Publisher Correction: Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule.

The original version of this Article contained an error in the fifth sentence of the first paragraph of the 'Application on H2' section of the Results, which incorrectly read 'The role of electron correlation is quite apparent in this presentation: Fig. 1a is empty for the uncorrelated Hartree-Fock wave function, since projection of the latter wave function onto the 2pσu orbital is exactly zero, while this is not the case for the fully correlated wave function (Fig. 1d); also, Fig. 1b, c for the uncorrelated description are identical, while Fig. 1e, f for the correlated case are significantly different.' The correct version replaces 'Fig. 1e, f' with 'Fig. 2e and f'.

Imaging the square of the correlated two-electron wave function of a hydrogen molecule.

The toolbox for imaging molecules is well-equipped today. Some techniques visualize the geometrical structure, others the electron density or electron orbitals. Molecules are many-body systems for which the correlation between the constituents is decisive and the spatial and the momentum distribution of one electron depends on those of the other electrons and the nuclei. Such correlations have escaped direct observation by imaging techniques so far. Here, we implement an imaging scheme which visualizes correlations between electrons by coincident detection of the reaction fragments after high energy photofragmentation. With this technique, we examine the H2 two-electron wave function in which electron-electron correlation beyond the mean-field level is prominent. We visualize the dependence of the wave function on the internuclear distance. High energy photoelectrons are shown to be a powerful tool for molecular imaging. Our study paves the way for future time resolved correlation imaging at FELs and laser based X-ray sources.

[Suppression of immune response associated with functions of B-cells, Th1- and Th2-lymphocytes and interleukins produced by these cells, and pharmacological correction of these disturbances upon acute intoxication with methanol].

Experiments on Wistar rats showed that acute poisoning with methanol (0.75 LD50) leads to the suppression of cellular and humoral immune responses and decreases the blood concentration of interleukins (IL-2, IL-4) with an increase in the IL-2/IL-4 ratio. These facts indicate that a decrease in Th2 lymphocyte activity is more pronounced in comparison to that of Th1 cells. The immunomodulators mielopide and polyoxidon administered in a daily dose of 10 mg/kg for 4 days upon acute poisoning with methanol virtually completely restore the cellular and humoral immune responses, the activity of natural killers, and the synthesis of interleukins.

[HCV infection and mixed cryoglubulinemia].

The authors present literature data and the results of their own studies of mixed cryoglobulinemia (MC) caused by chronic HCV infection, discuss issues concerning pathogenesis of MC as well as MC-associated cryoglobulinemic vasculitis and malignant lymphoproliferation, consider questions of MC influence on the course and prognosis of chronic HCV infection and anti-viral therapy effectiveness. MC was found in 43% of 207 patients with chronic hepatitis type C (CH-C), examined by the researchers. 30% of patients with CH-C and MC displayed clinical signs of vasculitis. The study established the direct correlation between MC severity and the frequency and degree of main clinical manifestations. The results show that more severe clinical variants of cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis are associated with MC type II. B-cell lymphoma, monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy and a range of autoimmune syndromes were observed in MC patients. The liver involvement in patients with MC was characterized by a significantly higher sclerosis index compared to the group of patients not having MC while medium liver process activity index was equal in both groups, which suggests possible existence of special mechanisms and faster progress of phibrosis in patients with MC.

[Chronic viral hepatitis--one of the most important problems of current medicine]. / Khronicheskii virusnyi gepatit--odna iz naibolee vazhnykh problem sovremennoi meditsiny.

Main aspects of the study of chronic virus infection now cover clinico-morphological characteristics, prognosis of chronic liver diseases (CLD) by HBV and HCV; characteristics of extrahepatic lesions produced by HBV and HCV; features of CLD of mixed etiology (viral and alcoholic); treatment of CLD of viral etiology. The hypothesis is suggested on the generalized character of HBV and HCV infection. Approach to the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis including extrahepatic manifestation is proposed.

[Role of chronic viral hepatitis in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma]. / Rol' khronicheskogo virusnogo gepatita v razvitii gepatotselliuliarnoi kartsinomy.

Role of HBV- and HCV-infections, liver cirrhosis, alcohol in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatocyte dysplasia is considered.

[Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis C]. / Patogenez khronicheskogo gepatita C.

Recent investigations revealed a specific interaction of virus with the host immune system. HCV is able to escape and modify the host's immune response, notably the rate of production and specificity of rheumatoid factor--the basis for mixed cryoglobulins and various non-organospecific and some organ-specific autoantibodies. Further studies are required to decode the mechanisms of virus-host immune system interaction for substantiating the treatment and prevention of HCV infection.

[Pathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B]. / Patogenez khronicheskogo gepatita B.

The following problems are considered in chronic HBV infection: viral replication within and outside the liver, heterogenicity of genotypes and mutations of viral genome, immunogenetic basis of the host, direct cytopathic effect of the virus and immunological reactions induced by the virus.

[From Virchow's cellular pathology to modern molecular pathology]. / Ot tselliuliarnoi patologii Virkhova do molekuliarnoi patologii segodniashnego dnia.

Evolution of Virchow's cellular pathology into molecular biology and molecular pathology due to achievements of cytology, biochemistry (histochemistry), immunology (immunomorphology) and genetics as well as new opportunities opened by integration of these disciplines (electron histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, immunogenetics, etc.).

[Chronic viral hepatitis and alcoholic liver: clinico-morphological correlations]. / Khronicheskii virusnyi gepatit i alkogol'naia pechen': kliniko- morfologicheskaia korreliatsiia.

69 patients with alcohol addiction infected with hepatitis viruses underwent clinical, laboratory and morphological examinations using light and electron microscopic studies of liver biopsies. Light microscopy revealed three variants of liver damage: viral, alcoholic and mixed. Both etiological factors affect manifestations and course of the disease as shown by electron microscopy in spite of morphological signs of only viral or mixed lesion. The lowest index of histological activity is found in combination alcohol + HCV, the highest index being in patients with HBV + HCV and HBV + HDV. Alcohol abuse in combination with HCV infection increases histological activity of liver damage.

[150th anniversary of the Pathology Department of the I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy]. / Kafedre patologicheskoi anatomii Moskovskoi meditsinskoi akademii im I.M.Sechenova 150 let.

Chair of pathology of I. M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy, which, in the past, was medical faculty of Moscow University, maintains the traditions of its founders and during the 150 years of its activity was in line with the progress of science. Such advanced methods of investigation as light microscopy, histo- and cytochemistry, immunoluminescence, electron microscopy, autoradiography, molecular biology contributed much to solution of urgent problems of fundamental and practical medicine. The chair was in the past and is now an important center for training pathologists in Russia. Among the teachers are outstanding scientists known in the world. Continuity of the tradition is supported by succession of the chair chiefs--the teacher passes his responsibilities to the other scientist who has been his talented student.

[Current approaches to classification of glomerulonephritis]. / Sovremennye podkhody k klassifikatsii glomerulonefrita.

Using methods of molecular pathology, the authors showed that characteristics of inflammatory-reparative processes in the kidney glomeruli depends on both nature of etiologic agents and specific features of the affected zone histoarchitectonics. They believe that subdivision of glomerulopathies into inflammatory (glomerulonephritis) and non-inflammatory is justified even though it is somewhat arbitrary.

[Extrahepatic manifestations of chronic viral liver diseases]. / Vnepechenochnye proiavleniia khronicheskikh virusnykh zabolevanii pecheni.

The study of large groups of patients with chronic liver diseases of viral etiology (including those induced by HBV and HCV) has revealed extrahepatic manifestations which by their mechanisms formed 2 groups. The first group represents disorders related to delayed hypersensitivity in combination with immunocomplex reactions (lesions of the joints, skeletal muscles, lungs, myocardium, etc). The second group includes disorders of primarily immunocomplex genesis (vasculitis): skin vasculitis, Raynaud's syndrome, nodular periiarteritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, etc.). Special group represents diseases of blood: immune cytopenias, monoclonal immunoglobulinopathy, malignant lymphoproliferative diseases. These findings and literature data on extrahepatic replication of HBV and HCV validate the diagnosis of "chronic generalized HBV or HCV infection" with listing of all manifestations of these infections.

[27 Clinico-anatomic conferences of the Department of Pathology of the Clinics and Chair of Pathology, I.M. Sechenov Moscow Medical Academy for 1994-1997 (Protocols Nos. 383-409)]. / 27 Kliniko-anatomicheskikh konferentsii patologoanatomicheskogo otdeleniia klinik i kafedry patologicheskoi anatomii MMA im. I.M. Sechenov za 1994-1997gg. (protokoly konferentsii No. 383-409).

The majority of the conferences were topical with discussion of most urgent problems of clinical pathology. Analysis of each autopsy was preceded by the report of a leading expert in the subject discussed.

[Does alcoholic chronic hepatitis exist?]. / Sushchestvuet li alkogol'nyi khronicheskii gepatit?

Alcoholic chronic hepatitis (ACH) can be considered as an independent nosological entity. This conclusion can be made basing on the literature devoted to the mechanisms of ethanol effects on the liver and clinicomorphological features of hepatic ethanol damage. ACH should be included into the new 1994 International classification of chronic hepatitis. Special attention is paid to a higher incidence of combined liver damage induced by alcohol and hepatotropic viruses, especially by hepatitis C virus. Combined virus-alcoholic liver damage will become, in the author's opinion, one of the most important hepatology problems in the coming millenium.