Impacto do uso do cicloergômetro na função respiratória, cardiovascular, capacidade aeróbica, funcional e qualidade de vida de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise / Impact of the use of cycloergometer on respiratory, cardiovascular, aerobic and functional capacity and quality of life of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis

Investigar por meio de uma revisão sistemática o impacto do uso de cicloergômetro na função respiratória, cardiovascular, capacidade aeróbica, funcional e qualidade de vida em pacientes com doença renal crônica durante a hemodiálise. Métodos: A pesquisa buscou referências de janeiro de 2010 a dezembro de 2018. Foram incluídas as bases Pubmed, Scielo, PEDro, Lilacs e Cochrane Library e foram usadas palavras-chave pré-selecionadas. Os artigos encontrados foram avaliados pela escala PEDro. A busca e análise foram realizadas por dois autores de forma independente. Resultados: Um total de 81 artigos foi identificado, no entanto apenas quatro atendiam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Devido ao pequeno número de artigos incluídos e à sua heterogeneidade, seus resultados não puderam ser submetidos à metanálise e foram apresentados de forma descritiva. Conclusão: O exercício aeróbico com uso de cicloergômetro realizado durante as sessões de hemodiálise promove melhora da capacidade aeróbia e condicionamento físico e por consequência na qualidade de vida. (AU)

To investigate the impact of the use of cycloergometer on the respiratory function and quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Methods: This review sought for articles published from January 2010 to December 2018. The databases Pubmed, Scielo, PEDro, Lilac's and Cochrane Library were used. The search occurred with pre-selected keywords. The articles found were evaluated, scored and qualified using the PEDro scale. The search and analysis was carried out by two authors who evaluated the studies independently. Results: A total of 81 articles were identified, four of which met inclusion and exclusion criteria. Due to the small number of studies and their heterogeneity, the results were not metanalyzed and were instead presented descriptively. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise using a cycle ergometer performed during hemodialysis sessions promotes an improvement in aerobic capacity and physical fitness and consequently in quality of life. (AU)

Evaluation of the anthropometric clinical measurements and Vitamin D status in kidney transplant recipients: Comparison between sexes.

Anthropometric clinical indexes have been used to verify the association of obesity with Vitamin D status; however, different reports have yielded conflicting results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between anthropometric clinical indexes and Vitamin D status in kidney transplant recipients (KTR), comparing by sex. Eighty-five KTR were selected and demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Anthropometric evaluation using clinical indexes and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis were determined, and the patients compared by sex. No differences of serum 1,25-dihy-droxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) values between males and females were found. Females had higher abdominal obesity observed by waist/height ratio and waist/weight ratio, and also higher body fat%, than males. No correlation was found among the 25(OH)D levels and anthropometric data in both sexes. Since serum 25(OH)D concentrations could be influenced by body weight, we also analyzed the 25(OH)D/weight ratio, and this showed an inverse correlation with body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), WC/height ratio, index, conicity index, and body fat%, in females. Moreover, the comparison of the 25(OH)D values among patients classified by BMI showed no differences between sexes. However, the 25(OH)D/weight ratio revealed lower values in overweight and obese patients compared with the normal BMI group, and progressively decreased as the BMI increased, mainly in females. The study suggests that KTR with higher abdominal obesity may need higher Vitamin D intake to obtain adequate serum 25(OH)D status, notably in females.

Functional and Respiratory Capacity of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Undergoing Cycle Ergometer Training during Hemodialysis Sessions: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

PURPOSE: Exercise is recommended for patients undergoing hemodialysis, to reduce the decrease in functional capacity secondary to the progression of chronic kidney disease. A cycle ergometer can be easily added to an exercise routine during hemodialysis sessions. The purpose of this article was to assess the results of a training protocol with the cycle ergometer during hemodialysis sessions on the respiratory function and functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. METHOD: In this randomized clinical trial (NCT no. 02834026), 39 patients undergoing hemodialysis were randomly allocated into two groups: the treatment group (TG, n = 20), who underwent a cycle ergometer protocol training, and the control group (GC, n = 19), not trained. The TG attended 24 training sessions, three times a week, during the intradialytic period. Training intensity was aimed at keeping the heart rate between 50 and 70% of its maximum. All participants were evaluated before and after the eight consecutive weeks of follow-up and had biochemicals data, anthropometric, functional, and respiratory outcomes evaluated. RESULTS: A significant difference was observed between groups in forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in the first second, peak expiratory flow, maximal inspiratory and expiratory pressure, and Borg score and distance covered in the six-minute walk test. Improvement was also observed in biochemical and Kt/V test results for the TG. CONCLUSION: The systematic training regimen with a cycle ergometer resulted in benefits in the respiratory function and functional capacity in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.

Quadriceps muscle strength after training with a cycloergometer in patients on hemodialysis / Força muscular de quadríceps após treino com cicloergômetro em pacientes hemodialíticos / Fuerza muscular del cuádriceps tras entrenamiento con cicloergómetro en pacientes en hemodiálisis

Abstract Introduction: Functional disability is common in patients with chronic kidney disease, especially in those on hemodialysis. Muscle strength can be evaluated by a dynamometer; however, no study using this technique on the quadriceps of patients undergoing hemodialysis was found in literature. Objective: To assess the effects of cycloergometer training on the quadriceps muscle strength of patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis. Method: This was a clinical trial including 46 patients, both men and women, over 18 years old who had been undergoing hemodialysis for more than six months and signed an informed consent form. Patients were allocated into two groups: intervention group (n = 22) and control group (n = 20). The intervention group underwent intradialytic training in a physical therapy protocol with the cycloergometer for two months, whereas the control group, in turn, was only reevaluated two months after the initial evaluation. All patients were assessed for demographic data at baseline and, two months later for quadriceps muscle strength by standardized dynamometry and with the use of a rigid belt and suction cups. Results: A significant increase was detected in quadriceps muscle strength in the right and left lower limbs in the intervention group when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Quadriceps muscle strength improved after patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis underwent training with the cycloergometer.

Resumo Introdução: A incapacidade funcional é comum em pacientes com doença renal crônica, especialmente naqueles em hemodiálise. A força muscular pode ser avaliada pelo dinamômetro, porém não localizamos na literatura estudo dessa técnica em quadríceps de pacientes em hemodiálise. Objetivo: Analisar os efeitos do treinamento com o cicloergômetro na força muscular do quadríceps de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Método: Este estudo foi prospectivo e randomizado com inclusão de 46 pacientes, acima de 18 anos, de ambos os gêneros que realizavam hemodiálise há mais de seis meses e assinassem o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Os pacientes foram alocados em dois grupos: intervenção (n = 22) e controle (n = 20). O grupo de intervenção realizou dois meses de treinamento intradialítico de um protocolo fisioterápico com o cicloergômetro, já o grupo controle foi somente reavaliado após dois meses da avaliação inicial. Todos foram avaliados quanto a dados demográficos e força muscular do quadríceps no início e no fim do estudo por dinamometria com padronização da técnica, e uso de cinto rígido e ventosas. Resultados: Houve aumento significante da força muscular de quadríceps em membro inferior direito e esquerdo no grupo intervenção quando comparado ao controle. Conclusão: Houve melhora da força muscular após o treinamento realizado com o cicloergômetro na força muscular do quadríceps de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise.

Resumen Introducción: La discapacidad funcional es común en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica, especialmente aquellos en hemodiálisis. La fuerza muscular se puede evaluar por medio del dinamómetro, pero no hemos encontrado en la literatura un estudio con esta técnica en cuádriceps de pacientes en hemodiálisis. Objetivo: Analizar los efectos del entrenamiento con cicloergómetro sobre la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica sometidos a hemodiálisis. Método: Se trata de un estudio prospectivo y aleatorizado, en el que incluyó a 46 pacientes, mayores de 18 años, de ambos sexos, que realizaban hemodiálisis durante más de seis meses, y que firmaron el formulario de consentimiento informado. Los pacientes fueron asignados en dos grupos: intervención (n = 22) y control (n = 20). El grupo intervención realizó dos meses de entrenamiento intradialítico de un protocolo de fisioterapia con el cicloergómetro, mientras que el grupo control fue reevaluado solamente tras dos meses de la evaluación inicial. Todos fueron evaluados en cuanto a los datos demográficos y la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps al principio y al final del estudio por medio de la dinamometría con estandarización de la técnica, y el uso de correas rígidas y ventosas. Resultados: Hubo un aumento significativo en la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps en las extremidades inferiores derecha e izquierda en el grupo intervención en comparación con el grupo control. Conclusión: Se observó la mejora de la fuerza muscular tras el entrenamiento con cicloergómetro en la fuerza muscular del cuádriceps de pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis.

Reduction in the presence of cryoglobulins over time in the hemodialysis treatment.

BACKGROUND: The presence of cryoglobulins in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) on hemodialysis is well described. However, the generation of cryoglobulins during the dialysis treatment has yet to be established. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of serum cryoglobulins over time in the dialysis treatment in patients with CKD not infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV). METHOD: Peripheral blood samples were collected at the beginning of dialysis treatment and at 30, 60, 90 and 120 days afterwards. Cryoglobulins were defined by the presence of immunocomplexes that precipitated in vitro with exposure to cold and resolubilized when rewarmed. The components of the cryoprecipitate were analyzed by radial immunodiffusion. RESULTS: In this study, 14 patients were included: 11 male and three female, aged 28-88 years, with mean time on hemodialysis of 57 ± 36 days at baseline. The presence of cryoglobulin, constituted by IgM, IgA, IgG and the C3 and C4 components of the complement, was observed in the serum of all patients at the beginning of hemodialysis. Sequence analyses showed that the amount of cryoprecipitate decreased during the dialysis treatment. CONCLUSION: There was a high prevalence of mixed cryoglobulins in CKD patients at the beginning of hemodialysis, and the amount of cryoprecipitate decreased during the treatment.

Replacing Phosphorus-Containing Food Additives With Foods Without Additives Reduces Phosphatemia in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study was to verify the effects of replacing phosphorus-containing food additives with foods without additives on phosphatemia in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial. SETTING: Adult patients on hemodialysis for ≥6 months at a single center. SUBJECTS: A total of 134 patients with phosphorus levels of >5.5 mg/dL were included and were randomized into an intervention group (n = 67) and a control group (n = 67). INTERVENTION: The IG received individual orientation to replace processed foods that have phosphorus additives with foods of similar nutritional value without these additives. The CG received only the nutritional orientation given before the study. Clinical laboratory data, nutritional status, energy and protein intake, and normalized protein nitrogen appearance (nPNA) were evaluated at the beginning of the study and after 90 days. RESULTS: There was no initial difference between the groups in terms of serum phosphorus levels, nutritional status, and energy intake. After 3 months, there was a decline in phosphorus levels in the IG (from 7.2 ± 1.4 to 5.0 ± 1.3 mg/dL, P < .001), but there was no significant difference in the CG (from 7.1 ± 1.2 to 6.7 ± 1.2 mg/dL, P = .65). In the IG, 69.7% of the patients reached the serum phosphorus target of ≤5.5 mg/dL; however, only 18.5% of the CG subjects reached this level (P < .001). CONCLUSION: At the end, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of nutritional status, energy intake, protein intake, and nPNA. The replacing phosphorus-containing food additives with foods without additives reduced serum phosphorus without interfering in the nutritional status of ESRD patients.

Impact of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis.

Introduction: Literature shows that patients undergoing hemodialysis present poor physical conditioning and low tolerance to exercise. They may also suffer from respiratory dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pulmonary function and functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. Methods: Forty adult patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis were prospectively studied and randomized into two groups (control n = 20 and treatment n = 20). The treatment group underwent bilateral femoral quadriceps muscles electrical stimulation for 30 minutes during hemodialysis, three times per week, for two months. The patients were evaluated by pulmonary function test, maximum respiratory pressures, maximum one-repetition test, and six-minute walk test (6MWT), before and after the treatment protocol. Results: The treatment group presented increased maximum inspiratory (MIP) (p = 0.02) and expiratory pressures (MEP) (p < 0.0001), muscular strength in maximum one-repetition test (p < 0.001), and distance covered in the 6MWT (p = 0.03), and decreased systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and respiratory frequency (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Electrical neuromuscular stimulation had a positive impact on pulmonary function and functional capacity, leading to better physical performance in patients on hemodialysis.

Introdução: Pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise apresentam baixo condicionamento físico além de serem acometidos por disfunções respiratórias. Objetivamos avaliar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na função pulmonar e capacidade funcional de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Método: 40 adultos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise foram estudados prospectivamente e randomizados em dois grupos (controle n = 20 e tratamento n = 20). O grupo tratamento realizou protocolo com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular em quadríceps femoral por 30 minutos durante a hemodiálise, três vezes por semana, durante dois meses. Todos pacientes realizaram espirometria, pressões respiratórias máximas, teste de uma repetição máxima e teste da caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6), antes e após o período de acompanhamento. Resultados: O grupo tratamento apresentou aumento da pressão inspiratória máxima com p = 0,02 na comparação entre grupos e p < 0,001 para a pressão máxima expiratória. O teste de uma repetição máxima e a distância percorrida no TC6 apresentaram-se maiores após o protocolo no grupo de tratamento com p < 0,001 e 0,03 respectivamente. Houve diminuição da pressão arterial sistólica (p < 0,001) e frequência respiratória (p < 0,001) após a estimulação elétrica quando comparado ao grupo controle. Conclusão: A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular teve impacto positivo sobre a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional levando ao melhor desempenho físico em pacientes em hemodiálise.

Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D and the different-dose cholecalciferol supplementation effects on renal transplant recipients.

High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D has been observed in patients with chronic kidney disease. However, there is not much data about its prevalence in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The study included 83 adult KTRs at a single center to calculate the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D. Among the 83 patients, those with incomplete data were excluded leaving 22 patients available for study. The demographic and biochemical data were analyzed retrospectively. Serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D], parathyroid hormone (PTH), phosphorus, calcium, and creatinine were evaluated. The 22 selected patients were divided into two groups: (1) those who received 10,000 IU of cholecalciferol orally per week, and (2) those who received 10,000-20,000 IU/week. The Vitamin D level rate was calculated to evaluate the time necessary to reach serum values ≥30 ng/mL. Hypovitaminosis D was present in 80.7% (67/83) of the patients. Eleven patients received 10,000 IU/week of cholecalciferol, and the other 11 patients received 10,000-20,000 IU/week (approximately 64,000 IU/month). The calcium, phosphorus, and PTH values did not show any differences between the two groups. We estimate that a dose of approximately 64,000 IU/month of cholecalciferol was sufficient to reach values of ≥30 ng/mL of 25(OH)D in approximately 2.1 months in the insufficient and 4.3 months in Vitamin D-deficient patients. The prevalence of hypovitaminosis D was high among Brazilian KTR, and low-level doses of cholecalciferol (approximately 64,000 IU/month) were sufficient to control hypovitaminosis D.

Impact of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis / Impacto da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na capacidade funcional de pacientes com doença renal crônica submetidos à hemodiálise

Abstract Introduction: Literature shows that patients undergoing hemodialysis present poor physical conditioning and low tolerance to exercise. They may also suffer from respiratory dysfunctions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation on pulmonary function and functional capacity of patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis. Methods: Forty adult patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis were prospectively studied and randomized into two groups (control n = 20 and treatment n = 20). The treatment group underwent bilateral femoral quadriceps muscles electrical stimulation for 30 minutes during hemodialysis, three times per week, for two months. The patients were evaluated by pulmonary function test, maximum respiratory pressures, maximum one-repetition test, and six-minute walk test (6MWT), before and after the treatment protocol. Results: The treatment group presented increased maximum inspiratory (MIP) (p = 0.02) and expiratory pressures (MEP) (p < 0.0001), muscular strength in maximum one-repetition test (p < 0.001), and distance covered in the 6MWT (p = 0.03), and decreased systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001) and respiratory frequency (p < 0.001) when compared with the control group. Conclusion: Electrical neuromuscular stimulation had a positive impact on pulmonary function and functional capacity, leading to better physical performance in patients on hemodialysis.

Resumo Introdução: Pacientes submetidos à hemodiálise apresentam baixo condicionamento físico além de serem acometidos por disfunções respiratórias. Objetivamos avaliar os efeitos da estimulação elétrica neuromuscular na função pulmonar e capacidade funcional de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Método: 40 adultos com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise foram estudados prospectivamente e randomizados em dois grupos (controle n = 20 e tratamento n = 20). O grupo tratamento realizou protocolo com estimulação elétrica neuromuscular em quadríceps femoral por 30 minutos durante a hemodiálise, três vezes por semana, durante dois meses. Todos pacientes realizaram espirometria, pressões respiratórias máximas, teste de uma repetição máxima e teste da caminhada dos seis minutos (TC6), antes e após o período de acompanhamento. Resultados: O grupo tratamento apresentou aumento da pressão inspiratória máxima com p = 0,02 na comparação entre grupos e p < 0,001 para a pressão máxima expiratória. O teste de uma repetição máxima e a distância percorrida no TC6 apresentaram-se maiores após o protocolo no grupo de tratamento com p < 0,001 e 0,03 respectivamente. Houve diminuição da pressão arterial sistólica (p < 0,001) e frequência respiratória (p < 0,001) após a estimulação elétrica quando comparado ao grupo controle. Conclusão: A estimulação elétrica neuromuscular teve impacto positivo sobre a função pulmonar e a capacidade funcional levando ao melhor desempenho físico em pacientes em hemodiálise.

Impact of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) on the respiratory capacity of chronic kidney disease patients under hemodialysis treatment.

PURPOSE: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients on long-term dialysis present changes in pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength, negatively influencing physical capacity. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) protocol on the respiratory capacity of CKD patients under hemodialysis. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted involving 40 CKD patients 19-83 years old divided into two groups: control (n = 20) and CPAP (n = 20). Subjects were assessed on the respiratory muscle function test, maximal respiratory pressures, peak flow and 6-min walk test, at baseline and again at the 2-month follow-up. CPAP group patients were submitted to CPAP protocol (PEEP: 5 cm H2O, flow: 15 L/min, FiO2: 33 %) three times per week during hemodialysis sessions. RESULTS: The CPAP group showed higher forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in one second, peak expiratory flow, maximal inspiratory pressure, peak flow, as well as lower systolic blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and Borg scale, in addition to a longer distance travelled on the 6-min walk test, compared with the control group. CONCLUSION: The introduction of a CPAP protocol during hemodialysis sessions had a positive impact on pulmonary function and physical capacity in CKD patients.

Outcomes in renal transplant recipients with lupus nephritis: experience at a single center.

BACKGROUND: The long-term prognosis of renal transplant recipients with systemic lupus erythematosus is still controversial. The outcome of these patients depends on the population studied, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic conditions, donor-related factors and recurrent lupus nephritis (LN), among other factors. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to evaluate kidney transplantation outcomes for adult Brazilian patients with LN at a single center. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: The archival records of all patients with LN who had received a kidney transplant at Santa Casa of Sao Paulo Hospítal were reviewed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine the survival rate. RESULTS: We identified 18 patients with LN subjected to 22 kidney transplants during the 20-year interval. Two patients received three renal grafts. The majority of the patients were female, with 33.7 ± 10 years at the time of the transplantation, and half of them were African descendants or mixed. Sixteen transplants were performed from deceased donors and six from living-related donors. The patient survival rate was 90%, and graft survival was 68% at 10 years. Chronic allograft nephropathy was the major cause of graft loss. Two patients developed extra-renal manifestations of lupus. There was no clinical or histological evidence of recurrent LN. CONCLUSION: Renal transplantation is a method which can provide a long-term survival for patients with SLE and end-stage renal disease.

Cryoglobulinemia in chronic hemodialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Renal failure patients submitted to chronic hemodialysis can present with cryoglobulinemia. There are few studies on cryoglobulins in chronic hemodialysis patients. The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence and to identify the components of cryoglobulins in chronic hemodialysis patients. METHODS: Fifty-four patients on chronic hemodialysis were evaluated for the presence of cryoglobulins, after inclusion and exclusion criteria. The components of the cryoprecipitate were analyzed. RESULTS: Cryoglobulins were detected in 83% (45/54) of the patients on chronic hemodialysis. The cryoprecipitate was constituted by IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement fractions C3 and C4. CONCLUSION: We concluded that there was a high prevalence of cryoglobulins in chronic hemodialysis patients, and the cryoprecipitate was constituted by IgG, IgM, IgA, and complement fractions C3 and C4.

A importância da assistência psicológica junto ao paciente em hemodiálise / The importance of mental health care with the patient in hemodialysis

Através da articulação da teoria pesquisada com a prática em Psicologia Hospitalar nas Unidades Renais da Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo - ISCMSP este artigo reflete sobre a atuação do psicólogo junto a pacientes portadores de insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) em tratamento hemodialítico além de elucidar a importância do psicólogo como membro da equipe de Nefrologia na assistência ao paciente desde o diagnóstico da insuficiência renal crônica (IRC) e indicação do tratamento hemodialítico(AU)

Through the articulation of theory investigated with practice in Psychology Hospital in Renal Units of the Irmandade da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Sao Paulo - ISCMSP this article reflect on the role of psychologist with patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) in hemodialysis treatment in addition to elucidate the importance the psychologist as a member of the team of Nephrology in patient care from diagnosis of the chronic renal failure (CRF) and indication of hemodialysis treatment(AU)

The effect of aldosterone antagonist in experimental nephropathy induced by cyclosporine A.

UNLABELLED: This study evaluated the effect of spironolactone in the renal function alterations induced by cyclosporine A (CsA) in rats. METHODS: Male Wistar rats fed with an unrestricted sodium diet received CsA 15 mg/kg/day or CsA at the same dosage plus 20 mg/kg/day of spironolactone. Another group received only saline. The animals that had proteinuria > 50 mg/24h or serum creatinine > 1.0 mg% were excluded, and after five weeks, the remaining rats were analyzed again for these parameters. At the end of the fifth week, these animals were also sacrificed, and their kidneys were analyzed histologically. RESULTS: The animals that received CsA isolated or in association with spironolactone presented increase in serum creatinine. However, the comparison of the relative variation [Delta% = ([final - initial] / initial) x 100] of the serum creatinine concentrations in the beginning and at the end of the experiment among the animal groups showed a significant increase in the CsA group compared with the saline group (44.17 +/- 30.7% vs. -6.19 +/- 14.5%; p = 0.005), whereas there was no difference between the CsA + spironolactone and the saline group. In all of the animal groups, the values of 24-hour proteinuria were similar at the end of the experiment, and no renal histological alterations were observed. CONCLUSION: This experimental model of nephrotoxicity by CsA in rats without salt restriction in the diet showed that CsA reduced the glomerular filtration and suggested that the blockage of aldosterone receptors prevented, at least partially, the reduction in renal function induced by CsA.

Evaluation of APACHE II system among intensive care patients at a teaching hospital.

CONTEXT: The high-complexity features of intensive care unit services and the clinical situation of patients themselves render correct prognosis fundamentally important not only for patients, their families and physicians, but also for hospital administrators, fund-providers and controllers. Prognostic indices have been developed for estimating hospital mortality rates for hospitalized patients, based on demographic, physiological and clinical data. OBJECTIVE: The APACHE II system was applied within an intensive care unit to evaluate its ability to predict patient outcome; to compare illness severity with outcomes for clinical and surgical patients; and to compare the recorded result with the predicted death rate. DESIGN: Diagnostic test. SETTING: Clinical and surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study involved 521 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit from July 1998 to June 1999. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: APACHE II score, in-hospital mortality, receiver operating characteristic curve, decision matrices and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 50 +/- 19 years and the APACHE II score was 16.7 +/- 7.3. There were 166 clinical patients (32%), 173 (33%) post-elective surgery patients (33%), and 182 post-emergency surgery patients (35%), thus producing statistically similar proportions. The APACHE II scores for clinical patients (18.5 +/- 7.8) were similar to those for non-elective surgery patients (18.6 +/- 6.5) and both were greater than for elective surgery patients (13.0 +/- 6.3) (p < 0.05). The higher this score was, the higher the mortality rate was (p < 0.05). The predicted death rate was 25.6% and the recorded death rate was 35.5%. Through the use of receiver operating curve analysis, good discrimination was found (area under the curve = 0.80). From the 2 x 2 decision matrix, 72.2% of patients were correctly classified (sensitivity = 35.1%; specificity = 92.6%). Linear regression analysis was equivalent to r(2) = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: APACHE II was useful for stratifying these patients. The illness severity and death rate among clinical patients were higher than those recorded for surgical patients. Despite the stratification ability of the APACHE II system, it lacked accuracy in predicting death rates. The recorded death rate was higher than the predicted rate.

Evaluation of APACHE II system among intensive care patients at a teaching hospital

CONTEXT: The high-complexity features of intensive care unit services and the clinical situation of patients themselves render correct prognosis fundamentally important not only for patients, their families and physicians, but also for hospital administrators, fund-providers and controllers. Prognostic indices have been developed for estimating hospital mortality rates for hospitalized patients, based on demographic, physiological and clinical data. OBJECTIVE: The APACHE II system was applied within an intensive care unit to evaluate its ability to predict patient outcome; to compare illness severity with outcomes for clinical and surgical patients; and to compare the recorded result with the predicted death rate. DESIGN: Diagnostic test. SETTING: Clinical and surgical intensive care unit in a tertiary-care teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: The study involved 521 consecutive patients admitted to the intensive care unit from July 1998 to June 1999. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: APACHE II score, in-hospital mortality, receiver operating characteristic curve, decision matrices and linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The patients' mean age was 50 ± 19 years and the APACHE II score was 16.7 ± 7.3. There were 166 clinical patients (32 percent), 173 (33 percent) post-elective surgery patients (33 percent), and 182 post-emergency surgery patients (35 percent), thus producing statistically similar proportions. The APACHE II scores for clinical patients (18.5 ± 7.8) were similar to those for non-elective surgery patients (18.6 ± 6.5) and both were greater than for elective surgery patients (13.0 ± 6.3) (p < 0.05). The higher this score was, the higher the mortality rate was (p < 0.05). The predicted death rate was 25.6 percent and the recorded death rate was 35.5 percent. Through the use of receiver operating curve analysis, good discrimination was found (area under the curve = 0.80). From the 2 x 2 decision matrix, 72.2 percent of patients were correctly classified (sensitivity = 35.1 percent; specificity = 92.6 percent). Linear regression analysis was equivalent to r² = 0.92. CONCLUSIONS: APACHE II was useful for stratifying these patients. The illness severity and death rate among clinical patients were higher than those recorded for surgical patients. Despite the stratification ability of the APACHE II system, it lacked accuracy in predicting death rates. The recorded death rate was higher than the predicted rate

Relato de Caso: mucormicose em rim transplantado / Case report: mucormycosis in renal allograft

A mucormicose em rim transplantado é infecção rara, capaz de produzir sepse, e poucos casos têm sido descritos. Relata-se um caso de mucormicose em rim transplantado que se manifestou por dor persistente na região lombar, urina estéril, aumento do tamanho do rim com coleções perirrenais associado à perda progressiva da função renal

Prevalência de hipertensäo arterial e sua influência na progressäo das glomerulopatias primárias / Prevalence of hypertension and its influence on the progression of primary glomerulonephritis

A hipertensäo arterial é complicaçäo das glomerulonefrites crônicas e considerada como fator de risco independente para progressäo da doença renal. Foi avaliado a prevalência da hipertensäo arterial em portadores de glomerulonefrite primária com funçäo renal relativamente preservada e a sua influência na progressäo da doença em nosso meio. Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 55 pacientes adultos e a prevalência de hipertensäo arterial foi 23,6 por cento. As características clínicas e a evoluçäo dos pacientes foram analisadas de acordo com a presença ou näo de hipertensäo arterial no início da doença. A idade média, o sexo, a raça, a média do peso corporal, assim como a creatinina e a albumina sérica, a proteinúria de 24 horas e o tempo de seguimento foram semelhantes entre os pacientes normotensos e hipertensos na ocasiäo da biópsia renal. A lesäo histológica renal que mais frequentemente se associou a hipertensäo arterial foi a glomerulonefrite membrano-proliferativa (44,4 por cento). Após 40,2 ñ 17,3 meses os pacientes hipertensos no início da doença apresentaram creatinina sérica significativamente maior que os pacientes inicialmente normotensos (1,5 ñ 1,7 versus 3,8 ñ 5,6 mg/dl, P<0,05); 38,5 por cento dos hipertensos apresentaram diminuiçäo da funçäo renal, enquanto somente 28 por cento dos normotensos o fizeram; também a percentagem de pacientes que evoluíram para insuficiência renal terminal neste período foi maior, embora estes últimos näo tenham alcançado significância estatística. Estes dados sugerem que na populaçäo estudada de pacientes com glomerulonefrite primária a hipertensäo arterial influi negativamente na evoluçäo da doença renal.

Polimorfismo do gene da enzima de conversäo da angiotensina em pacientes com nefropatia crônica / Angiotensin converting enzyme polymorphism in patients with chronic nephropathy

O polimorfismo (I/D) inserçäo/deleçäo do gene da enzima de conversäo da angiotensina (ECA) se correlaciona com a concentraçäo celular e circulante da ECA. Indivíduos com genótipo D/D têm concentraçäo circulante de ECA mais elevada de que aqueles com genótipo I/I. O genótipo I/D tem concentraçäo intermediária. O genótipo D/D tem sido associado com o desenvolvimento e/ou progressäo da doença renal e como fator de risco para doença cardiovascular, podendo ser um marcador de hipertrofia ventricular esquerda (HVE). Este trabalho avalia o polimorfismo do gene da ECA por técnica de PCR em 23 pacientes hemodialisados com IRC terminal de diversas etiologias e também sua associaçäo com HVE. Foram estudados 12 pacientes do sexo masculino e 11 do sexo feminino, com idade de 33,9 ñ 16,0 anos. A distribuiçäo dos genótipos da ECA foi comparada com 20 indivíduos saudáveis, sendo 11 do sexo masculino e 9 do sexo feminino, com idade de 31,4 ñ 8,0 anos. A distribuiçäo do genótipo da ECA nos pacientes renais crônicos foi de 60,9 por cento I/D, 34,8 por cento D/D e 4,3 por cento I/I. No grupo-controle foi de 6,0 por cento I/D, 25,0 por cento D/D e 15,0 por cento I/I. Näo houve diferença estatisticamente significante na distribuiçäo do genótipo entre os grupos (P>0,05). Todos os pacientes apresentavam HVE e näo houve diferença estatística significante no índice de massa do ventrículo esquerdo entre os pacientes com genótipo I/D ou D/D. Concluímos que na populaçäo estudada de pacientes com IRC terminal näo houve associaçäo entre o genótipo D/D da ECA e a presença de nefropatia crônica ou hipertrofia ventricular esquerda.

Criptosporidiose e outras enteroparasitoses em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal ou hemodiálise / Cryptosporidiosis and others intestinal parasitic deseases in patients submited to kidney transplantation or hemodialysis

Foi avaliada a presença de infecçäo por Cryptosporidium parvum e outros enteroparasitas em 23 transplantados renais e 32 pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise, acompanhados por 18 meses. Os índices de infecçäo por C. parvum foram de 34,8 por cento e 25,0 por cento, respectivamente. Com relaçäo às demais enteroparasitoses, observou-se índice de 8,7 por cento entre os transplantados renais (Endolimax nana) e 34,4 por cento entre os pacientes submetidos a hemodiálise (Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, E. histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura. Strongyloides stercoralis, Schistosoma mansoni). Um grupo de 27 pacientes näo imunossuprimidos e portadores de hipertensäo arterial sistêmica foi utilizado como controle, apresentando índices de infecçäo de 17,4 por cento para C. parvum e 25,9 por cento para as demais enteroparasitoses (Endolimax nana, Entamoeba coli, Giardia lamblia, Trichuris trichiura). O número de amostras fecais positivas para oocistos de C. parvum, em vários exames efetuados ao longo de 18 meses, foi significativamente mais elevado entre os pacientes submetidos a transplante renal, o que sugere que devam ser considerados como grupo de risco para infecçäo por esse coccídeo.