. Using an in vitro model of neuritogenesis and α325 blocking peptide, which abrogates uPAR-α5ß1 interaction in Neuro 2A cells but has no effect on their function, we have further confirmed the significance of uPAR-α5ß1 interaction. CONCLUSION: Taken together, we report evidence pointing to an important role of uPAR, rather than uPA, in peripheral nerve recovery and neuritogenesis.

[Mechanisms of Participation of the Urokinase Receptor in Directed Axonal Growth].

The degradation of the extracellular matrix plays an important role in the processes of morphogenesis, angio- and neurogenesis, wound healing, inflammation, carcinogenesis and others. The urokinase receptor uPAR is an important participant in processes that regulate extracellular proteolysis, cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, cell migration along the chemokine gradient, proliferation and survival involving growth factor receptors. The presence of the GPI anchor and the absence of transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in uPAR promote involvement of membrane partners for the realization of uPAR signal effects. In some studies, involvement of the fMLP chemokine receptor FPRL in the regulation of uPAR-dependent directed migration has been shown. Moreover, the migration of neural progenitors and their maturation into neurons during the formation of brain structures are regulated by chemokine receptors. Despite the data on the role of uPARin the processes of morphogenesis, little is known about the interactions between uPAR and chemokine receptors in guidance processes during nerve growth and regeneration. In the present work, it was shown for the first time that the soluble form of uPAR (suPAR) regulates the trajectory of axon outgrowth, and this effect does not depend on the presence of urokinase. It was also shown that regulation of the directed axon growth is based on the interaction of suPAR with the chemokine receptor FPRL1. These data show new mechanisms for the participation of the urokinase system in the regulation of axon guidance.

[Cancer-associated fibroblasts and their significance in tumor progression]. / Opukhol'-assotsiirovannye fibroblasty i ikh znachenie v progressii zlokachestvennykh novoobrazovanii.

Carcinogenesis and tumor progression are not caused not only by malignant epithelial cells, but also by the tumor stroma around cancer stem cells which performs regulatory, nutritional and 'framework' functions. It is represented by mesenchymal cells of various types predominantly by cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF). αSMA, FAP-1, desmin, podoplanin, neuron-glial antigen 2 (NG2), PDGFR-α and -ß are used for CAF identification but there is no universal markers due to the plasticity of the cell population that underlies the subpopulation division CAF. CAF subpopulations are not described for many tumor types. Recently, evidence has accumulated that CAFs mediate many adverse processes in the tumor, including can support stromal inflammation and cause fibrosis. By forming a niche in cancer stem cells, CAFs mediate chemoresistance and the appearance of dormant metastases. The study of the role of CAF will allow not only to form a fundamentally new understanding of the mechanisms of carcinogenesis, but also to create new diagnostic and therapeutic targets for treating tumors.

Combined Action of GDNF and HGF Up-Regulates Axonal Growth by Increasing ERK1/2 Phosphorylation.

A stimulating effect of a combination of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and glial neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on the growth of neurites in the spinal ganglion model was demonstrated. The mechanism of neurite growth in the spinal ganglion model is associated with transactivation of HGF c-met receptor in the presence of both HGF and GDNF. The combination of HGF and GDNF significantly activated mitogenic signaling cascade mediated by protein kinases ERK1/2, which can be a mechanism for increasing the number of neurites. Our findings can be used for developing effective methods for restoring impaired peripheral nerve function after traumatic and ischemic injury using a combination of GDNF and HGF.

[Fibrinolytics: from the thrombolysis to the processes of blood vessels growth and remodeling, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis and fibrosis].

One of the most outstanding scientific achievements in the thrombolysis is the development and administration of fibrinolysin - the first Soviet drug that lyses blood clots. Intracoronary administration of fibrinolysin reduced the mortality of patients with myocardial infarction by almost 20%. For his work in this field Yevgeny Chazov was awarded the Lenin Prize in 1982. Over the next decades, under his leadership, the Cardiology Center established scientific and clinical laboratories that created new generations of drugs based on fibrinolytics for treating patients with myocardial infarction, restoration of blood flow in ischemic tissue, and also studying the mechanisms of remodeling of blood vessels involving the fibrinolysis system. It have been found new mechanisms of regulation of the navigation of blood vessels and nerves growth, tumor growth and its metastasis with the participation of the fibrinolysis system proteins. The review reports the role of the fibrinolysis system in the thrombolysis, blood vessels growth and remodeling, neurogenesis, carcinogenesis and fibrosis. The article is dedicated to the 90th anniversary of academician E.I. Chazov.

Molecular analysis of patients with aniridia in Russian Federation broadens the spectrum of PAX6 mutations.

Congenital aniridia is a severe autosomal dominant congenital panocular disorder, mainly associated with pathogenic variants in the PAX6 gene. The objective of the study was to investigate the mutational and clinical spectra of congenital aniridia in a cohort of 117 patients from Russia. Each patient underwent detailed ophthalmological examination. From 91 unrelated families, 110 patients were diagnosed with congenital aniridia and 7 with WAGR syndrome (Wilms tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary anomalies, and mental Retardation syndrome). The clinical presentation in aniridia patients varied from the complete bilateral absence of the iris (75.5%) to partial aniridia or iris hypoplasia (24.5%). Additional ocular abnormalities were consistent with previous reports. In our cohort, we saw a previously not described high percentage of patients (45%) who showed non-ocular phenotypes. Prevalence of deletions coherent with WAGR syndrome appeared to be 19.4% out of sporadic patients. Among the other aniridia cases, PAX6 deletions were identified in 18 probands, and small intragenic changes were detected in 58 probands with 27 of these mutations being novel and 21 previously reported. In 3 families mosaic mutation was transmitted from a subtly affected parent. Therefore, PAX6 mutations explained 96.7% of aniridia phenotypes in this study with only 3 of 91 probands lacking pathogenic variants in the gene.

Whole exome sequencing identifies multiple diagnoses in congenital glaucoma with systemic anomalies.

The genetic basis of congenital glaucoma with systemic anomalies is largely unknown. Whole exome sequencing (WES) in 10 probands with congenital glaucoma and variable systemic anomalies identified pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants in three probands; in two of these, a combination of two Mendelian disorders was found to completely explain the patients' features whereas in the third case only the ocular findings could be explained by the genetic diagnosis. The molecular diagnosis for glaucoma included two cases with compound heterozygous or homozygous pathogenic alleles in CYP1B1 and one family with a dominant pathogenic variant in FOXC1; the second genetic diagnosis for the additional systemic features included compound heterozygous mutations in NPHS1 in one family and a heterozygous 18q23 deletion in another pedigree. These findings show the power of WES in the analysis of complex conditions and emphasize the importance of CYP1B1 screening in patients with congenital glaucoma regardless of the presence/absence of other systemic anomalies.

[PARTICIPATION OF UROKINASE RECEPTOR AND ITS ENDOGENOUS LIGANDS IN BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND FORMATION OF COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS].

Recently it has been found that the urokinase receptor (uPAR) and its ligands - urokinase (uPA) and SRPX2 protein play an important role in the development and functioning of the brain. There is a strong association between uPAR gene polymorphism and autism disorders in humans. Patients with autism, intractable lobe epilepsy, verbal dyspraxia and perisylvian polymicrogyria display significant changes in uPAR expression. Mice, lacking the uPAR gene develop epilepsy and demonstrate abnormal social behavior. uPA and SRPX2 protein, have been shown to be involved in pathological brain conditions such as autism, cognitive deficits and language disorders. Urokinase system that stimulates blood vessel growth as demonstrated before, also plays an important role in the regulation of the nerve growth via matrix remodeling and activation of neurotrophic and angiogenic factors. Moreover, the urokinase system also functions as a guidance system which determines the growth trajectory of the vessels' and nerves' in tissue regeneration. This review summarizes and integrates the results and recent progress in the field of uPAR and its endogenous ligands in brain development and cognitive functions.

Detection of T-Cadherin Expression in Mouse Embryos.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate T-cadherin expression at the early developmental stages of the mouse embryo. Using in situ hybridization and immunofluorescent staining of whole embryos in combination with confocal microscopy, we found that T-cadherin expression is detected in the developing brain, starting with the E8.75 stage, and in the heart, starting with the E11.5 stage. These data suggest a possible involvement of T-cadherin in the formation of blood vessels during embryogenesis.

[UROKINASE SYSTEM INVOLVES IN VASCULAR CELLS MIGRATION AND REGULATES THE GROWTH AND BRANCHING OF CAPILLARIES].

Urokinase system representing urokinase-type plasminogen activator (urokinase, uPA) and urokinase re- ceptor (uPAR) plays an important regulatory role in the vascular wall and has the ability to run a proteolytic cascade, degradation of extracellular matrix and activate intracellular signaling in vascular cells. In this work, we have firstly shown a fundamental mechanism of urokinase system-dependent regulation of the trajectory of growth and branching of blood vessels what may be of particular importance in the growth of blood vessels in early embryogenesis and in adults during the repair/regeneration of tissues.

Whole exome analysis identifies dominant COL4A1 mutations in patients with complex ocular phenotypes involving microphthalmia.

Anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) is a developmental ocular malformation defined as complete absence or reduction in size of the eye. A/M is a heterogenous disorder with numerous causative genes identified; however, about half the cases lack a molecular diagnosis. We undertook whole exome sequencing in an A/M family with two affected siblings, two unaffected siblings, and unaffected parents; the ocular phenotype was isolated with only mild developmental delay/learning difficulties reported and a normal brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the proband at 16 months. No pathogenic mutations were identified in 71 known A/M genes. Further analysis identified a shared heterozygous mutation in COL4A1, c.2317G>A, p.(Gly773Arg) that was not seen in the unaffected parents and siblings. Analysis of 24 unrelated A/M exomes identified a novel c.2122G>A, p.(Gly708Arg) mutation in an additional patient with unilateral microphthalmia, bilateral microcornea and Peters anomaly; the mutation was absent in the unaffected mother and the unaffected father was not available. Mutations in COL4A1 have been linked to a spectrum of human disorders; the most consistent feature is cerebrovascular disease with variable ocular anomalies, kidney and muscle defects. This study expands the spectrum of COL4A1 phenotypes and indicates screening in patients with A/M regardless of MRI findings or presumed inheritance pattern.

Novel B3GALTL mutations in classic Peters plus syndrome and lack of mutations in a large cohort of patients with similar phenotypes.

Peters plus syndrome (PPS) is a rare autosomal-recessive disorder characterized by Peters anomaly of the eye, short stature, brachydactyly, dysmorphic facial features, developmental delay, and variable other systemic abnormalities. In this report, we describe screening of 64 patients affected with PPS, isolated Peters anomaly and PPS-like phenotypes. Mutations in the coding region of B3GALTL were identified in nine patients; six had a documented phenotype of classic PPS and the remaining three had a clinical diagnosis of PPS with incomplete clinical documentation. A total of nine different pathogenic alleles were identified. Five alleles are novel including one frameshift, c.168dupA, p.(Gly57Argfs*11), one nonsense, c.1234C>T, p.(Arg412*), two missense, c.1045G>A, p.(Asp349Asn) and c.1181G>A, p.(Gly394Glu), and one splicing, c.347+5G>T, mutations. Consistent with previous reports, the c.660+1G>A mutation was the most common mutation identified, seen in eight of the nine patients and accounting for 55% of pathogenic alleles in this study and 69% of all reported pathogenic alleles; while two patients were homozygous for this mutation, the majority had a second rare pathogenic allele. We also report the absence of B3GALTL mutations in 55 cases of PPS-like phenotypes or isolated Peters anomaly, further establishing the strong association of B3GALTL mutations with classic PPS only.

Whole-genome copy number variation analysis in anophthalmia and microphthalmia.

Anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) represent severe developmental ocular malformations. Currently, mutations in known genes explain less than 40% of A/M cases. We performed whole-genome copy number variation analysis in 60 patients affected with isolated or syndromic A/M. Pathogenic deletions of 3q26 (SOX2) were identified in four independent patients with syndromic microphthalmia. Other variants of interest included regions with a known role in human disease (likely pathogenic) as well as novel rearrangements (uncertain significance). A 2.2-Mb duplication of 3q29 in a patient with non-syndromic anophthalmia and an 877-kb duplication of 11p13 (PAX6) and a 1.4-Mb deletion of 17q11.2 (NF1) in two independent probands with syndromic microphthalmia and other ocular defects were identified; while ocular anomalies have been previously associated with 3q29 duplications, PAX6 duplications, and NF1 mutations in some cases, the ocular phenotypes observed here are more severe than previously reported. Three novel regions of possible interest included a 2q14.2 duplication which cosegregated with microphthalmia/microcornea and congenital cataracts in one family, and 2q21 and 15q26 duplications in two additional cases; each of these regions contains genes that are active during vertebrate ocular development. Overall, this study identified causative copy number mutations and regions with a possible role in ocular disease in 17% of A/M cases.

OTX2 microphthalmia syndrome: four novel mutations and delineation of a phenotype.

The OTX2 homeobox-containing transcription factor gene was shown to play a key role in the development of head structures in vertebrates. In humans, OTX2 mutations result in anophthalmia/microphthalmia (A/M) often associated with systemic anomalies. We screened 52 unrelated individuals affected with A/M and identified disease-causing variants in four families (8%), a higher frequency than previously reported. All four mutations are predicted to result in truncation of normal OTX2 protein sequence, consistent with previously reported mechanisms; three changes occurred de novo and one mutation was inherited from an affected parent. Four of the five OTX2-positive patients in our study displayed additional systemic findings, including two novel features, Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome and an anteriorly placed anus. Analysis of the phenotypic features of OTX2-positive A/M patients in this study and those previously reported suggests the presence of pituitary anomalies and lack of genitourinary and gastrointestinal manifestations as potential distinguishing characteristics from SOX2 anophthalmia syndrome. Interestingly, pituitary anomalies seem to be more strongly associated with mutations that occur in the second half of OTX2, after the homeodomain and SGQFTP motif. OTX2 patients also show a high rate of inherited mutations (35%), often from mildly or unaffected parents, emphasizing the importance of careful parental examination/testing.

[T-cadherin suppresses the cell proliferation of mouse melanoma B16F10 and tumor angiogenesis in the model of the chorioallantoic membrane].

The influence of T-cadherin on the pigmentation and proliferation of mouse melanoma B16F10 cells in vitro and on the growth and neovascularization of tumor cell masses formed by the B16F10 cells in a model of the chorioallantoic membrane of a chicken embryo is studied. It is found that the proliferative activity of the cells decreases in the cell culture of mouse melanoma upon the hyperexpression of T-cadherin in comparison with the cells in the control. It is shown in experiments in vitro that the B16F10 cells with the hyperexpression of T-cadherin are less adaptive to the chorioallantoic membrane than the control cells. In addition, it is found that the control cells of mouse melanoma form tumors with area more 0.1 mm2 more often than the cells with the hyperexpression of T-cadherin and the amount of the vessels growing to tumor cell masses formed by the cells with the hyperexpression of T-cadherin is significantly lower than the same index for the cells in the control. Thus, the hyperexpression of T-cadherin in the B16F10 cells suppresses the proliferation of these cells in vitro and the growth of the tumor masses formed by melanoma cells on the chorioallantoic membrane and their neovascularization in vivo are demonstrated.