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BACKGROUND: Stronger resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode and frontoparietal control networks has been associated with cognitive resilience to Alzheimer's disease related pathology and neurodegeneration in smaller cohort studies. OBJECTIVES: We investigated whether these networks are associated with longitudinal CR to AD biomarkers of beta-amyloid (Aß). DESIGN: Longitudinal mixed. SETTING: The Anti-Amyloid Treatment in Asymptomatic Alzheimer's Disease (A4) study and its natural history observation arm, the Longitudinal Evaluation of Amyloid Risk and Neurodegeneration (LEARN) study. PARTICIPANTS: A sample of 1,021 cognitively unimpaired older adults (mean age = 71.2 years [SD = 4.7 years], 61% women, 42% APOEε4 carriers, 52% Aß positive). MEASUREMENTS: Global cognitive performance (Preclinical Alzheimer's Cognitive Composite) was assessed over an average 5.4 year follow-up period (SD = 2 years). Cortical Aß and functional connectivity (left and right frontoparietal control and default mode networks) were estimated from fMRI and PET, respectively, at baseline. Covariates included baseline age, APOEε4 carrier status, years of education, adjusted gray matter volume, head motion, study group, cumulative treatment exposure, and cognitive test version. RESULTS: Mixed effects models revealed that functional connectivity of the left frontoparietal control network moderated the negative effect of Aß on cognitive change (p = .025) such that stronger connectivity was associated with reduced Aß-related cognitive decline. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a potential protective effect of functional connectivity in preclinical AD, such that stronger connectivity in this network is associated with slower Aß-related cognitive decline.
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Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Péptidos beta-Amiloides , Disfunción Cognitiva , Lóbulo Frontal , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Lóbulo Parietal , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Anciano , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Lóbulo Parietal/diagnóstico por imagen , Estudios Longitudinales , Lóbulo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Síntomas Prodrómicos , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Red Nerviosa/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Vaccination is a key strategy to control the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Safety concerns strongly influence vaccine hesitancy. Disease transmission during pregnancy could exacerbate risks of preterm birth and perinatal mortality. This study examined patterns of vaccination and transmission among pregnant and postnatal women during the fifth wave of COVID-19 in Hong Kong. METHODS: The Antenatal Record System and Clinical Management System of the Hospital Authority was used to retrieve information concerning the demographic characteristics, vaccination history, COVID-19 status, and obstetric outcomes of women who were booked for delivery at Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong and had attended the booking antenatal visit from 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022. RESULTS: Among 2396 women in the cohort, 2006 (83.7%), 1843 (76.9%), and 831 (34.7%) had received the first, second, and third doses of COVID-19 vaccine, respectively. Among 1012 women who had received the second dose, 684 (67.6%) women were overdue for their third dose. There were 265 (11.1%) reported COVID-19 cases. Women aged 20 to 29 years had a low vaccination rate but the highest disease rate (19.1%). The disease rate was more than tenfold higher in women who had no (20.3%) or incomplete (18.8%) vaccination, compared with women who had complete vaccination (2.1%; P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination was low in pregnant women. Urgent measures are needed to promote vaccination among pregnant women before the next wave of COVID-19.
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COVID-19 , Nacimiento Prematuro , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Centros de Atención Terciaria , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Hong Kong/epidemiología , VacunaciónRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated behavioural adaptations and responses to obstetric care among pregnant women during an early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey included pregnant women who received obstetric care from 27 May 2020 to 16 June 2020 in a university-affiliated hospital in Hong Kong. Responses were collected with respect to obstetric appointment scheduling, workplace changes, mask-wearing practices, travel and quarantine experiences, obstetric service adjustments, and visiting arrangements. Regression analysis was used to compare the effects of patient characteristics on their responses. RESULTS: In total, 1000 surveys were distributed; 733 pregnant women provided complete survey responses. Among obstetric-related appointments in public hospitals, 16% were postponed or cancelled by pregnant women; such changes were most frequent among women beyond 24 weeks of gestation, women who had previous deliveries, and women who had a history of mental illness. The practice of working from home imposed psychological stress and negatively impacted the pregnancy experience in 4.5% of women. Childbirth companionship was regarded as an important service by 88.1% of women; only 4.2% agreed with its suspension. Obstetric service adjustments had the greatest impact on Chinese women and nulliparous women. CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide an overview of how pregnant women adapted during an early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic. Women adjusted obstetric service attendance, began working from home, and wore masks. Women's expectations did not match changes in childbirth companionship and peripartum services. Hospital administrators should consider psychological impacts on pregnant women when implementing service adjustments.
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Adenomiosis , Ultrasonido Enfocado de Alta Intensidad de Ablación , Leiomioma , Neoplasias Uterinas , Rotura Uterina , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Adenomiosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Adenomiosis/cirugía , Rotura Uterina/diagnóstico por imagen , Rotura Uterina/etiología , Rotura Uterina/cirugía , Leiomioma/diagnóstico por imagen , Leiomioma/cirugía , Ultrasonografía Intervencional , Neoplasias Uterinas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Uterinas/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoAsunto(s)
Terapia por Láser , Placenta , Anastomosis Quirúrgica , Cauterización , Femenino , Humanos , Rayos Láser , Embarazo , Gemelos MonocigóticosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 outbreak Hong Kong hospitals have suspended visiting periods and made mask wearing mandatory. In obstetrics, companionship during childbirth has been suspended and prenatal exercises, antenatal talks, hospital tours, and postnatal classes have been cancelled. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these restrictive measures on delivery plans and risks of postpartum depression. METHODS: We compared pregnancy data and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS) scores of women who delivered between the pre-alert period (1 Jan 2019 to 4 Jan 2020) and post-alert period (5 Jan 2020 to 30 Apr 2020) in a tertiary university public hospital in Hong Kong. Screening for postpartum depression was performed routinely using the EPDS questionnaire 1 day and within 1 week after delivery. RESULTS: There was a 13.1% reduction in the number of deliveries between 1 January and 30 April from 1144 in 2019 to 994 in 2020. The EPDS scores were available for 4357 out of 4531 deliveries (96.2%). A significantly higher proportion of women had EPDS scores of ≥10 1 day after delivery in the post-alert group than the pre-alert group (14.4% vs 11.9%; P<0.05). More women used pethidine (6.2% vs 4.6%) and fewer used a birthing ball (8.5% vs 12.4%) for pain relief during labour in the post-alert group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women reported more depressive symptoms in the postpartum period following the alert announcement regarding coronavirus infection in Hong Kong. This was coupled with a drop in the delivery rate at our public hospital. Suspension of childbirth companionship might have altered the methods of intrapartum pain relief and the overall pregnancy experience.
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COVID-19 , Salas de Parto/organización & administración , Depresión Posparto , Amigos/psicología , Control de Infecciones , Planificación de Atención al Paciente/organización & administración , Adulto , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/psicología , Depresión Posparto/diagnóstico , Depresión Posparto/epidemiología , Depresión Posparto/prevención & control , Depresión Posparto/psicología , Femenino , Hong Kong/epidemiología , Humanos , Control de Infecciones/instrumentación , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Control de Infecciones/organización & administración , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Tamizaje Masivo/estadística & datos numéricos , Innovación Organizacional , Embarazo , Atención Prenatal/organización & administración , Atención Prenatal/psicología , Educación Prenatal/organización & administración , Prevalencia , SARS-CoV-2RESUMEN
The surface magnetism of Fe(001) was studied in an atomic layer-by-layer fashion by using the in situ iron-57 probe layer method with a synchrotron Mössbauer source. The observed internal hyperfine field H_{int} exhibits a marked decrease at the surface and an oscillatory behavior with increasing depth in the individual upper four layers below the surface. The calculated layer-depth dependencies of the effective hyperfine field |H_{eff}|, isomer shift δ, and quadrupole shift 2ϵ agree well with the observed experimental parameters. These results provide the first experimental evidence for the magnetic Friedel oscillations, which penetrate several layers from the Fe(001) surface.
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This corrects the article DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.025501.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study is to evaluate the pattern and predictors of medical care received by hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers during pregnancy and after delivery in Hong Kong. STUDY DESIGN: The study is a retrospective analysis. METHODS: Pregnant HBV carriers and their infants were followed up for 9-12 months after delivery. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to investigate what medical care they received for HBV before, during and after pregnancy. RESULTS: Data were available for 412 HBV carriers. A total of 375 (91.0%) women were known HBV carriers before pregnancy. Routine antenatal screening picked out the remaining 37 (9.0%) HBV carriers; these women were younger, more likely to be smokers and had a lower level of education (P < 0.05) than known HBV carriers. In total, 356 of 412 (86.4%) HBV carriers did not receive any medical care for HBV during pregnancy. Known HBV carrier status, history of medical check-up and the use of antiviral treatment before pregnancy were significant predictors for HBV medical care during pregnancy (P < 0.05). The results show that 217 of 412 (52.6%) HBV carriers did not receive medical care for HBV after delivery. HBV medical care before pregnancy, use of antiviral treatment before pregnancy and a higher level of education were significant predictors for postpartum HBV medical care (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that HBV medical care before pregnancy (odds ratio [OR], 7.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.21-18.65; P < 0.001) and the use of antiviral treatment (OR, 5.02; 95% CI, 1.41-17.81; P = 0.013) were associated with medical care during pregnancy. Medical care before pregnancy was also associated with postpartum HBV medical care (OR, 5.05; 95% CI, 3.29-7.51; P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: A significant proportion of HBV carriers did not receive HBV-related medical check-ups during and after pregnancy in Hong Kong despite the majority being aware of their carrier status. Medical care before pregnancy predicted antenatal and postpartum HBV medical care.
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Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Portador Sano/tratamiento farmacológico , Hepatitis B/tratamiento farmacológico , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Atención Posnatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Atención Prenatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Femenino , Antígenos de Superficie de la Hepatitis B/aislamiento & purificación , Hong Kong , Humanos , Lactante , Embarazo , Estudios RetrospectivosAsunto(s)
Adenomiosis/terapia , Anastomosis Quirúrgica/métodos , Ultrasonido Enfocado de Alta Intensidad de Ablación/efectos adversos , Calor/efectos adversos , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/patología , Necrosis/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Complicaciones Intraoperatorias/cirugía , Persona de Mediana Edad , Necrosis/cirugía , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
We developed a fast X-ray detector system for nuclear resonant scattering (NRS) experiments. Our system employs silicon avalanche photo-diode (Si-APD) as a fast X-ray sensor. The system is able to acquire both timing and energy of a single X-ray photon simultaneously in a high rate condition, 106 counts per second for one Si-APD. The performance of the system was investigated in SPring-8, a synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. Good time resolution of 120 ps (FWHM) was achieved with a slight tail distribution in the time spectrum by a level of 10-9 at 1 ns apart from the peak. Using this system, we successfully observed the NRS from the 26.27-keV level of mercury-201, which has a half-life of 630(50) ps. We also demonstrated the reduction of background events caused by radioactive decays in a radioactive sample by discriminating photon energy.
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BACKGROUND: Prior studies suggest parental and perinatal risk factors are associated with later offending. It remains uncertain, however, if such risk factors are similarly related to sexual offending. METHOD: We linked socio-demographic, family relations, and perinatal (obtained at birth) data from the nationwide Swedish registers from 1973 to 2009 with information on criminal convictions of cases and control subjects. Male sex offenders (n = 13 773) were matched 1:5 on birth year and county of birth in Sweden to male controls without sexual or non-sexual violent convictions. To examine risk-factor specificity for sexual offending, we also compared male violent, non-sexual offenders (n = 135 953) to controls without sexual or non-sexual violent convictions. Predictors included parental (young maternal or paternal age at son's birth, educational attainment, violent crime, psychiatric disorder, substance misuse, suicide attempt) and perinatal (number of older brothers, low Apgar score, low birth weight, being small for gestational age, congenital malformations, small head size) variables. RESULTS: Conditional logistic regression models found consistent patterns of statistically significant, small to moderate independent associations of parental risk factors with sons' sexual offending and non-sexual violent offending. For perinatal risk factors, patterns varied more; small for gestational age and small head size exhibited similar risk effects for both offence types whereas a higher number of older biological brothers and any congenital malformation were small, independent risk factors only for non-sexual violence. CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide study suggests substantial commonalities in parental and perinatal risk factors for the onset of sexual and non-sexual violent offending.
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Criminales/estadística & datos numéricos , Padres , Sistema de Registros/estadística & datos numéricos , Delitos Sexuales/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Puntaje de Apgar , Peso al Nacer , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Anomalías Congénitas/epidemiología , Humanos , Masculino , Factores de Riesgo , Hermanos , Suecia/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (IVLBCL) is a distinct disease entity with the peculiar characteristic that tumor cells proliferate within vessels. Despite recent advances in understanding the disease from clinical aspects, the underlying pathogenesis remains unknown. Here we demonstrate analyses of IVLBCL biology using four xenograft mouse models established from primary IVLBCL samples. In all four models, the main characteristic of IVLBCL tumor cell proliferation within vessels was retained. Time-lapse engraftment analyses revealed that the tumor cells initially engrafted and proliferated in the sinusoids and vessels in the liver and then engrafted and proliferated in multiple organs. Intriguingly, serial passage of tumor cells from the adrenal gland of a transplanted mouse developed from primary patient bone marrow cells into a second mouse showed that the tumor cells mainly distributed into the adrenal gland in the second mouse, implying the existence of clonal selection and/or evolution at engraftment of a specific organ. Gene expression profiling analyses demonstrated that the gene set associated with cell migration was enriched for normal peripheral blood B cells, indicating that inhibition of cell migration might be involved in IVLBCL pathogenesis. In conclusion, the mouse xenograft models described here are essential tools for uncovering IVLBCL biology.
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Xenoinjertos/patología , Linfoma de Células B Grandes Difuso/patología , Neoplasias Vasculares/patología , Anciano , Animales , Movimiento Celular , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Supervivencia de Injerto , Humanos , Cadenas Pesadas de Inmunoglobulina/análisis , Hígado/irrigación sanguínea , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Especificidad de ÓrganosAsunto(s)
Linfoma de Células B/genética , Linfoma de Células B/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-myc/genética , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Animales , Ciclo Celular/fisiología , Humanos , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Ratones Mutantes , Trasplante de NeoplasiasRESUMEN
The proto-oncogene BMI1 and its product, Bmi1, is overexpressed in various types of tumors, particularly in aggressive tumors and tumors resistant to conventional chemotherapy. BMI1/Bmi1 is also crucially involved in cancer-initiating cell maintenance, and is recurrently upregulated in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), especially aggressive variants. Recently, side population (SP) cells were shown to exhibit tumor-initiating characteristics in various types of tumors. In this study, we show that recurrent MCL cases significantly exhibit upregulation of BMI1/Bmi1. We further demonstrate that clonogenic MCL SP shows such tumor-initiating characteristics as high tumorigenicity and self-renewal capability, and that BMI1 was upregulated in the SP from recurrent MCL cases and MCL cell lines. On screening for upstream regulators of BMI1, we found that expression of microRNA-16 (miR-16) was downregulated in MCL SP cells by regulating Bmi1 in the SPs, leading to reductions in tumor size following lymphoma xenografts. Moreover, to investigate downstream targets of BMI1 in MCL, we performed cross-linking/chromatin immunoprecipitation assay against MCL cell lines and demonstrated that Bmi1 directly regulated pro-apoptotic genes such as BCL2L11/Bim and PMAIP1/Noxa, leading to enhance anti-apoptotic potential of MCL. Finally, we found that a proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, which has been recently used for relapsed MCL, effectively induced apoptosis among MCL cells while reducing expression of Bmi1 and increasing miR-16 in MCL SP. These results suggest that upregulation of BMI1 and downregulation of miR-16 in MCL SP has a key role in the disease's progression by reducing MCL cell apoptosis. Our results provide important new insight into the pathogenesis of MCL and strongly suggest that targeting BMI1/Bmi1 might be an effective approach to treating MCL, particularly refractory and recurrent cases.
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Apoptosis , Linfoma de Células del Manto/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Recurrencia Local de Neoplasia/metabolismo , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1/metabolismo , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/metabolismo , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2 , Ácidos Borónicos/farmacología , Bortezomib , Carcinogénesis/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Linfoma de Células del Manto/genética , Linfoma de Células del Manto/patología , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos NOD , Ratones SCID , MicroARNs/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 1/genética , Proto-Oncogenes Mas , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Pirazinas/farmacología , Interferencia de ARN , Células de Población Lateral/metabolismo , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with no effective treatment. Fasudil hydrochloride (fasudil), a potent rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor, is useful for the treatment of ischaemic diseases. In previous reports, fasudil improved pathology in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease and spinal muscular atrophy, but there is no evidence in that it can affect ALS. We therefore investigated its effects on experimental models of ALS. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: In mice motor neuron (NSC34) cells, the neuroprotective effect of hydroxyfasudil (M3), an active metabolite of fasudil, and its mechanism were evaluated. Moreover, the effects of fasudil, 30 and 100 mg·kg(-1), administered via drinking water to mutant superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1(G93A)) mice were tested by measuring motor performance, survival time and histological changes, and its mechanism investigated. KEY RESULTS: M3 prevented motor neuron cell death induced by SOD1(G93A). Furthermore, M3 suppressed both the increase in ROCK activity and phosphorylated phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), and the reduction in phosphorylated Akt induced by SOD1(G93A). These effects of M3 were attenuated by treatment with a PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Moreover, fasudil slowed disease progression, increased survival time and reduced motor neuron loss, in SOD1(G93A) mice. Fasudil also attenuated the increase in ROCK activity and PTEN, and the reduction in Akt in SOD1(G93A) mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These findings indicate that fasudil may be effective at suppressing motor neuron degeneration and symptom progression in ALS. Hence, fasudil may have potential as a therapeutic agent for ALS treatment.
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1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina/análogos & derivados , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuronas Motoras/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina/administración & dosificación , 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonil)-2-Metilpiperazina/farmacología , Esclerosis Amiotrófica Lateral/fisiopatología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Masculino , Ratones Transgénicos , Neuronas Motoras/patología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/administración & dosificación , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutasa/genética , Superóxido Dismutasa-1 , Tasa de Supervivencia , Quinasas Asociadas a rho/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Hepatitis B infection remains the most common form of chronic hepatitis. Mother to child transmission occurs despite immunoprophylaxis with vaccination and immunoglobulin. In utero infection is suggested to account for most of the cases with immunoprophylaxis failure. Infants who suffer from hepatitis B infection at birth have a higher risk of becoming chronic carriers and may develop liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma in the future. Infected germ cells, transplacental infection, invasive prenatal diagnostic tests and various perinatal factors are possible factors leading to in utero infection and subsequent immunoprophylaxis failure. Hepatitis B e antigen positive status and high viral load increase the risk of immunoprophylaxis failure. Recent evidence shows promising results regarding the use of antiviral treatment in late gestation to suppress viral load, so as to decrease the risk of vertical transmission. This review discusses the possible mechanisms of in utero infection and the use of antiviral treatment during pregnancy.
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Hepatitis B/prevención & control , Transmisión Vertical de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/tratamiento farmacológico , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , ADN Viral/análisis , Femenino , Hepatitis B/transmisión , Antígenos e de la Hepatitis B/inmunología , Humanos , Inmunización , Lamivudine/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Embarazo , Espermatozoides/virología , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Dental surgery generally causes stress and fear, which may affect patient physiology and increase perioperative anxiety. Dental anxiety is considered to be an important factor in determining the need for intravenous sedation. One of the gold standards for measuring preoperative anxiety is Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The authors have previously assessed preoperative anxiety using STAI and recommended that intravenous sedation be performed for patients whose anxiety level is high. The intravenous cannulation necessary for sedation and sedation itself may increase anxiety. The authors carried out this study to examine whether planning intravenous sedation before surgery increases preoperative anxiety. The subjects were patients who planned to undergo wisdom teeth extraction under local anaesthesia in the authors' hospital. They were divided into two groups on the basis of the planned intravenous sedation. STAI scores were compared between the initial visit and just before surgery. There were no significant differences in the state and trait anxiety scores between the initial visit and the day of the surgery in the two groups. Planned intravenous sedation based on the evaluation of anxiety levels using STAI is effective for promoting a safe operation without aggravating preoperative anxiety.