New insights into the search of meat quality biomarkers assisted by Orbitrap Tribrid untargeted metabolite analysis and chemometrics.

Metabolite profiles of normal and defective dry, firm and dark (DFD) meat extracts with known ultimate pH (pHu) values were determined by Orbitrap Tribrid ID-X untargeted analysis coupled to chemometrics. An intelligent MS3 AcquireXTM workflow firstly approached the unambiguous characterization of detected features that were subsequently quantified by a complementary MS1 study of biological replicates. Chemometric research revealed how threonylphenylalanine (overexpressed in normal meats) together to tetradecadienoyl- and hydroxydodecanoyl-carnitines (both overexpressed in DFD meats) appropriately grouped meat groups assayed. Robustness of such biomarkers was confirmed through a time-delayed study of a blind set of samples (unknown pHu) and evidenced limitations of pHu as an isolated parameter for accurate meat quality differentiation. Other acyl-carnitines also characterized DFD samples, suggesting interferences induced by pre-slaughter stress (PSS) on lipid catabolism that would explain accumulation of such intermediate metabolites. Results achieved can ease understanding of biochemical mechanisms underlying meat quality defects.

Application of 2-D DIGE to study the effect of ageing on horse meat myofibrillar sub-proteome.

Considering the high relevance of meat tenderness for consumer acceptability, the aim of this study was to investigate post-mortem changes in myofibrillar sub-proteome in steaks from longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle of six Hispano-Bretón horses. Indeed, the ageing process that leads to meat tenderization has been scarcely studied in this species. Steaks (n = 24) were aged (4 °C) in the dark under vacuum for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days and the myofibrillar sub-proteome was extracted. Using 2-D DIGE minimal labelling, 35 spots that were differentially abundant between 0 and 21 days aged meat were detected. Of them, 24 were analysed by LC-MS/MS, identifying a total of 29 equine proteins. These were structural and metabolic proteins, and among them, four (Actin, Troponin T and Myosin binding proteins 1 and 2) were selected for Western blot analysis, reporting changes in their abundance after 0, 7, 14 and 21 days of ageing. Results revealed that they should be further studied as potential protein biomarkers of horse meat tenderization. Additionally, several protein fragments increased after ageing, as was the case of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Fragments of this protein were present in four protein spots, and their study could be useful for monitoring horse meat tenderization. SIGNIFICANCE: Tenderization during ageing has been widely studied in meat from several farm animal species; however, both research and standardized ageing practices are lacking for the particular case of horse meat. In this regard, this study presents novel proteomic findings related to post-mortem evolution of horse muscle proteins. Acquired knowledge would support the development and optimization of efficient ageing practices by horse meat industry.

Horse meat tenderization in relation to post-mortem evolution of the myofibrillar sub-proteome.

The ageing process after animal slaughter enhances tenderness and influences the value of meat. Horse meat is becoming more popular but lacks standardized ageing practices that should be supported by a better understanding of post-mortem muscle biochemistry. Steaks from Longissimus Thoracis et Lumborum (LTL) of eight Hispano-Bretón horses were aged for 0, 7, 14 and 21 days and myofibrillar proteins were resolved by one dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE). Ten protein bands were found to change (p ≤ 0.05) among ageing periods. Most changes were observed between days 0 and 14, suggesting that tenderization occurred primary during the first two weeks. Liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) technology was applied to better resolve myofibrillar sub-proteome and evidenced fourteen protein bands that changed (p ≤ 0.05) between 0 and 21 days. Three of them were protein fragments coming from troponins T and I and from creatine kinase. Identified molecules could be further studied as potential markers for horse meat tenderness.

Optimization of a fluorogenic assay to determine caspase 3/7 activity in meat extracts.

Usefulness of general-purpose fluorogenic assay kits to determine caspase 3/7 activity of biological extracts is highly compromised in meat-based samples due to their scarce enzyme concentration. In the present work, a straightforward protocol is presented with two main purposes: 1) to enhance sensitivity of the fluorogenic approach addressing caspase 3/7 activity in tissues showing scarce enzyme concentration such as skeletal muscle, and 2) to reduce/economize the volume of employed reagents. The enzyme extraction procedure, peptide substrate, dithiothreitol concentration and detection settings were appropriately optimized for use in microtiter-plate fluorometers. As a result, low to high enzyme activity extracts (from 10,000 to 260,000 relative fluorescence units) can be measured under developed sampling and experimental conditions. The fact that enzyme reactions took place in 96-microtiter well plates reduces the consumption of chemical compounds when analysing a high number of samples, thus contributing to environment sustainability.

Protein Biomarkers of Bovine Defective Meats at a Glance: Gel-Free Hybrid Quadrupole-Orbitrap Analysis for Rapid Screening.

An understanding of biological mechanisms that could be involved in the stress response of animal cattle prior to slaughter is critical to create effective strategies aiming at the production of high-quality meat. The sarcoplasmic proteome of directly extracted samples from normal and high ultimate pH (pHu) meat groups was studied through a straightforward gel-free strategy supported by liquid chromatography hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. A stepped proteomic pipeline combining rapid biomarker hunting supported by qualitative protein Mascot scores followed by targeted label-free peptide quantification revealed 26 descriptors that characterized meat groups assayed. The functional study of the proposed biomarkers suggested their relevant role in metabolic, chaperone/stress-related, muscle contractility/fiber organization, and transport activities. The efficiency, flexibility, rapidity, and easiness of the methodology proposed can positively contribute to the creation of innovative proteomic alternatives addressing meat quality assessment.

Caspase activity in post mortem muscle and its relation to cattle handling practices.

BACKGROUND: Animal handling practices are one of the factors majorly affecting animal metabolism prior to slaughter. This phenomenon increases the occurrence of meat quality defects such as dark cutting-beef, causing high economical losses in the meat industry. Under this framework, the assessment of apoptosis onset in post mortem muscle was proposed as a novel approach to reveal biochemical characteristics in several Spanish bovine breeds (Asturiana de los Valles, Retinta and Rubia Gallega) managed under different production systems (intensive versus semi-extensive) and transport/lairage conditions (mixing versus not mixing with unfamiliar animals). To do so, the activities of initiator caspase 9 and executioner caspases 3/7 were determined in Longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle at three early post mortem times (2, 8, and 24 h). RESULTS: Breed effect and transport/lairage conditions were the most relevant factors that influenced both caspase activities over post mortem time, showing Rubia Gallega breed a completely different behavior compared to Asturiana de los Valles and Retinta breeds. Moreover, it is postulated that apoptosis cascade is initiated via the activation of caspase 9 under hypoxic or metabolic stress followed by the activation of executioner caspases 3/7. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of apoptosis on post mortem muscle can be a novel approach to study the influence of animal handling on muscle metabolism and post mortem cell death and its consequences on meat quality traits. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Proteomic pipeline for biomarker hunting of defective bovine meat assisted by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and chemometrics.

A wide variety of factors prior to slaughter may affect the stress status of beef cattle, giving rise to well-known 'dark-cutting' defective meats characterised by a high ultimate pH (pHu). To understand the underlying mechanisms of pHu fluctuations in beef cattle there was studied the proteome changes caused by pre-slaughter stress through a gel-free proteomic approach. Comparative peptidomic analysis was carried out on 12 loin samples at 24 h post-mortem from Longissimus thoracis et lumborum bovine muscle of crossbred animals, previously sorted into two different groups according to their pHu values: normal (pHu < 6.0) and high (pHu ≥ 6.0). Tryptic peptides from direct protein extracts were approached by combining untargeted (intact mass, MS1) and targeted (Selected Reaction Monitoring, SRM) quantitative LC-MS assays followed by chemometric analysis. Seventeen peptide biomarkers belonging to 10 different proteins appropriately discriminated sample groups assayed. Results may promote the use of this simple and effective methodology towards the creation of new insights in meat quality research. SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of this study was the optimization of an affordable straightforward gel-free proteomic approach addressing the differentiation of the muscle sub-proteome of normal and high pHu meat samples. This strategy allowed the study of tryptic peptides from direct meat protein extracts by combining untargeted MS1 and targeted SRM quantitative assays performed by conventional LC-MS detection. Affordability, simplicity and robustness of this methodology can facilitate its readily implementation in routine protocols for quality assessment of meat.

A straightforward gel-free proteomics pipeline assisted by liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) and mass spectrometry analysis to study bovine meat proteome.

Bovine sarcoplasmic sub-proteome was studied through a straightforward gel-free pipeline supported by liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) protein fractionation coupled to liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Full-MS and data-dependent MS/MS analyses were simultaneously performed by a conventional three-dimensional ion-trap addressing targeted quantitative and untargeted qualitative research, respectively. There were unambiguously identified 47 proteins distributed along 12 OFFGEL fractions assayed. Regarding intermediate- and high-abundant peptides, bulky quantitative data processing performed by MZmine 2 freeware yielded a satisfactory linearity and coefficient of variation with r2 in the 0.95-0.99 range and about 25%, respectively. Up to 41 peptides from 20 identified proteins were relatively quantified throughout OFFGEL fractions. This reliable, flexible and affordable gel-free proteomic approach could be readily implemented by industry to improve quality assessment of protein-based food products.

Influence of high pressure homogenization and pasteurization on the in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and flavonoids in orange juice.

Production of high-quality healthy foods through sustainable methodologies is an urgent necessity. High pressure homogenization (HPH) is an interesting alternative to obtain premium citrus juices, but its effects on bioactive compounds are unclear. There was studied the influence of HPH (150 MPa) and pasteurization (92 °C for 30 s and 85 °C for 15 s) processing on physicochemical properties and in vitro bioaccessibility of carotenoids and flavonoids in orange juices. Regarding fresh juice, physicochemical properties of samples remained unchanged although cloudiness was improved by homogenization. Pasteurization did not affect total carotenoids content and retinol activity equivalents (RAE) of juices whereas homogenization yielded a significant reduction (1.37 and 1.35-fold, respectively). Interestingly, particle size reduction from homogenization drastically enhanced (about 5-fold) bioaccessibility of carotenoids including hardly bioaccessible epoxycarotenoids, finding unaltered rates in pasteurized samples. Bioaccessibility of flavonoids was constant in all cases. Results can promote HPH as an efficient option to obtain health-enhanced foods.

Characterization of the Myofibrillar Proteome as a Way to Better Understand Differences in Bovine Meats Having Different Ultimate pH Values.

Influence of ultimate pH (pHu) on the occurrence of defective meats known as dark, firm, and dry (DFD) meats has been studied through a proteomic approach at early post-mortem times. The myofibrillar sub-proteome of longissimus thoracis et lumborum muscle from twelve loin samples from Asturiana de los Valles x Friesian yearling bulls, previously classified into two groups of six samples according to their pH values (normal, pHu < 6.0 and high, pHu ≥ 6.0), is analyzed at 24 h post-mortem. Fractionation/enrichment of muscle samples is carried out by combining OFFGEL fractionation in the pH range 4-7 followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) of the retrieved liquid fractions. Four protein bands satisfactorily discriminate between meat samples with normal and high pHu. These bands are quantified by image analysis, and further identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry as desmin, pyruvate kinase, myosin light chain, and myosin heavy chain-1 and -2. Coupling OFFGEL and SDS-PAGE separation with MS provides detailed and reproducible myofibrillar protein profiles enabling comparison among the sample groups assayed. This makes feasible to identify biomarkers capable to better understand pre-slaughter stress condition susceptible to give DFD meats with high pHu values.

Glutamine/glutamate metabolism rewiring in reprogrammed human hepatocyte-like cells.

Human dermal fibroblasts can be reprogrammed into hepatocyte-like (HEP-L) cells by the expression of a set of transcription factors. Yet, the metabolic rewiring suffered by reprogrammed fibroblasts remains largely unknown. Here we report, using stable isotope-resolved metabolic analysis in combination with metabolomic-lipidomic approaches that HEP-L cells mirrors glutamine/glutamate metabolism in primary cultured human hepatocytes that is very different from parental human fibroblasts. HEP-L cells diverge glutamine from multiple metabolic pathways into deamidation and glutamate secretion, just like periportal hepatocytes do. Exceptionally, glutamine contribution to lipogenic acetyl-CoA through reductive carboxylation is increased in HEP-L cells, recapitulating that of primary cultured human hepatocytes. These changes can be explained by transcriptomic rearrangements of genes involved in glutamine/glutamate metabolism. Although metabolic changes in HEP-L cells are in line with reprogramming towards the hepatocyte lineage, our conclusions are limited by the fact that HEP-L cells generated do not display a complete mature phenotype. Nevertheless, our findings are the first to characterize metabolic adaptation in HEP-L cells that could ultimately be targeted to improve fibroblasts direct reprogramming to HEP-L cells.

R-MetaboList 2: A Flexible Tool for Metabolite Annotation from High-Resolution Data-Independent Acquisition Mass Spectrometry Analysis.

Technological advancements have permitted the development of innovative multiplexing strategies for data independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry (MS). Software solutions and extensive compound libraries facilitate the efficient analysis of MS1 data, regardless of the analytical platform. However, the development of comparable tools for DIA data analysis has significantly lagged. This research introduces an update to the former MetaboList R package and a workflow for full-scan MS1 and MS/MS DIA processing of metabolomic data from multiplexed liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) experiments. When compared to the former version, new functions have been added to address isolated MS1 and MS/MS workflows, processing of MS/MS data from stepped collision energies, performance scoring of metabolite annotations, and batch job analysis were incorporated into the update. The flexibility and efficiency of this strategy were assessed through the study of the metabolite profiles of human urine, leukemia cell culture, and medium samples analyzed by either liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight (q-TOF) or quadrupole orbital (q-Orbitrap) instruments. This open-source alternative was designed to promote global metabolomic strategies based on recursive retrospective research of multiplexed DIA analysis.

Chemometrics-assisted optimization of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis for targeted metabolomics.

Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is characterized by a vast number of variables leading to a great degree of complexity. In this work, we aimed to simplify this process with a stepped chemometric optimization of the both funnel technology (funnel exit DC, FDC; funnel RF LP, FLC; funnel RF HP, FRP) and ion source parameters (Octopolo, Oct; and Fragmentor, Frag) of a quadrupole-time of flight (qTOF) for a human urinary metabolites. The workflow comprised a Box-Behnken experimental design with 47 experiments followed by the identification and quantification of a set of metabolites using high-resolution full-scan MS mode and feature extraction with an inclusion list. Metabolite peak areas were grouped according to abundance (high and low) and modeled by Random Forest regression (variance explained >85%). The full three-level factorial design consisting in 243 experiments was predicted and top 10 solutions for desirability function and those comprising the Pareto front were extracted and investigated. To guarantee the quality of results, we compared the Pareto front solutions with those achieved by standard instrumental parameters suggested by the manufacturer. A set of five solutions were identified that increased the mean peak area by 56-59% and 17%, for high- and low-abundance metabolites, respectively. The optimal parameters were determined to be: FLP, 100 V; FDC, 40 and 30 V; Frag, 275 and 400 V; and Oct, 600 and 800 V. The methodology applied throughout this work represents a flexible strategy to optimize instrumental parameters and exploit the performance of a qTOF MS detector.

Search for proteomic biomarkers related to bovine pre-slaughter stress using liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) and mass spectrometry.

Proteome changes derived from animals that have suffered pre-slaughter stress are a fact. In this study, Proteomic analysis was carried out on 20 bovine loin samples from Asturiana de los Valles and crossbreds cattle previously classified as normal and DFD meat at 24 h post-mortem using pH measurements. Sarcoplasmic sub-proteome of Longissimus thoracis at 24 h post-mortem was fractionated by the use of liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) in the pH range 3-10, followed by SDS-PAGE analysis of each retrieved fraction. The protein fractionation profile showed high reproducibility along the different sample groups. Five protein bands showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between the two groups, allowing discrimination between them. Proteins present in these bands, which were identified by LC-MS, were actin, phosphoglucomutase-1, alpha-crystallin B, heat shock protein beta-6 and heat shock protein beta-1. SIGNIFICANCE: The significance of this study relies on the optimization of OFFGEL fractionation as a promising technology to search for reliable biomarkers of pre-slaughter stress. This method separates proteins along different liquid fractions according to their isoelectric point; the obtained fractions can be further characterized by SDS-PAGE or directly identified by LC-MS. This achievement stands out as an alternative to the use of 2-DE electrophoresis in protein separation and analysis.

Reversal of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-mediated cancer immune suppression by systemic kynurenine depletion with a therapeutic enzyme.

Increased tryptophan (Trp) catabolism in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can mediate immune suppression by upregulation of interferon (IFN)-γ-inducible indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO1) and/or ectopic expression of the predominantly liver-restricted enzyme tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO). Whether these effects are due to Trp depletion in the TME or mediated by the accumulation of the IDO1 and/or TDO (hereafter referred to as IDO1/TDO) product kynurenine (Kyn) remains controversial. Here we show that administration of a pharmacologically optimized enzyme (PEGylated kynureninase; hereafter referred to as PEG-KYNase) that degrades Kyn into immunologically inert, nontoxic and readily cleared metabolites inhibits tumor growth. Enzyme treatment was associated with a marked increase in the tumor infiltration and proliferation of polyfunctional CD8+ lymphocytes. We show that PEG-KYNase administration had substantial therapeutic effects when combined with approved checkpoint inhibitors or with a cancer vaccine for the treatment of large B16-F10 melanoma, 4T1 breast carcinoma or CT26 colon carcinoma tumors. PEG-KYNase mediated prolonged depletion of Kyn in the TME and reversed the modulatory effects of IDO1/TDO upregulation in the TME.

Use of liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) on the discovery of meat tenderness biomarkers.

Protein biomarkers of meat tenderness are known to be of primary importance for the prediction of meat quality, and hence, industry profitability. Proteome analysis was performed on meat from 8 Main Anjou beef cattle, previously classified as tender or tough meats by Warner Bratzler shear force measurements. Myofibrillar fraction of Longissimus thoracis muscle was separated by a novel fractionation approach based on liquid isoelectric focusing (OFFGEL) and further analyzed by SDS-PAGE and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Obtained OFFGEL fraction profiles were reproducible allowing the comparison of both meat qualities and revealing 7 protein bands capable to discriminate between tender and tough samples. The proteins present in these bands were troponin T, Heat Shock protein beta-1, creatine kinase, actin, troponin C, myosins 1 and 2 and myozenin-1. The latter protein has not been previously reported as a marker of meat tenderness. SIGNIFICANCE: This study introduces an innovative proteomic approach for the study of muscle proteome. The fact of obtaining fractions in liquid state after OFFGEL fractionation allows for a faster analysis of proteins by mass spectrometry, being an interesting alternative to more classical proteomic approaches based on two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE).

Multiobjective optimization of liquid chromatography-triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry analysis of underivatized human urinary amino acids through chemometrics.

Optimization of instrumental settings of a triple-quadrupole mass analyzer was performed by Box-Behnken design, support vector machines, and a Pareto-optimality approach. This time-saving, stepped chemometric strategy was used to model the signal response of underivatized human urinary amino acids. Drying gas flow, nebulizer pressure, sheath gas flow, and capillary voltage settings were exhaustively studied beyond the parameters conventionally optimized in triple-quadrupole devices (multiple reaction monitoring transitions, fragmentor and collision energy voltages). The results indicate that the best signal response for high-abundance and low-abundance underivatized amino acids was achieved with drying gas flow of 9 L/min, nebulizer pressure of 60 psi, sheath gas flow of 13 L/min, and capillary voltage of 3000 V. Compared with the widely standardized settings tested, chemometric analysis led to signal intensities 74% and 68% higher for high-abundance and low-abundance amino acids, respectively. The flexibility, speed, and efficiency of this method allows its affordable implementation in all mass spectrometry-based research to obtain superior results compared with those obtained with conventionally optimized mass spectrometry instrumental parameters.

Deletion of the neural tube defect-associated gene Mthfd1l disrupts one-carbon and central energy metabolism in mouse embryos.

One-carbon (1C) metabolism is a universal folate-dependent pathway essential for de novo purine and thymidylate synthesis, amino acid interconversion, universal methyl-donor production, and regeneration of redox cofactors. Homozygous deletion of the 1C pathway gene Mthfd1l encoding methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase (NADP+-dependent) 1-like, which catalyzes mitochondrial formate production from 10-formyltetrahydrofolate, results in 100% penetrant embryonic neural tube defects (NTDs), underscoring the central role of mitochondrially derived formate in embryonic development and providing a mechanistic link between folate and NTDs. However, the specific metabolic processes that are perturbed by Mthfd1l deletion are not known. Here, we performed untargeted metabolomics on whole Mthfd1l-null and wildtype mouse embryos in combination with isotope tracer analysis in mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) cell lines to identify Mthfd1l deletion-induced disruptions in 1C metabolism, glycolysis, and the TCA cycle. We found that maternal formate supplementation largely corrects these disruptions in Mthfd1l-null embryos. Serine tracer experiments revealed that Mthfd1l-null MEFs have altered methionine synthesis, indicating that Mthfd1l deletion impairs the methyl cycle. Supplementation of Mthfd1l-null MEFs with formate, hypoxanthine, or combined hypoxanthine and thymidine restored their growth to wildtype levels. Thymidine addition alone was ineffective, suggesting a purine synthesis defect in Mthfd1l-null MEFs. Tracer experiments also revealed lower proportions of labeled hypoxanthine and inosine monophosphate in Mthfd1l-null than in wildtype MEFs, suggesting that Mthfd1l deletion results in increased reliance on the purine salvage pathway. These results indicate that disruptions of mitochondrial 1C metabolism have wide-ranging consequences for many metabolic processes, including those that may not directly interact with 1C metabolism.

Combinatorial treatment with natural compounds in prostate cancer inhibits prostate tumor growth and leads to key modulations of cancer cell metabolism.

High-throughput screening of a natural compound library was performed to identify the most efficacious combinatorial treatment on prostate cancer. Ursolic acid, curcumin and resveratrol were selected for further analyses and administered in vivo via the diet, either alone or in combination, in a mouse allograft model of prostate cancer. All possible combinations of these natural compounds produced synergistic effects on tumor size and weight, as predicted in the screens. A subsequent untargeted metabolomics and metabolic flux analysis using isotopically labeled glutamine indicated that the compound combinations modulated glutamine metabolism. In addition, ASCT2 levels and STAT3, mTORC1 and AMPK activity were modulated to a greater extent by the combinations compared to the individual compounds. Overall, this approach can be useful for identifying synergistic combinations of natural compounds for chemopreventive and therapeutic interventions.

RpeakChrom: Novel R package for the automated characterization and optimization of column efficiency in high-performance liquid chromatography analysis.

Characterization of chromatographic columns using the traditional van Deemter method is limited by the necessity of calculating extra-column variance, issue particularly relevant when modeling asymmetrical peaks eluted from monolithic columns. A novel R package that implements Parabolic Variance Modified Gaussian approach for accurate peak modeling, van Deemter equation and two alternatives approaches, based on van Deemter, has been developed to calculate the height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP). To assess package capabilities conventional packed reverse-phase and monolithic HPLC columns were characterized. Peaks eluted from the monolithic column showed a high value of factor asymmetry due, in part, to the contribution of extra-column factors. Such deviation can be circumvented by the two alternatives approaches implemented in the R-package. Furthermore, increased values of eddy diffusion and mass transfer kinetics terms in HETP were observed for the packed column, while accuracy was below 9% in all cases. These results showed the usefulness of the R-package for both modeling chromatographic peaks and assessing column efficiency. The RpeakChrom package could become a helpful tool for testing new stationary phases during column development and to evaluate column during its lifetime. This R tool is freely available from CRAN (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=RpeakChrom).