Implementation of a major trauma team. Analysis of activation and care times in patients admitted to the ICU.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the factors associated with the activation of the severe trauma care team (STAT) in patients admitted to the ICU, to measure its impact on care times, and to analyze the groups of patients according to activation and level of anatomical involvement. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study of severe trauma admitted to the ICU. From June 2017 to May 2019. Risk factors for the activation of the STAT analysed with logistic regression and CART type classification tree. SETTING: Second level hospital ICU. PATIENTS: Patients admitted consecutively. INTERVENTIONS: No. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: STAT activation. Demographic variables. Injury severity (ISS), intentionality, mechanism, assistance times, evolutionary complications, and mortality. RESULTS: A total of 188 patients were admitted (46.8% of STAT activation), median age of 52 (37-64) years (activated 47 (27-62) vs not activated 55 (42-67) P = 0.023), males 84.0%. No difference in mortality according to activation. The logistic model finds as factors: care (16.6 (2.1-13.2)) and prehospital intubation (4.2 (1.8-9.8)) and severe lower extremity injury (4.4 (1.6-12.3)). Accidental fall (0.2 (0.1-0.6)) makes activation less likely. The CART model selects the type of trauma mechanism and can separate high and low energy trauma. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with STAT activation were prehospital care, requiring prior intubation, high-energy mechanisms, and severe lower extremity injuries. Shorter care times if activated without influencing mortality. We must improve activation in older patients with low-energy trauma and without prehospital care.

Recomendaciones para el tratamiento nutrometabólico especializado del paciente crítico: farmaconutrientes, nutrientes específicos, fibra, simbióticos. Grupo de Trabajo de Metabolismo y Nutrición de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Intensiva, Crítica y Unidades Coronarias (SEMICYUC) / Recommendations for specialized nutritional-metabolic treatment of the critical patient: Pharmaconutrients, specific nutrients, fiber, synbiotics. Metabolism and Nutrition Working Group of the Spanish Society of Intensive and Critical Care Medicine and Coronary Units (SEMICYUC)

No disponible

Manejo actual de las terapias continuas de reemplazo renal: Estudio epidemiológico multicéntrico / Current practice in continuous renal replacement therapy: An epidemiological multicenter study

OBJETIVO: Determinar las características más relevantes del manejo actual de las terapias continuas de reemplazo renal (TRRC), así como analizar la evolución de la función renal y la mortalidad de los pacientes tratados con estas terapias. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional sin intervención de 3meses de duración en 2012 con un periodo de seguimiento de 90 días, realizado en 21 hospitales de Cataluña, en que se registraron escalas de gravedad, datos demográficos, clínicos y de las TRRC. CRITERIOS DE INCLUSIÓN: pacientes de ≥16 años ingresados en cuidados intensivos (UCI) tratados con TRRC. RESULTADOS: Se seleccionó a 261 pacientes. Un 35% tenía disfunción renal previa al ingreso. El principal motivo para iniciar las TRRC fue la oliguria, la modalidad más empleada fue la hemodiafiltración y la mediana de dosis prescrita al inicio fue de 35mL/kg/h. La mediana de tiempo de inicio de la TRRC desde el ingreso en UCI fue de un día. La mortalidad a los 30 y 90 días fue de 46 y 54%, respectivamente, y se relacionó con peores valores en las escalas de gravedad y con un inicio más tardío de la TRRC. Al alta hospitalaria, un 85% de los supervivientes había recuperado la función renal. CONCLUSIONES: El manejo de las TRRC en Cataluña se adecua a los estándares recomendados por las guías actuales. La mortalidad asociada a las TRRC se relaciona con un inicio más tardío. Un 85% de los pacientes tratados con TRRC recuperan la función renal al alta hospitalaria

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to ascertain the most relevant aspects of the current management of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients, and to analyze renal function recovery and mortality in patients undergoing RRT. METHODS: A non-interventional three-month observational study was made in 2012, with a follow-up period of 90 days, in 21 centers in Catalonia (Spain). Demographic information, severity scores and clinical data were obtained, as well as RRT parameters. Inclusion criteria: patients aged ≥ 16 years admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and subjected to RRT. Results A total of 261 critically ill patients were recruited, of which 35% had renal dysfunction prior to admission. The main reason for starting RRT was oliguria; the most widely used RRT modality was hemodiafiltration; and the median prescribed dose at baseline was 35mL/kg/h. The median time of RRT onset from ICU admission was one day. The mortality rate at 30 and 90 days was 46% and 54%, respectively, and was associated to greater severity scores and a later onset of RRT. At discharge, 85% of the survivors had recovered renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Current practice in RRT in Catalonia abides with the current clinical practice guidelines. Mortality related to RRT is associated to later onset of such therapy. The renal function recovery rate at hospital discharge was 85% among the patients subjected to RRT

Scoring severity in trauma: comparison of prehospital scoring systems in trauma ICU patients.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the predictive ability of mechanism, Glasgow coma scale, age and arterial pressure (MGAP), Glasgow coma scale, age and systolic blood pressure (GAP), and triage-revised trauma Score (T-RTS) scores in patients from the Spanish trauma ICU registry using the trauma and injury severity score (TRISS) as a reference standard. METHODS: Patients admitted for traumatic disease in the participating ICU were included. Quantitative data were reported as median [interquartile range (IQR), categorical data as number (percentage)]. Comparisons between groups with quantitative variables and categorical variables were performed using Student's T Test and Chi Square Test, respectively. We performed receiving operating curves (ROC) and evaluated the area under the curve (AUC) with its 95 % confidence interval (CI). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive values and accuracy were evaluated in all the scores. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: The final sample included 1361 trauma ICU patients. Median age was 45 (30-61) years. 1092 patients (80.3 %) were male. Median ISS was 18 (13-26) and median T-RTS was 11 (10-12). Median GAP was 20 (15-22) and median MGAP 24 (20-27). Observed mortality was 17.7 % whilst predicted mortality using TRISS was 16.9 %. The AUC in the scores evaluated was: TRISS 0.897 (95 % CI 0.876-0.918), MGAP 0.860 (95 % CI 0.835-0.886), GAP 0.849 (95 % CI 0.823-0.876) and T-RTS 0.796 (95 % CI 0.762-0.830). CONCLUSIONS: Both MGAP and GAP scores performed better than the T-RTS in the prediction of hospital mortality in Spanish trauma ICU patients. Since these are easy-to-perform scores, they should be incorporated in clinical practice as a triaging tool.

Current practice in continuous renal replacement therapy: An epidemiological multicenter study. / Manejo actual de las terapias continuas de reemplazo renal: Estudio epidemiológico multicéntrico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to ascertain the most relevant aspects of the current management of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in critically ill patients, and to analyze renal function recovery and mortality in patients undergoing RRT. METHODS: A non-interventional three-month observational study was made in 2012, with a follow-up period of 90 days, in 21 centers in Catalonia (Spain). Demographic information, severity scores and clinical data were obtained, as well as RRT parameters. INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients aged ≥ 16 years admitted to Intensive Care Units (ICUs) and subjected to RRT. RESULTS: A total of 261 critically ill patients were recruited, of which 35% had renal dysfunction prior to admission. The main reason for starting RRT was oliguria; the most widely used RRT modality was hemodiafiltration; and the median prescribed dose at baseline was 35mL/kg/h. The median time of RRT onset from ICU admission was one day. The mortality rate at 30 and 90 days was 46% and 54%, respectively, and was associated to greater severity scores and a later onset of RRT. At discharge, 85% of the survivors had recovered renal function. CONCLUSIONS: Current practice in RRT in Catalonia abides with the current clinical practice guidelines. Mortality related to RRT is associated to later onset of such therapy. The renal function recovery rate at hospital discharge was 85% among the patients subjected to RRT.

Mortality prediction using TRISS methodology in the Spanish ICU Trauma Registry (RETRAUCI) / Predicción de la mortalidad a través de la metodología TRISS en el Registro Español de Trauma en UCI (RETRAUCI)

OBJECTIVES: To validate Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) methodology as an auditing tool in the Spanish ICU Trauma Registry (RETRAUCI). DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter registry evaluation was carried out. SETTING: Thirteen Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs). PATIENTS: Individuals with traumatic disease and available data admitted to the participating ICUs. INTERVENTIONS: Predicted mortality using TRISS methodology was compared with that observed in the pilot phase of the RETRAUCI from November 2012 to January 2015. Discrimination was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the corresponding areas under the curves (AUCs) (95% CI), with calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness-of-fit test. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant. Main variables of interest: Predicted and observed mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1405 patients were analyzed. The observed mortality rate was 18% (253 patients), while the predicted mortality rate was 16.9%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.889 (95% CI: 0.867-0.911). Patients with blunt trauma (n=1305) had an area under the ROC curve of 0.887 (95% CI: 0.864-0.910), and those with penetrating trauma (n=100) presented an area under the curve of 0.919 (95% CI: 0.859-0.979). In the global sample, the HL test yielded a value of 25.38 (p = 0.001): 27.35 (p < 0.0001) in blunt trauma and 5.91 (p = 0.658) in penetrating trauma. TRISS methodology underestimated mortality in patients with low predicted mortality and overestimated mortality in patients with high predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: TRISS methodology in the evaluation of severe trauma in Spanish ICUs showed good discrimination, with inadequate calibration - particularly in blunt trauma

Objetivos: Evaluar el Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) como instrumento de auditoría en el Registro Español de Trauma en UCI. Diseño: Evaluación prospectiva de un registro multicéntrico. Ámbito: Trece UCI españolas. Pacientes: Individuos con enfermedad traumática y datos completos ingresados en las UCI participantes. Intervenciones: Comparamos la mortalidad predicha por el TRISS con la observada en la fase piloto del Registro Español de Trauma en UCI desde noviembre de 2012 hasta enero de 2015. La discriminación se evaluó mediante curvas receiver operating characteristic y el valor bajo su área (IC 95%), y la calibración, mediante el test de bondad de ajuste de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Un valor de p<0,05 se consideró significativo. Principales variables de interés: Mortalidad observada y predicha. Resultados: Analizamos 1.405 pacientes. La mortalidad observada fue del 18% (253 pacientes), mientras que la predicha fue del 16,9%. El área bajo la curva receiver operating characteristic fue de 0,889 (IC 95% 0,867-0,911). Los pacientes con trauma cerrado (n=1.305) presentaron un área bajo la curva receiver operating characteristic de 0,887 (IC 95% 0,864-0,910), y aquellos con traumatismo penetrante (n=100), de 0,919 (IC 95% 0,859-0,979). En la muestra global, el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow mostró un valor de 25,38 (p=0,001), siendo de 27,35 (p<0,0001) en trauma cerrado y de 5,91 (p=0,658) en trauma penetrante. La metodología TRISS infraestimó la mortalidad en los pacientes con mortalidad predicha baja y la sobreestimó en pacientes con mortalidad predicha elevada. Conclusiones: La aplicación de la metodología TRISS en el trauma grave ingresado en las UCI españolas mostró buenos niveles de discriminación y una calibración inadecuada, especialmente en el traumatismo cerrado (AU)

Epidemiología del trauma grave en España. Registro de Trauma en UCI (RETRAUCI). Fase piloto / Epidemiology of severe trauma in Spain. Registry of trauma in the ICU (RETRAUCI). Pilot phase

OBJETIVO: Describir las características de la enfermedad traumática grave (ETG) y su atención en las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) españolas. DISEÑO: Registro multicéntrico y prospectivo. Ámbito: Trece UCI españolas. PACIENTES: Pacientes con ETG ingresados en UCI participantes. INTERVENCIONES: Ninguna. Variables de interés principales: Aspectos epidemiológicos, atención prehospitalaria, registro de lesiones, consumo de recursos, complicaciones y evolución final. RESULTADOS: Se incluyó a 2.242 pacientes con 47,1±19,02 años de edad media, 79% hombres. Fue trauma contuso en 93,9%. El Injury Severity Score fue de 22,2±12,1 y el Revised Trauma Score de 6,7±1,6. Fue no intencionado en el 84,4%. Las causas más frecuentes fueron accidentes de tráfico, caídas y precipitaciones. Un 12,4% tomaban antiagregantes o anticoagulantes y en casi un 28% se implicó el consumo de tóxicos. Un 31,5% precisaron una vía aérea artificial en medio prehospitalario. El tiempo medio hasta el ingreso en UCI fue de 4,7±5,3 h. Al ingreso en UCI un 68,5% se encontraba estable hemodinámicamente. Predominó el traumatismo craneal y torácico. Hubo un importante número de complicaciones y en el 69,5% de los casos necesidad de ventilación mecánica (media 8,2±9,9 días). De ellos, un 24,9% precisaron traqueotomía. Las estancias en UCI y hospitalarias fueron respectivamente de mediana 5 (3-13) días y 9 (5-19) días. La mortalidad en UCI fue del 12,3% y la hospitalaria del 16%. CONCLUSIONES: La fase piloto del RETRAUCI muestra una imagen inicial de la epidemiología y atención del paciente con ETG ingresado en las UCI de nuestro país

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and management of severe trauma disease in Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Registry of trauma in the ICU (RETRAUCI). Pilot phase. DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter registry. SETTING: Thirteen Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: Patients with trauma disease admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: None. Main variables of interest: Epidemiology, out-of-hospital attention, registry of injuries, resources utilization, complications and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients, n=2242. Mean age 47.1±19.02 years. Males 79%. Blunt trauma 93.9%. Injury Severity Score 22.2±12.1, Revised Trauma Score 6.7±1.6. Non-intentional in 84.4% of the cases. The most common causes of trauma were traffic accidents followed by pedestrian and high-energy falls. Up to 12.4% were taking antiplatelet medication or anticoagulants. Almost 28% had a suspected or confirmed toxic influence in trauma. Up to 31.5% required an out-of-hospital artificial airway. The time from trauma to ICU admission was 4.7±5.3hours. At ICU admission, 68.5% were hemodynamically stable. Brain and chest injuries predominated. A large number of complications were documented. Mechanical ventilation was used in 69.5% of the patients (mean 8.2±9.9 days), of which 24.9% finally required a tracheostomy. The median duration of stay in the ICU and in hospital was 5 (range 3-13) and 9 (5-19) days, respectively. The ICU mortality rate was 12.3%, while the in-hospital mortality rate was 16.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The pilot phase of the RETRAUCI offers a first impression of the epidemiology and management of trauma disease in Spanish ICUs

Mortality prediction using TRISS methodology in the Spanish ICU Trauma Registry (RETRAUCI).

OBJECTIVES: To validate Trauma and Injury Severity Score (TRISS) methodology as an auditing tool in the Spanish ICU Trauma Registry (RETRAUCI). DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter registry evaluation was carried out. SETTING: Thirteen Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs). PATIENTS: Individuals with traumatic disease and available data admitted to the participating ICUs. INTERVENTIONS: Predicted mortality using TRISS methodology was compared with that observed in the pilot phase of the RETRAUCI from November 2012 to January 2015. Discrimination was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the corresponding areas under the curves (AUCs) (95% CI), with calibration using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) goodness-of-fit test. A value of p<0.05 was considered significant. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Predicted and observed mortality. RESULTS: A total of 1405 patients were analyzed. The observed mortality rate was 18% (253 patients), while the predicted mortality rate was 16.9%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.889 (95% CI: 0.867-0.911). Patients with blunt trauma (n=1305) had an area under the ROC curve of 0.887 (95% CI: 0.864-0.910), and those with penetrating trauma (n=100) presented an area under the curve of 0.919 (95% CI: 0.859-0.979). In the global sample, the HL test yielded a value of 25.38 (p=0.001): 27.35 (p<0.0001) in blunt trauma and 5.91 (p=0.658) in penetrating trauma. TRISS methodology underestimated mortality in patients with low predicted mortality and overestimated mortality in patients with high predicted mortality. CONCLUSIONS: TRISS methodology in the evaluation of severe trauma in Spanish ICUs showed good discrimination, with inadequate calibration - particularly in blunt trauma.

Epidemiology of severe trauma in Spain. Registry of trauma in the ICU (RETRAUCI). Pilot phase. / Epidemiología del trauma grave en España. REgistro de TRAuma en UCI (RETRAUCI). Fase piloto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics and management of severe trauma disease in Spanish Intensive Care Units (ICUs). Registry of trauma in the ICU (RETRAUCI). Pilot phase. DESIGN: A prospective, multicenter registry. SETTING: Thirteen Spanish ICUs. PATIENTS: Patients with trauma disease admitted to the ICU. INTERVENTIONS: None. MAIN VARIABLES OF INTEREST: Epidemiology, out-of-hospital attention, registry of injuries, resources utilization, complications and outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Patients, n=2242. Mean age 47.1±19.02 years. Males 79%. Blunt trauma 93.9%. Injury Severity Score 22.2±12.1, Revised Trauma Score 6.7±1.6. Non-intentional in 84.4% of the cases. The most common causes of trauma were traffic accidents followed by pedestrian and high-energy falls. Up to 12.4% were taking antiplatelet medication or anticoagulants. Almost 28% had a suspected or confirmed toxic influence in trauma. Up to 31.5% required an out-of-hospital artificial airway. The time from trauma to ICU admission was 4.7±5.3hours. At ICU admission, 68.5% were hemodynamically stable. Brain and chest injuries predominated. A large number of complications were documented. Mechanical ventilation was used in 69.5% of the patients (mean 8.2±9.9 days), of which 24.9% finally required a tracheostomy. The median duration of stay in the ICU and in hospital was 5 (range 3-13) and 9 (5-19) days, respectively. The ICU mortality rate was 12.3%, while the in-hospital mortality rate was 16.0%. CONCLUSIONS: The pilot phase of the RETRAUCI offers a first impression of the epidemiology and management of trauma disease in Spanish ICUs.

Factores de riesgo de deterioro de calidad de vida en pacientes traumáticos críticos. Valoración a los 6 y 12 meses del alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos / Risk factors for the deterioration of quality of life in critical trauma patients. Assessment at 6 and 12 months after discharge from the intensive care unit

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los factores que influyen en el deterioro de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de pacientes traumatizados ingresados en una UCI. DISEÑO: Estudio prospectivo observacional. ÁMBITO: UCI polivalente de un hospital universitario de segundo nivel con servicio de neurocirugía 24 h. PACIENTES: Pacientes traumatizados ingresados en la UCI durante un periodo de 2 años. Evaluación de CVRS previa, a los 6 y 12 meses del alta. Variables de interés Se recogen variables demográficas, tipo y gravedad de lesiones (AIS), nivel de gravedad (APACHE II, ISS, TRISS), estancia, procedimientos, mortalidad y CVRS según los cuestionarios SF-36 y EQ-5D.ResultadosSe completó el seguimiento en 110 pacientes que mostraron un deterioro significativo de su CVRS en todas las dimensiones evaluadas. Según el SF-36 se deterioró más el rol físico a los 12 meses, aunque el componente mental disminuyó más que el componente físico a los 6 meses. La EVA del EQ-5D bajó a los 6 meses hasta 55 (19) y aumentó a los 12 meses hasta 66 (17). En el análisis de regresión logística múltiple las variables relacionadas con peor CVRS fueron: la edad > 45 años, un TRISS > 10, peor calidad de vida previa y tener una lesión grave de las extremidades. CONCLUSIONES: Los pacientes muestran un deterioro marcado de su CVRS a los 6 meses con mejoría a los 12 meses, aunque sin llegar a igualar su estado previo. Los factores que determinan peor calidad de vida son la edad, la gravedad, la CVRS previa y las lesiones graves de las extremidades

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors influencing the deterioration of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in trauma patients admitted to an ICU. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: The combined medical/surgical ICU in a university secondary hospital with 24-hour neurosurgery service. Patients Trauma patients admitted to the ICU during a two-year period. HRQoL assessment prior to admission to the ICU, and at 6 and 12 months after discharge. MAIN VARIABLES: Demographic variables, type and severity of injury (AIS), severity (APACHE II, ISS, TRISS), length of stay, procedures, mortality and HRQoL according to the SF-36 and EQ-5D. RESULTS: We completed the monitoring of 110 patients that showed significant impairment of their HRQoL in all the dimensions assessed. According to the SF-36, physical role was more deteriorated at 12 months, but the mental component decreased more than the physical component after 6 months. The VAS scale of the EQ-5D decreased to 55 at 6 months (19) and increased to 66 at 12 months (17). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the variables associated with poorer HRQoL were age > 45 years, TRISS > 10, previous porer quality of life, and serious injuries in the extremities. CONCLUSIONS: Patients showed marked deterioration of their HRQoL at 6 months, followed by overall improvement at 12 months, though without reaching their previous state. The factors that determine poorer quality of life include age, severity, previous HRQoL, and severe injuries in the extremities

[Risk factors for the deterioration of quality of life in critical trauma patients. Assessment at 6 and 12 months after discharge from the intensive care unit]. / Factores de riesgo de deterioro de calidad de vida en pacientes traumáticos críticos. Valoración a los 6 y 12 meses del alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate factors influencing the deterioration of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in trauma patients admitted to an ICU. DESIGN: A prospective observational study was carried out. SETTING: The combined medical/surgical ICU in a university secondary hospital with 24-hour neurosurgery service. PATIENTS: Trauma patients admitted to the ICU during a two-year period. HRQoL assessment prior to admission to the ICU, and at 6 and 12 months after discharge. MAIN VARIABLES: Demographic variables, type and severity of injury (AIS), severity (APACHE II, ISS, TRISS), length of stay, procedures, mortality and HRQoL according to the SF-36 and EQ-5D. RESULTS: We completed the monitoring of 110 patients that showed significant impairment of their HRQoL in all the dimensions assessed. According to the SF-36, physical role was more deteriorated at 12 months, but the mental component decreased more than the physical component after 6 months. The VAS scale of the EQ-5D decreased to 55 at 6 months (19) and increased to 66 at 12 months (17). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the variables associated with poorer HRQoL were age > 45 years, TRISS > 10, previous porer quality of life, and serious injuries in the extremities. CONCLUSIONS: Patients showed marked deterioration of their HRQoL at 6 months, followed by overall improvement at 12 months, though without reaching their previous state. The factors that determine poorer quality of life include age, severity, previous HRQoL, and severe injuries in the extremities.

Ventilación mecánica no invasiva. Fundamentos y aplicación / No disponible

Objetivo: dar a conocer la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VMNI) en el ámbito de la medicina paliativa. Material y método: revisamos las bases de datos PubMed con estas palabras clave: (non invasive ventilation) AND ("respiratory support" OR "interface" OR "mechanical ventilation" OR "acute respiratory failure" OR "do nat intubate" OR "end life care"), Los criterios de inclusión fueron: trabajos que describen los fundamentos de este soporte ventilatorio, sus indicaciones y complicaciones, preferentemente para pacientes hospitalizados con hipoxemia aguda. Incluimos también estudios que nos parecieron relevantes y que habían sido citados en los trabajos seleccionados. Priorizamos aquellos estudios recientes que describen más claramente la metodología de aplicación de la técnica, las guías de sociedades científicas o fruto de conferencias consenso y los que hacen referencia a pacientes con decisión de no intubar. En la revisión incluimos también tratados y revistas de nuestro ámbito iberoamericano que, sin estar indexadas, publican con asiduidad sobre VMNI con un abordaje interdisciplinar. Excluimos los estudios que sólo abordan terapia con mascarilla nasal, en domicilio, en patología crónica no agudizada, o en pacientes pediátricos, así como estudios experimentales, con poblaciones pequeñas o relativos a patologías muy infrecuentes. Resultados: la búsqueda en la base electrónica PubMed ofreció 732 publicaciones. Con los criterios de selección referidos nos quedamos con 39 citas bibliográficas de las cuales destacamos 4 trabajos de revisión, 2 guías y 5 capítulos de libro. Los demás son originales entre los que se incluyen 7 trabajos sobre cuidado de pacientes con patologías en estadio avanzado o con decisión de no intubar. Como resultados más destacados podemos señalar que los nuevos respiradores específicos y las modernas interfases permiten aplicar VMNI con buena tolerancia y escasos riesgos. El paciente es capaz de comunicarse, expectorar, deglutir y mantiene intactos sus mecanismos de defensa. Conclusiones: la VMNI constituye una técnica útil también en cuidados de pacientes al final de la vida. La VMNI supone una alternativa a la intubación traqueal cuando esta es rechazada por el paciente o es considerada una medida desproporcionada que se debe limitar (AU)

Aim: to offer an overview of non-invasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV) in palliative medicine. Material and method: a PubMed literature search was developed. The key words used in the search strategy were: (non invasive ventilation) AND ("respiratory support" OR "interface" OR "mechanical ventilation" OR "acute respiratory failure" OR "do not intubate" OR "end life care"). Inclusion criteria were: papers focused on methodological aspects to show the background for application, characteristics of the technique, indications and adverse effects, and acute hypoxemic inpatient use. Other key studies quoted in the selection were included. Recent papers on methodological aspects, consensus guidelines, and those on do-not-intubate order were selected. Other papers form our Ibero-American culture -however non indexed- fitting the inclusion criteria were also included. Studies excluded: exclusively nasal mask use, home care, non acute problems, experimental studies, pediatric patient, small simple surveys, and infrequent illness. Results: we found 732 papers from PubMed but only 39 met the inclusion criteria. We can include 4 revisions, 2 guidelines and 5 book chapters. The rest were original papers including 7 surveys on NIMV in advanced stage of illness. As key results we can report that new ventilators and modern interfaces get INMV application with good acceptance and a low risk. Patients are able to communicate, cough, and swallow, and defence mechanisms remain intact. Conclusions: NIMV is a useful tool for end-of-life care NIMV is an alternative to tracheal incubation, especiaIly in patients who refuse invasive therapies or when those are considered inadequate (AU)

[Changes in health-related quality of life after ICU according to diagnostic category. Comparison of two measurement instruments]. / Cambios en la calidad de vida tras UCI según grupo diagnóstico. Comparación de dos instrumentos de medida.

OBJECTIVE: Assessment of health related quality of life (HRQOL) before and 12 months after discharge from a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) according to diagnostic category and the relationship between both instruments. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. SETTING: The combined medical/surgical ICU in a secondary university hospital with 450 beds. PATIENTS: Patients admitted to the ICU over an 18-month period. MAIN VARIABLES: Variables on demography, diagnosis on admission, severity of acute illness score (APACHE II), length of stay, procedures, mortality and the HRQOL were collected using the Short Form SF-36 and EQ-5D questionnaires. Health status prior to admission was evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS: Both questionnaires were answered by 189 patients. A significant deterioration in the quality of life was observed 12 months after ICU discharge. Head injury and neurological patients had worse HRQOL one year after discharge. Multiple trauma patients presented severe physical limitations and pain, but without significant differences on the emotional level. The EQ Visual Analogue Scale and the EQ Index score showed clinically relevant differences in these three groups. Respiratory patients are the only group in whom the HRQOL improved. Comparison between both measurement instruments showed a strong correlation on the physical functioning level, but a weaker correlation on the emotional functioning one. CONCLUSIONS: HRQOL assessment of ICU patients must be done according to a diagnostic category. Both instruments (the EQ-5D and SF-36) are capable of detecting changes in HRQOL. Despite differences in structure and content, both measure similar aspects of quality of life.

Cambios en la calidad de vida tras UCI según grupo diagnóstico. Comparación de dos instrumentos de medida / Changes in health-related quality of life alter ICU according to diagnostic category. Comparison of two measurement instruments

Objetivo. Análisis de la calidad de vida relacionadacon la salud (CVRS). Se evalúan los cambios en la CVRS previa al ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) y a los 12 meses del alta según la categoría diagnóstica, así como la relación entre ambos instrumentos de medida.Diseño. Estudio prospectivo observacional.Ámbito. UCI polivalente de un Hospital Uni ver si tario de segundo nivel con 450 camas.Pacientes. Pacientes ingresados en la UCI más de 24 horas, durante un período de 18 meses.Variables de interés. Se recogen variables demográficas,diagnóstico al ingreso, nivel de gravedad (APACHE II), estancia, procedimientos, mortalidad y CVRS mediante los cuestionarios Short Form SF-36 (SF-36) y EuroQoL 5D (EQ-5D). El estado de salud previo al ingreso se evaluó deforma retrospectiva.Resultados. Un total de 189 pacientes responden ambos cuestionarios. La calidad de vida mostró un deterioro significativo a los 12 meses del alta de la UCI. Los pacientes con traumatismo craneoencefálico (TCE) y neurológicos se asociaron con peor CVRS al año del alta. Los pacientes con politrauma presentaron importantes limitaciones físicas y dolor, pero sin diferencias significativas en el aspecto emocional. La EQ escala visual analógica y el EQ tarifa mostraron en estostres grupos una diferencia clínicamente relevante.Los pacientes con problemas respiratorios representaronel único grupo de pacientes que mejoró su CVRS. La comparación entre ambos instrumentos de medida demostró una fuerte correlación en la función física. En el aspecto emocional la correlación fue más débil.Conclusiones. La valoración de la CVRS en lospacientes ingresados en la UCI debe hacerse teniendoen cuenta la categoría diagnóstica. Ambos instrumentos (EQ-5D y SF-36) son capaces de detectar los cambios en la CVRS, y a pesar de algunas diferencias en estructura y contenido miden aspectos similares de la calidad de vida

Objective. Assessment of health related qualityof life (HRQOL) before and 12 months after dischargefrom a mixed intensive care unit (ICU) accordingto diagnostic category and the relationshipbetween both instruments.Design. Prospective observational study.Setting. The combined medical/surgical ICU ina secondary university hospital with 450 beds.Patients. Patients admitted to the ICU over an18-month period.Main variables. Variables on demography, diagnosison admission, severity of acute illness score(APACHE II), length of stay, procedures, mortalityand the HRQOL were collected using the Short Form SF-36 and EQ-5D questionnaires. Health status prior to admission was evaluated retrospectively.Results. Both questionnaires were answered by189 patients. A significant deterioration in thequality of life was observed 12 months after ICUdischarge. Head injury and neurological patients had worse HRQOL one year after discharge. Multiple trauma patients presented severe physical limitations and pain, but without significant differences on the emotional level. The EQ Visual Analogue Scale and the EQ Index score showed clinically relevant differences in these three groups. Respiratory patients are the only group inwhom the HRQOL improved. Comparison between both measurement instruments showed a strong correlation on the physical functioning level, but a weaker correlation on the emotional functioning one.Conclusions. HRQOL assessment of ICU patientsmust be done according to a diagnostic category. Both instruments (the EQ-5D and SF-36) are capable of detecting changes in HRQOL. Despite differences in structure and content, both measure similar aspects of quality of life

[Acute parotiditis after tracheostomy in Intensive Care]. / Parotiditis aguda tras traqueotomía en Cuidados Intensivos.

Post-anesthesic parotiditis is a little known entity related with anesthesic procedures but described in any situation that motivates manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity. Its physiopathological mechanism is not well-defined, although it could have a multifactorial origin. A case of a male who was admitted for post-operative control of brain tumor exeresis and who had preauricular and submaxillary inflammation after a routinely performed tracheostomy is presented. Coincidence with the performing of a tracheostomy required us to propose the differential diagnosis with the complications associated to said surgical act. Post-anesthesic parotiditis, even though it is a rare complication and has no clinical significance, should be kept in mind when there is facial edema after any manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity.

Parotiditis aguda tras traqueotomía en Cuidados Intensivos / Acute parotiditis after tracheostomy in Intensive Care

La parotiditis postanestésica es una entidad poco conocida, relacionada con procedimientos anestésicos pero descrita ante cualquier situación que motiva una manipulación de la cavidad orofaríngea. Su mecanismo fisiopatológico no está bien definido aunque podría ser de origen multifactorial. Se presenta el caso de un varón que ingresó para control postoperatorio de exéresis de tumor cerebral y que tras una traqueotomía realizada de forma rutinaria presenta una inflamación a nivel preauricular y submaxilar. La coincidencia con la realización de traqueotomía nos obligó a plantearnos el diagnóstico diferencial con las complicaciones asociadas a dicho acto quirúrgico. La parotiditis postanestésica, aun tratándose de una complicación poco frecuente y sin trascendencia clínica, debe tenerse en cuenta ante la aparición de edema facial tras cualquier manipulación de la cavidad orofaríngea

Post-anesthesic parotiditis is a little known entity related with anesthesic procedures but described in any situation that motivates manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity. Its physiopathological mechanism is not well-defined, although it could have a multifactorial origin. A case of a male who was admitted for post-operative control of brain tumor exeresis and who had preauricular and submaxillary inflammation after a routinely performed tracheostomy is presented. Coincidence with the performing of a tracheostomy required us to propose the differential diagnosis with the complications associated to said surgical act. Post-anesthesic parotiditis, even though it is a rare complication and has no clinical significance, should be kept in mind when there is facial edema after any manipulation of the oropharyngeal cavity

Redes neuronales artificiales en Medicina Intensiva. Ejemplo de aplicación con las variables del MPM II / Artificial neuronal networks in Intensive Medicine. An example of application with MPM II variables

Objetivo. La aplicación del índice de gravedad Mortality Probability Model (MPM II) en nuestra Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) nos muestra una mala calibración que nos obliga a buscar modelos reajustados. Diseño. Para el reajuste de los modelos utilizamos técnicas basadas en regresión logística (RL) y una red neuronal artificial (RN) (perceptrón multicapa con retropropagación del error). Para valorar estos modelos utilizamos un grupo de 964 pacientes que se dividen en un grupo de Desarrollo (736 pacientes) y un grupo de Validación (228). Se calcula el modelo MPM II Admisión y a las 24-horas (MPM II-0 y MPM II-24), los modelos reajustados por RL (RLR-0 y RLR-24) y los obtenidos por las RN (RN-0 y RN-24). Los modelos desarrollados se contrastan en el grupo de Validación evaluando sus propiedades de discriminación con el área bajo la curva ROC (ABC [IC 95 %]) y su calibración con el test de Hosmer-Lemeshow C (HLC [p]). Resultados. Los modelos MPM II-0 y MPM-24 obtienen una buena discriminación (ABC > 0,8) con pobre calibración (HLC > 25). Los modelos reajustados (RLR y RN) mejoran en calibración manteniendo una aceptable discriminación. La RN es mejor en discriminación (ABC = 0,85 [0,79-0,90]) y calibración (HLC = 21 [p = 0,005]) en el modelo 24-horas, pero sin alcanzar significación. Conclusión. Una RN es capaz de estratificar el riesgo de mortalidad hospitalaria utilizando las variables del sistema MPM II. En el mismo grupo de pacientes la RN obtiene diferentes probabilidades de muerte. Esto se asocia con una contribución diferente de las variables en los modelos basados en RL o RN

Objective. The application of Mortality Probability Model (MPM II) index of severity in our ICU shows poor calibration that forces us to seek readjusted models. Design. For the readjustment of the models we have used techniques based on Logistic Regression (LR) and an Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN) (multilayer perceptron with error retropropagation). In order to assess these models we analyzed a group of 964 patients divided into a development subgroup (736 patients) and a validation subgroup (228 patients). We calculated the MPM II model at admission and at 24-hours (MPM II-0 and MPM II-24), the models readjusted by LR (LRR-0 and LRR-24), and the models obtained through the ANN (ANN-0 and ANN-24). Developed models were verified in the validation subgroup for evaluating their discrimination properties through the area under the ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve (AURC [CI 95%]), and for its calibration with the Hosmer-Lemeshow C (HLC [p]) test. Results. MPM II-0 and MPM-24 models showed high discrimination (AURC 0.8) with poor calibration (HLC 25). The readjusted models (LRR and ANN) improved in calibration maintaining an acceptable discrimination. ANN is better for discrimination (AURC = 0.85 [0.79-0.90]) and calibration (HLC = 21 [p = 0.005]) in the 24-hour model, however, without significance. Conclusion. ANN can stratify the risk of hospital mortality using the variables of the MPM II system. ANN shows different death probabilities in the same group of patients. This is associated with a different contribution from the variables in LR- and ANN-based models

Impacto de la incorporación del servicio de neurocirugíaen la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospitalde segundo nivel / Impact of the inclusion of neurosurgery on the intensive care unit of a second level hospital

Fundamento. Evaluar el impacto en la demografía y case-mix de la incorporación de los pacientes neuroquirúrgicos a la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de segundo nivel. Pacientes y método. Utilización de la base de datos de la unidad de cuidados intensivos polivalente. Los años 1999-2000 (445 ingresos) sirven para establecer las previsiones y determinar las características de nuestra unidad, y el año 2001 (287 ingresos), con el servicio de neurocirugía incorporado, para la evaluación. Se recogen de forma prospectiva las siguientes variables: edad, sexo, diagnóstico en el momento del ingreso, evolución, índice de gravedad (APACHE II, SAPS II y MPM II 0-24) y mortalidad. Resultados. En el año 2001 se incorporó a 80 pacientes con la nueva enfermedad a esta unidad de cuidados intensivos. De ellos, 49 eran pacientes neurotraumáticos, con una edad media de 36 (DE = 19) años, un 88 por ciento de varones y una mortalidad del 24 por ciento. Trece tenían una enfermedad vascular neuroquirúrgica, con una edad media de 64 (17) años y una mortalidad del 77 por ciento. Un total de 16 pacientes fueron incluidos en el grupo de neuroquirúrgicos programados y 2 en el grupo de otros. Frente al período 1999-2000, el año 2001 presentó un aumento de los pacientes quirúrgicos, traumáticos y neurológicos, con una disminución de los respiratorios. La media de pacientes con ventilación mecánica pasó del 59 al 63 por ciento y la mortalidad se redujo del 36 al 30 por ciento. La estancia en la unidad de cuidados intensivos pasó de 9 (12) a 12 (17) días. Las propiedades de discriminación y calibración de los scores han mejorado. Conclusiones. La incorporación de una nueva especialidad debe basarse en un aspecto dinámico, por lo que la evaluación de este primer año es importante. Se plantea la necesidad de una unidad de intermedios (para reducir la estancia).El desplazamiento de otros grupos diagnósticos (unidades de cuidados intensivos con problemas de falta de camas) debe tenerse en cuenta (AU)