Phosphatidylserine and Tyro3-Axl-Mertk Receptor Tyrosine Kinase level detection in plasma and on plasma-derived extracellular vesicle surface in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a chronic lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by monoclonal B cell proliferation. Studies carried out in recent years suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs) may be a potential biomarker in cancer. Tyro3-Axl-Mertk (TAM) Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (RTKs) and Phosphatidylserine (PS) have crucial roles in macrophage-mediated immune response under normal conditions. In the tumor microenvironment, these molecules contribute to immunosuppressive signals and prevent the formation of local and systemic antitumor immune responses. Based on this, we aimed to evaluate the amount of PS and TAM RTK in plasma and on the surface of EVs in CLL patients and healthy volunteers in this study. In this study, 25 CLL (11 F/14 M) patients in the Rai (O-I) stage, newly diagnosed or followed up without treatment, and 15 healthy volunteers (11 F/4 M) as a control group were included. For all samples, PS and TAM RTK levels were examined first in the plasma and then in the EVs obtained from the plasma. We detected a significant decrease in plasma PS, and TAM RTK levels in CLL patients compared to the control. Besides, we determined a significant increase in TAM RTK levels on the EV surface in CLL, except for PS. In conclusion, these receptor levels measured by ELISA in plasma may not be effective for the preliminary detection of CLL. However, especially TAM RTKs on the surface of EVs may be good biomarkers and potential targets for CLL therapies.

Decoding the historical tale: COVID-19 impact on haematological malignancy patients-EPICOVIDEHA insights from 2020 to 2022.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic heightened risks for individuals with hematological malignancies due to compromised immune systems, leading to more severe outcomes and increased mortality. While interventions like vaccines, targeted antivirals, and monoclonal antibodies have been effective for the general population, their benefits for these patients may not be as pronounced. Methods: The EPICOVIDEHA registry (National Clinical Trials Identifier, NCT04733729) gathers COVID-19 data from hematological malignancy patients since the pandemic's start worldwide. It spans various global locations, allowing comprehensive analysis over the first three years (2020-2022). Findings: The EPICOVIDEHA registry collected data from January 2020 to December 2022, involving 8767 COVID-19 cases in hematological malignancy patients from 152 centers across 41 countries, with 42% being female. Over this period, there was a significant reduction in critical infections and an overall decrease in mortality from 29% to 4%. However, hospitalization, particularly in the ICU, remained associated with higher mortality rates. Factors contributing to increased mortality included age, multiple comorbidities, active malignancy at COVID-19 onset, pulmonary symptoms, and hospitalization. On the positive side, vaccination with one to two doses or three or more doses, as well as encountering COVID-19 in 2022, were associated with improved survival. Interpretation: Patients with hematological malignancies still face elevated risks, despite reductions in critical infections and overall mortality rates over time. Hospitalization, especially in ICUs, remains a significant concern. The study underscores the importance of vaccination and the timing of COVID-19 exposure in 2022 for enhanced survival in this patient group. Ongoing monitoring and targeted interventions are essential to support this vulnerable population, emphasizing the critical role of timely diagnosis and prompt treatment in preventing severe COVID-19 cases. Funding: Not applicable.

The world apheresis association registry, 2023 update.

The WAA apheresis registry contains data on more than 140,000 apheresis procedures conducted in 12 different countries. The aim is to give an update of indications, type and number of procedures and adverse events (AEs). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The WAA-registry is used for registration of apheresis procedures and is free of charge. The responsible person for a center can apply at the site www.waa-registry.org RESULTS: Data includes reported AEs from 2012 and various procedures and diagnoses during the years 2018-2022; the latter in total from 27 centers registered a total of 9500 patients (41% women) that began therapeutic apheresis (TA) during the period. A total of 58,355 apheresis procedures were performed. The mean age was 50 years (range 0-94). The most common apheresis procedure was stem cell collection for which multiple myeloma was the most frequent diagnosis (51%). Donor cell collection was done in 14% and plasma exchange (PEX) in 28% of patients; In relation to all performed procedures PEX, using a centrifuge (35%) and LDL-apheresis (20%) were the most common. The main indication for PEX was TTP (17%). Peripheral veins were used in 56% as the vascular access. The preferred anticoagulant was ACD. AEs occurred in 2.7% of all procedures and were mostly mild (1%) and moderate 1.5% (needed supportive medication) and, only rarely, severe (0.15%). CONCLUSION: The data showed a wide range of indications and variability in apheresis procedures with low AE frequency.

Outcome of COVID-19 in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients: Results from the EPICOVIDEHA registry.

Background: The outcome of COVID-19 in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) recipients is almost uniformely considered poor. The aim of present study was to retrospectively analyse the outcome and risk factors for mortality in a large series of patients who developed COVID-19 infection after an allogeneic HSCT. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study promoted by the European Hematology Association - Infections in Hematology Study Working Group, included 326 adult HSCT patients who had COVID-19 between January 2020 and March 2022. Results: The median time from HSCT to the diagnosis of COVID-19 was 268 days (IQR 86-713; range 0-185 days). COVID-19 severity was mild in 21% of the patients, severe in 39% and critical in 16% of the patients. In multivariable analysis factors associated with a higher risk of mortality were, age above 50 years, presence of 3 or more comorbidities, active hematologic disease at time of COVID-19 infection, development of COVID-19 within 12 months of HSCT, and severe/critical infections. Overall mortality rate was 21% (n=68): COVID-19 was the main or secondary cause of death in 16% of the patients (n=53). Conclusions: Mortality in HSCT recipients who develop COVID-19 is high and largely dependent on age, comorbidities, active hematologic disease, timing from transplant and severity of the infection.

Generic Lenalidomide Rivelime Versus Brand-name Revlimid® in the Treatment of Relapsed/Refractory Multiple Myeloma: A Retrospective Single-center Experience on Efficacy, Safety and Survival Outcome.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to compare use of original brand-name lenalidomide (Revlimid®) vs. generic equivalent (Rivelime®) in terms of efficacy, safety and survival outcome in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 184 patients RRMM (median age: 62 years, 60.9% were males) who received singlet, doublet or triplet lenalidomide-containing regimens including either Revlimid® (n=74) or Rivelime® (n=110) were included in this study. Treatment response was based on evaluation of objective response to treatment (ORR) including the sum of patients who achieved partial response (PR), very good partial responses (VGPR) or complete response (CR) to therapy. Progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) and safety data were also recorded. RESULTS: Revlimid® and Rivelime® groups were similar in terms of ORR (54.1 vs. 60.0%), CR (22.5 vs. 28.8%), VGPR (55.0 vs. 50.0%) and PR (22.5 vs. 21.2%) rates. Median (SE) PFS time were similar between Rivelime® vs. Revlimid® treated patients who were in the 2nd line (30.3(3.8) vs. 22.7(7.0) months, p=0.827) or 3rd line of therapy (38.1(12.1) vs. 20.1(0.9) months, p=0.147) at lenalidomide initiation. Two groups also had similar OS rate (83.8 vs. 73.6%) and OS time (mean 122.3 vs. 123.5 months). Side effects were manageable in both groups. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, replacing Revlimid® with its generic version Rivelime® in singlet, doublet or triplet lenalidomide containing RRMM regimens seems not to compromise the efficacy of treatment, and to yield a similarly improved response rates and survival outcome and no additional toxic effects, enabling a long-term therapy.

Ex vivo expansion of natural killer cells for hematological cancer immunotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

The present systematic review aimed to investigate natural killer (NK) cell ex vivo expansion protocols within the scope of clinical trials targeting hematological cancer and to conduct a meta-analysis to assess the effect of NK cell infusion on survival. Research articles of clinical studies in which cell products produced by ex vivo expansion, consisting of a certain amount of NK cells and infused to patients with hematological cancer, were included in the systematic review. We conducted a proportion analysis with random effects for product purity and viability values. Studies having control groups were included in the survival meta-analysis. Among 11.028 identified records, 21 were included in the systematic review. We observed statistically significant heterogeneity for viability (I2 = 97.83%, p < 0.001) and purity values (I2 = 99.95%, p < 0.001), which was attributed to the diversity among isolation and expansion protocols. In addition, the survival meta-analysis findings suggested that NK cell therapy favors disease-free survival (DFS) of patients with myeloid malignancies but limited to only two clinical studies (odds ratio = 3.40 (confidence interval:1.27-9.10), p = 0.01). While included protocols yielded cell products with acceptable viability, the utility of immunomagnetic methods; feeder cells such as K562 expressing membrane-bound IL15 and 4-1BBL or expressing membrane-bound IL21 and 4-1BBL might be preferable to achieve better purity. In conclusion, NK cell therapy has a potential to improve DFS of patients with myeloid malignancies.

B-cell malignancies treated with targeted drugs and SARS-CoV-2 infection: A European Hematology Association Survey (EPICOVIDEHA).

Patients with lymphoproliferative diseases (LPD) are vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we describe and analyze the outcome of 366 adult patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL) treated with targeted drugs and laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 diagnosed between February 2020 and January 2022. Median follow-up was 70.5 days (IQR 0-609). Most used targeted drugs were Bruton-kinase inhibitors (BKIs) (N= 201, 55%), anti-CD20 other than rituximab (N=61, 16%), BCL2 inhibitors (N=33, 9%) and lenalidomide (N=28, 8%).Only 16.2% of the patients were vaccinated with 2 or more doses of vaccine at the onset of COVID-19. Mortality was 24% (89/366) on day 30 and 36%(134/366) on the last day of follow-up. Age >75 years (p<0.001, HR 1.036), active malignancy (p<0.001, HR 2.215), severe COVID-19 (p=0.017, HR 2.270) and admission to ICU (p<0.001, HR 5.751) were risk factors for mortality at last day of follow up. There was no difference in OS rates in NHL vs CLL patients (p=0.306), nor in patients treated with or without BKIs (p=0.151). Mortality in ICU was 66% (CLL 61%, NHL 76%). Overall mortality rate decreased according to vaccination status, being 39% in unvaccinated patients, 32% and 26% in those having received one or two doses, respectively, and 20% in patients with a booster dose (p=0.245). Overall mortality rate dropped from 41% during the first semester of 2020 to 25% at the last semester of 2021. These results show increased severity and mortality from COVID-19 in LPDs patients treated with targeted drugs.

Alpha-1-Antitrypsin Experience for Steroid-Resistant Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Steroid-refractory acute graft-versus-host disease (SR-aGVHD) treatment has a low response rate and a high risk of infection in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The standard approach to be applied in this situation is uncertain. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT). In the study, the results of five SR-aGVHD patients received AAT evaluated. Complete response was seen 2 of four patients with gastrointestinal (GI) aGVHD, partial response in one GI and one liver aGVHD. The overall response rate was 80%. AAT is an effective and safe treatment option in SR-aGVHD.

Pretransplant Consolidation Therapies Improve the Outcome of Myeloablative Allogeneic Transplantation in Adults with Ph-negative Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

BACKROUND AND AIM: The benefit of pre-transplant consolidation in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) who achieved first complete remission (CR1) has not yet been clearly demonstrated. Here, we aimed to investigate the relationship between the treatments received before transplantation and transplant outcome in Ph-ALL patients who underwent myeloablative allo-HSCT in CR1. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 55, 32 (58.2%) men and 23 (41.8%) women, who underwent allo-HSCT with the diagnosis of Ph-ALL were evaluated retrospectively. All patients underwent to allo-HSCT with myeloablative conditioning regimen in the 1st CR from the available donor. RESULTS: In patients who received >2 consolidation, the 2-year and 3-year OS was 69% and 65%, respectively, while the 2-year and 3-year OS was 39% and 26%, respectively, in those who received < 2 consolidation (P =.03). RFS was similar in both groups (P = .8). One year- NRM was found 28% in patients who received ≥ 2 consolidations, and 37% in patients who received <2 consolidation (P =.06). L-asparaginase, high dose methotrexate, and cranial treatments given before transplantation had no effect on transplant outcomes (P > .05). CONCLUSION: Contrary to the belief that pre-transplant consolidation is not beneficial in ALL patients who proceed with allo-HCST in CR1, our results showed that consolidation treatments reduce NRM and improve the survival.

Treatment Approaches for Managing Patients with Hematological Malignancies in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic.

Background/aim: The COVID-19 pandemic is a unique challenge to the care of patients with hematological malignancies. We aim to provide supportive guidance to clinicians making individual patients decisions during the COVID-19 pandemic, in particular during periods that access to healthcare resources may be limited. Conclusion: This review also provides recommendations, which are convenient in evaluating indications for therapy, reducing therapy-associated immunosuppression, and reducing healthcare utilization in patients with specific hematological malignancies in the COVID-19 era. Specific decisions regarding treatment of hematological malignancies will need to be individualized, based on disease risk, risk of immunosuppression, rates of community transmission of SARS-CoV-2, and available local healthcare resources.

The natural course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Background and Aim: The present study aims to describe the characteristics and long-term clinical outcomes of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Material and Methods: A total of 1308 individuals with NAFLD were seen in the Liver Diseases Outpatient Clinic. Diagnosis of NAFLD in each case was based on biochemical, radiological and histological criteria, when available. After diagnosis, all NAFLD patients were administered a conventional diet and exercise program. The median follow-up period was 55.3 months. Results: At the time of the diagnosis, the mean age was 50.8±11.3 years, and female gender was slightly predominant (51.4%). The median body mass index was 29.2±4.7 kg/m2: 39% were obese. Seventeen percent of the patients had diabetes mellitus, 53% insulin resistance, 60% hyperlipidemia, and 32% hypertension. Median serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels were 31 U/L (range: 10-248 U/L), 45 U/L (range: 10-285 U/L) and 41 (range: 8-1200 U/L), respectively. Liver biopsy was performed in 293 individuals. The median NAFLD activity score was 5.0, median hepatic steatosis 2, ballooning 1, lobular inflammation 1, portal inflammation 0, and fibrosis 0. Of note, 41.3% of the samples (121/293) revealed the presence of fibrosis and 31% of the samples (37/121) showed significant fibrosis. With multivariate analysis, diabetes and obesity were associated with the presence of significant fibrosis. Among them, 765 patients (M/F: 353/412, mean age: 51.0±10.9) had at least six months of follow-up. In this group, from baseline to the end of the follow-up period, a significant improvement in the serum AST and ALT levels was observed. Conclusion: NAFLD is a potentially progressive disease. Diabetes and obesity were associated with the presence of advanced fibrosis.

A real world multicenter retrospective study on extramedullary disease from Balkan Myeloma Study Group and Barcelona University: analysis of parameters that improve outcome.

Here, we report the outcome of 226 myeloma patients presenting with extramedullary plasmacytoma or paraosseous involvement in a retrospective study conducted in 19 centers from 11 countries. Extramedullary disease was detected at diagnosis or relapse between January 2010 and November 2017. Extramedullary plasmacytoma and paraosseous involvement were observed in 130 patients at diagnosis (92 of 38) and in 96 at relapse (84 of 12). The median time from multiple myeloma diagnosis to the development of extramedullary disease was 25.1 months (range 3.1-106.3 months) in the relapse group (median follow up: 15 months). Imaging approach for extramedullary disease was computed tomography (n=133), positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (n=50), or magnetic resonance imaging (n=35). The entire group received a median two lines of treatment and autologous stem cell transplantation (44%) following the diagnosis of extramedullary disease. Complete response was higher for paraosseous involvement versus extramedullary plasmacytoma at diagnosis (34.2% vs 19.3%; P=NS.) and relapse (54.5% vs 9%; P=0.001). Also paraosseous involvement patients had a better progression-free survival (PFS) when recognized at initial diagnosis of myeloma than at relapse (51.7 vs 38.9 months). In addition, overall survival was better for paraosseous involvement compared to extramedullary plasmacytoma at diagnosis (not reached vs 46.5 months).Extramedullary plasmacytoma at relapse had the worst prognosis with a PFS of 9.1 months and overall survival of 11.4 months. In the multivariate analysis, paraosseous involvement, extramedullary disease at diagnosis, International Staging System (ISS-I), and undergoing autologous stem cell transplantation improved overall survival independently. This cohort demonstrated that extramedullary disease benefits from front-line autologous stem cell transplantation and extramedullary plasmacytoma differs from paraosseous involvement in terms of rate and duration of response, with even worse outcomes when detected at relapse, constituting an unmet clinical need.

PET with Fluorodeoxyglucose F 18/Computed Tomography as a Staging Tool in Multiple Myeloma.

In the past decade novel treatment options have dramatically prolonged the survival of patients with multiple myeloma. PET combined with computed tomography (CT) is a sensitive and reliable functional imaging tool that enables diagnosis and assessment of response to chemotherapy/radiotherapy, and combines high sensitivity in identifying both lytic lesions and extramedullary soft-tissue masses with the ability to provide reliable prognostic information in the management of patients with myeloma. This review comprises a comprehensive overview of PET with fluorodeoxyglucose F 18/CT imaging in combination with other convenient imaging procedures, and attempts at standardization with emphasis on post-therapy findings in patients with myeloma.

Xanthelasma palpebrarum: a new side effect of nilotinib.

Chronic myeloid leucaemia (CML) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder characterised by a reciprocal translocation between the chromosomes 9 and 22 resulting in constitutionally active tyrosine kinase signalling. BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are highly effective molecules in the treatment of CML. Unfortunately, these novel therapeutic agents are accompanied by various side effects, and haematological, cutaneous and metabolic abnormalities are among the most prevalent. Nilotinib, a second-generation TKI, has been shown to cause both--cutaneous lesions and lipid profile abnormalities. We present two CML cases developing xanthelasma palpebrarum while receiving nilotinib. Case 1 also acquired a lipid abnormality following the start of nilotinib therapy, while case 2 meanwhile stayed normolipidemic. In addition to a low cholesterol diet, atorvastatin was prescribed to case 1. Currently, both cases are normolipidemic and continuing their nilotinib therapy. Xanthelasma palpebrarum secondary to nilotinib therapy is new to the literature.