Photooxidative stress activates a complex multigenic response integrating the phenylpropanoid pathway and ethylene, leading to lignin accumulation in apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) fruit.

Photooxidative stress, when combined with elevated temperatures, triggers various defense mechanisms leading to physiological, biochemical, and morphological changes in fruit tissue. Furthermore, during sun damage, apple fruit undergo textural changes characterized by high flesh firmness compared to unexposed fruit. Fuji and Royal Gala apples were suddenly exposed to sunlight on the tree and then sampled for up to 29 days. Cell wall components and lignin biosynthetic pathway analyses were carried out on the fruit tissue. At harvest, Fuji apples with different sun exposure levels, such as exposed to direct sunlight (Exp), shaded (Non-Exp), and with severe sun damage (Sev), were also characterized. In fruit suddenly exposed to sunlight, the expression levels of phenylpropanoid-related genes, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (MdPAL), chalcone synthase (MdCHS), and flavanone-3-hydroxylase (MdF3H), were upregulated in the skin and flesh of Exp and Sev. Exposure had little effect on the lignin-related genes caffeic acid O-methyltransferase 1 (MdCOMT1) and cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (MdCAD) in the skin; however, the expression of these genes was highly induced in the flesh of Exp and Sev in both cultivars. Lignin deposition increased significantly in skin with sun injury (Sev); in flesh, this increase occurred late during the stress treatment. Additionally, the ethylene biosynthesis genes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase (MdACS) and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase (MdACO) were highly expressed in the skin and flesh tissues but were more upregulated in Sev than in Exp during the time-course experiment, which paralleled the induction of the phenylpropanoid pathway and lignin accumulation. At harvest, flesh from Sev fruit exhibited higher firmness than that from Non-Exp and Exp fruit, although no differences were observed in the alcohol-insoluble residues (AIR) among groups. The fractionation of cell wall polymers revealed an increase in the uronic acid contents of the water-soluble pectin fraction (WSF) in Exp and Sev tissues compared to Non-Exp tissues, while the other pectin-rich fractions, that is, CDTA-soluble (CSF) and Na2CO3-soluble (NSF), were increased only in Sev. The amount of hemicellulose and cellulose did not differ among fruit conditions. These findings suggest that increases in the flesh firmness of apples can be promoted by photooxidative stress, which is associated with the induction of lignin accumulation in the skin and flesh of stressed fruit, with the involvement of stress phytohormones such as ethylene.

Pesticide residues quantification in frozen fruit and vegetables in Chilean domestic market using QuEChERS extraction with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization Orbitrap mass spectrometry.

Pesticide residues on foods are a global concern due to the impact on human health. Many countries have adopted regulations to establish Maximum Residue Levels (MRLs) to control use of pesticides. This study aimed to determine pesticide residues in frozen fruit and vegetables from Chilean retail stores using UHPLC-Orbitrap MS and QuEChERS™ multiresidue-extraction kit. 237 samples of frozen produce were sampled from different supermarkets and times during the year. Abamectin, Chlorpyrifos, Imidacloprid, Iprodione, λ-cyhalothrin, Spinosad A, and Spinosad D were quantified. Results showed that Iprodione, Spinosad A, and D were the most detected molecules. Pesticides were detected in 96.6% of samples and 21 samples exceeded MRL. Corn and faba beans showed the highest concentration of Iprodione with an average of 6.7 and 5.4 mg/Kg, respectively. Existence of nonconformity in samples highlights the importance to control pesticide residues of Chilean frozen produce, since it represents a latent health threat on consumers.

Effect of processing on quality attributes and phenolic profile of quince dried bar snack.

BACKGROUND: Fruit and vegetable processing can often alter and damage antioxidants. Phenolic compounds, which are major antioxidants in these products, can suffer dissociation and changes in their concentration. Quince is an excellent source of antioxidants, with health-improving potential for consumers. The phenolic profile (by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) and quality attributes (pH, soluble solids, acidity, water activity) were determined for processed quince products (fresh fruit puree, cooked puree and dried bars), in addition to the effect of puree cooking time (5, 10, 15 and 20 min). RESULTS: Soluble solids in purees averaged 14.4 °Brix and increased to 75 °Brix in bars, as did titratable acidity, reaching 1.5 g malic acid kg-1 fresh weight after 20 min of cooking at 120 °C. Quercetin, p-coumaric acid and trans-cinnamic acid were predominant in fresh fruit puree. Thermal processing significantly increased the concentration of p-coumaric acid, trans-cinnamic acid, apigenin and quercetin, and decreased gallic acid. This increase was 242%, on average, for all of them when comparing fresh fruit puree with bars on a fresh weight basis, demonstrating their concentration throughout the dehydration process during bar production. CONCLUSION: Although a minimum puree cooking time of 5 min was sufficient to obtain the highest concentration of most phenolics, p-coumaric acid showed a higher concentration after 20 min of cooking. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

Phytohormone Interaction Modulating Fruit Responses to Photooxidative and Heat Stress on Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.).

Sun-related physiological disorders such as sun damage on apples (Malus domestica Borkh) are caused by cumulative photooxidative and heat stress during their growing season triggering morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes in fruit tissues not only while it is on the tree but also after it has been harvested. The objective of the work was to establish the interaction of auxin (indole-3-acetic acid; IAA), abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and ethylene (ET) and its precursor ACC (free and conjugated, MACC) during development of sun-injury-related disorders pre- and post-harvest on apples. Peel tissue was extracted from fruit growing under different sun exposures (Non-exposed, NE; Exposed, EX) and with sun injury symptoms (Moderate, Mod). Sampling was carried out every 15 days from 75 days after full bloom (DAFB) until 120 days post-harvest in cold storage (1°C, > 90%RH). Concentrations of IAA, ABA, JA, SA, were determined using UHPLC mass spectrometry, and ET and ACC (free and conjugated MACC) using gas chromatography. IAA was found not to be related directly to sun injury development, but it decreased 60% in sun exposed tissue, and during fruit development. ABA, JA, SA, and ethylene concentrations were significantly higher (P ≤ 0.05) in Mod tissue, but their concentration, except for ethylene, were not affected by sun exposure. ACC and MACC concentrations increased until 105 DAFB in all sun exposure categories. During post-harvest, ethylene climacteric peak was delayed on EX compared to Mod. ABA and SA concentrations remained stable throughout storage in both tissue. JA dramatically increased post-harvest in both EX and Mod tissue, and orchards, confirming its role in low temperature tolerance. The results suggest that ABA, JA, and SA together with ethylene are modulating some of the abiotic stress defense responses on sun-exposed fruit during photooxidative and heat stress on the tree.

Self-care agency capacity in Patients with diagnostic of high blood pressure in a second level institution / Capacidad de agencia de autocuidadoen el paciente con hipertensión arterial en una institución de segundo nivel / Capacidade de agencia de autocuidado no paciente com hipertensão arterial em uma instituição de segundo nível

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la capacidad de agencia de autocuidado en245 pacientes hipertensos que asistieron a una institución de segundo nivel de atenciónen el 2010, mediante el desarrollo de un estudio descriptivo de tipo transversalcon la aplicación del instrumento Evaluación de la capacidad de agencia de autocuidadoen el paciente hipertenso. Se encontró que el 81,22 % (n = 199) y el 8,16 % (n = 20)de los pacientes presentaron una capacidad de agencia de autocuidado media y bajarespectivamente, y tan solo el 10,61 % (n = 26) de los pacientes presentó una capacidadde agencia de autocuidado alta. Ello indicaría que aunque el paciente con hipertensiónarterial posee algunas habilidades que le permiten discernir acerca de los factores quedebe controlar para promover su salud y su cuidado, son insuficientes para lograr unaadecuada adherencia al tratamiento, ya que para alcanzar un compromiso y participaciónen este, es necesario que existan conductas permanentes de autocuidado quefaciliten el autoconocimiento, el empoderamiento del individuo y el desarrollo de lacapacidad de tomar decisiones sobre su salud. La percepción del paciente de su estadode salud es fundamental para el desarrollo de las capacidades de autocuidado; por esoes fundamental que el profesional de enfermería intervenga de acuerdo con las capacidadesdel individuo, para autocuidarse promoviendo apoyo educativo que le permita alpaciente modificar su comportamiento, adquirir conocimiento y habilidad...

The objective of this study was to determine the self-care ability on 245 hypertensivepatients who attended to a secondary level institution in 2010. This was done by developinga descriptive cross-sectional study with the application of the “Assessmentself-care ability instrument in hypertensive patients” (Evaluación de la capacidad deagencia de autocuidado en el paciente hipertenso). We found that 81.22% (n = 199) and8.16% (n = 20) of the patients presented a medium and low Self-care ability respectively,and only the 10.61% (n = 26) of the patients presented a high self-care ability.This would indicate that, although the patient with hypertension has some abilitiesthat let him/her discern about the factors that he/she should control to promote hishealth and health care, they are insufficient to achieve an adequate adherence to thetreatment. In order to have their commitment and participation, it is necessary to havepermanent self care behaviors to facilitate the self-awareness, the empowerment of theindividual and the development of the capacity to make decisions about their health.The patient's perception of his health is critical to the development of the self careabilities, so it is essential that the nurse intervene in accordance with the individual'scapacities to self-care, by promoting educational support to allow the patient to modifyhis behavior, acquiring knowledge and skill...

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a capacidade de agencia de autocuidado em245 pacientes hipertensos que compareceram a uma instituição de segundo nível deatenção em 2010, mediante o desenvolvimento de um estudo descritivo de tipo transversalcom a aplicação do instrumento Avaliação da capacidade de agencia de autocuidadono paciente hipertenso. Encontrou-se que 81,22 % (n = 199) e 8,16 % (n = 20)dos pacientes apresentaram uma capacidade de agencia de autocuidado média e baixarespectivamente, e somente 10,61 % (n = 26) dos pacientes apresentou uma capacidadede agencia de autocuidado alta. Isso indicaria que, o paciente com hipertensãoarterial possui algumas habilidades que lhe permitem discernir sobre os fatores quedeve controlar para promover sua saúde e seu cuidado, são insuficientes para conseguiruma adequada aderência ao tratamento, já que para alcançar um compromisso eparticipação neste, é preciso que existam condutas permanentes de autocuidado quefacilitem o autoconhecimento, o empoderamento do indivíduo e o desenvolvimento dacapacidade de tomar decisões sobre sua saúde. A percepção do paciente de seu estadode saúde é fundamental para o desenvolvimento das capacidades de autocuidado; porisso é fundamental que o profissional de enfermagem intervenha de acordo com as capacidadesdo indivíduo, para autocuidar-se promovendo apoio educativo que permitaao paciente modificar seu comportamento, adquirir conhecimento e habilidade...

Adherencia de los pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica a las sesiones de hemodiálisis del Hospital Militar Central, Bogotá, D. C., 2006 2007 / Adhesion of hemodialysis sessions in patients with chronic kidney failure from Hospital Militar Central: Bogotá, D. C., 2006-2007

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la adherencia a las sesiones de hemodiálisis de 71 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC), que asistieron a las sesiones programadas por el Hospital Militar Central, entre los meses de abril, mayo yjunio de 2007. Para recolectar la información se utilizaron dos cuestionarios: el primero, para caracterizar la población de estudio, y el segundo, para registrar la asistencia. En los resultados se halló un porcentaje de cumplimiento del 98.6 por ciento (1939 sesiones cumplidas de 1967 programadas); por tanto, sólo se incumplió el 1.4 por ciento (28) de las sesiones. Entre los factores que permitieron mantener la adherencia a las sesiones de hemodiálisis se identificaron: la concientización de estos pacientes sobre las consecuencias de la inasistencia a las sesiones de hemodiálisis, que los expone al descontrol de la enfermedad y a que el tratamiento sea ineficaz; la conformidad con el horario de las sesiones; la satisfacción con el personal de salud que los atiende y la aceptación de la enfermedad.