HPV status and immunohistochemical analysis of p16, p53 and PD­L1 expression as prognostic biomarkers in patients with squamous cell anal cancer receiving definitive radiotherapy/chemoradiotherapy.

Anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) treated with definitive radiotherapy (RT)/chemoradiotherapy (CRT) has shown high success rates, yet challenges such as treatment resistance and recurrence persist. The present study aimed to investigate the associations between immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluation, treatment response and prognosis in anal SCC. A retrospective cohort analysis included 42 patients with anal SCC treated at a single institution between 2006 and 2022. Human papillomavirus (HPV) status was determined, and the IHC analysis of p16, p53 and PD-L1 expression was conducted using formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded biopsies. A complete response to RT/CRT was observed in 71.4% of patients. Recurrence occurred in 38.1% of cases, of which 7.1% had local-regional recurrence (LRR), 14.3% had distant recurrence (DR), and 16.7% had both LRR and DR. HPV positivity (71.4%) was significantly associated with p16 positivity. Lack of complete response was associated with HPV-negative status, p16-negative status, increased recurrence and DR. In addition, recurrence was significantly associated with p53-positive status, and p53 positivity was significantly associated with increased LRR. PD-L1 positivity, defined as a combined positive score (CPS) ≥1% was found in 73.8% of the patients, and exhibited significant associations with HPV positivity and p16 positivity. PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1% was also associated with an increased LRR. Univariate analysis revealed that age <65 years, a complete response and HPV positivity were associated with increased 5-year overall survival (OS), while a complete response, HPV positivity and p53-negative status were associated with increased 5-year disease-free survival (DFS). Multivariate analysis identified that age <65 years and HPV positivity are independent prognostic factors for 5-year OS, and a complete response and p53-negative status are independent prognostic factors for 5-year DFS. In conclusion, these findings suggust that the identification of HPV status and poor prognostic biomarkers at diagnosis may be used to guide personalized treatment strategies, with the combination of immunotherapy with standard CRT potentially providing improved outcomes.

Effects of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate on acute radiation proctitis in rats.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin sulfate combination (HA/CS) on a model of acute radiation proctitis. METHODS: Rats were divided into five groups: SHAM; irradiation (IR) + saline (1 mL for 5th and 10th day); IR + HA/CS (1 mL for 5th and 10th day). A single fraction of 17.5 Gy was delivered to each rat. HA/CS was administered rectally each day after irradiation. Each rat was observed daily for signs of proctitis. Irradiated rats were euthanized on days 5 and 10. The mucosal changes were evaluated macroscopically and pathologically. RESULTS: According to the clinical findings, five rats in the irradiation + saline group showed grade 3-4 symptoms on the 10th day. No significant difference in the macroscopic finding scores on the 5th day was observed between the irradiation + saline and irradiation + HA/CS groups. In the pathological examination, radiation-induced mucosal damage was the most prominent finding 10 days after irradiation in saline-treated rats. On the 10th day, the irradiation + HA/CS group showed mild inflammation and slight crypt changes, which corresponded to grade 1-2 pathological findings. CONCLUSION: We think that HA/CS used in radiation cystitis can be beneficial for radiation proctitis.

Which part of the blood in the knee joint is responsible for its detrimental effects? (An experimental study on the knee joint in rabbits).

AIM: This study aims to determine the potential causative elements which are responsible for the cartilage damage in case of frequent intra-articular bleeding and to evaluate the effects of intra-articular free iron and chelation of iron in the knee joint. METHODS: Thirty-five New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into five groups according to substances injected into their knee joints. Plasma (group I) and cellular components (group II) of the blood harvested from the rabbits, iron (ferric hydroxide sucrose) (group III), iron&chelator (group IV) and only chelator (deferoxamine mesylate) (group V) were injected into their right knees three times a week for 12 weeks. The joint surface was examined histologically according to the classification system modified from Colombo et al. The changes in the synovial tissue were evaluated according to the scoring system modified from Madhok et al. RESULTS: Cartilage and synovial abnormality scores were significantly higher in all study groups when compared to their own controls (p < 0.0001). Cartilage scores of groups I and V were significantly lower when compared to groups III and IV (p = 0.002 for group I and p = 0.003 for group V). Synovial abnormality score of group I was significantly lower than scores of groups III and IV (p = 0.001); and of group V lower than groups III and IV (p = 0.003 and p = 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: All substances tested in this study caused a certain amount of damage in the cartilage tissue and led to synovial abnormalities. Both iron and iron&chelator caused more damage in the cartilage and led to more advanced synovial changes when compared to the plasma component of blood and chelator itself. Influence of iron and iron&chelators were found to be similar showing that chelation was inadequate in antagonizing the detrimental effects of iron.

Does bile reflux reduce Helicobacter pylori gastritis?

BACKGROUND: Chronic abdominal pain is a frequent childhood complaint. This study aims to determine the relationship between bile reflux, which is increasing with the growth in packaged food consumption resulting from the changing food industry, and Helicobacter pylori gastritis. METHODS: In this retrospective study, 804 cases where there was an endoscopic examination for abdominal pain were included. We recorded the patients` age, sex, and macroscopic and microscopic endoscopic findings. Patients with chronic diseases were excluded. RESULTS: Our study included 804 cases. Of patients, 61.8% were female and 38.2% were male. The mean age was 11.56±4.14 years. The Helicobacter pylori gastritis rate was found to be 22.3% among all patients. Bile reflux was seen in 192 (23.9%) patients. Only 27 (14.1%) of the 192 patients had Helicobacter pylori positivity (p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Helicobacter pylori gastritis is less common among patients with bile reflux. In another study conducted in our outpatient clinic before the 2000s, the frequency of Helicobacter pylori gastritis was found to be 40%, but after 2000 this rate decreased to 22.3% due to bile reflux caused by the changing food industry. This result may be explained by the bactericidal effects of bile acids.

The effectiveness of cetuximab and panitumumab when combined with FOLFIRI in second-line treatment of KRAS wild type metastatic colorectal cancers. Single centre experience.

Panitumumab and cetuximab are monoclonal antibodies known to be effective in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Although the survival benefits when combined with chemotherapy have been determined, there are no studies comparing the two agents with chemotherapy in the second-line treatment. In this study, we aimed to compare the efficacy of cetuximab vs panitumumab in patients who previously received chemotherapy. Who progressed after first-line treatment for K-ras wild type mCRC were analyzed. The efficacy of cetuximab vs panitumumab on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) when combined with FOLFIRI regimen was compared retrospectively. Median PFS was 6.9 months in the cetuximab group and 4.7 months in the panitumumab group. Median OS cetuximab and panitumumab groups were 18.4 and 12.2 months, respectively. In the second-line treatment of K-ras wild type mCRC, both PFS and OS were found to be longer in patients receiving cetuximab than in patients receiving panitumumab, but no statistically significant difference was found.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Crude Momordica charantia L. Extract on 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzene Sulfonic Acid-Induced Colitis Model in Rat and the Bioaccessibility of its Carotenoid Content.

Momordica charantia L., known as bitter melon (BM), is a plant that belongs to the family Cucurbitaceae. Aims of this study are to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of crude BM extract on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced experimental colitis model in rat. It was also aimed to determine the content and bioaccessibility of carotenoids of BM. BM was purchased from local markets in Izmir, Turkey. Fruits of BM were lyophilized, powdered, and used in the experiment. Carotenoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. To determine the bioaccessibility of ß-carotene, in vitro digestion was performed. Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups: group A (BM+TNBS), group B (BM), group C (TNBS), and group D (control). BM solution was given 300 mg/(kg·day) for 6 weeks orally. Colitis was induced by 0.25 mL of a solution containing 100 mg/kg 5% (w/v) TNBS in 50% ethanol (w/v) intrarectally after 6 weeks. After sacrification, macroscopic and microscopic evaluations were performed. Myeloperoxidase, cytokines levels (interleukin-17 [IL-17], TNF-alpha, and interleukin-10 [IL-10]) were measured in serum and colonic samples by ELISA test. Institutional Animal Ethics Committee approval was obtained. Total carotenoid content of BM was determined 11.7 mg/g dry weight as ß-carotene equivalents. Bioaccessibility of total carotenoids was determined as 2.1% with in vitro digestion. Pretreatment with crude BM extract significantly reduced weight loss, macroscopic, and microscopic colitis damages in colonic samples (P = .000), (P = .015), and (P = .026), respectively. Serum anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 increased significantly in both treatment groups (P = .000). BM is a rich source of carotenoids, but the bioaccessibility of its carotenoids is low. This study displays that BM has protective anti-inflammatory effects on TNBS-induced colitis.

Gastrointestinal findings in 26 adults with common variable immunodeficiency: The fickle nature of the disease manifests in gastrointestinal biopsies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the histopathological findings in gastrointestinal (GI) biopsies in adults with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 172 GI biopsies of 26 patients with CVID obtained over a 16-year period were reevaluated. Findings were analyzed using descriptive analyzes and χ2 test. RESULTS: Female-to-male ratio was 1.36. The median age at diagnosis was 36±13.94 (16-72) years. Chronic esophagitis was noted in 3 patients. The absence of plasma cells in the stomach, duodenum, and colon was observed in 16, 14, and 9 patients, respectively. Divergent results for the presence of plasma cells in concurrent stomach and duodenum samples were found in 11 (44%) patients. Nodular lymphoid hyperplasia (NLH) was notable in the duodenum (56%). The mean number of eosinophils in one high-power field was significantly higher in duodenal biopsies with NLH (27.21 vs. 14.37, p=0.002). Active inflammation was more prominent in the colon (91%) than in the stomach (65%) and duodenum (60%). Helicobacter pylori infection was found in 57.6%, including a case with persistent infection by the coccoid form. Celiac-like villous blunting and increased intraepithelial lymphocytes were seen in 40% and 24%, respectively. In addition, 23% had giardiasis associated with acute duodenitis and duodenal NLH (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: CVID gastroenteropathy is a challenging entity, and due to the heterogeneity in the presence and distribution of plasma cells throughout the GI tract and diverse disease course, multiple concurrent biopsies may be needed for tissue diagnosis. Duodenal CVID may present with villous alterations and giardiasis, and NLH appears to be an important clue in the duodenum. The association between duodenal NLH and eosinophil infiltration deserves further investigation.

Clinical experiences in Turkish paediatric patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis.

Sözeri B, Aktay Ayaz N, Yildiz Atikan B, Karadag SG, Çakan M, Argin M, Sezak M. Clinical experiences in Turkish paediatric patients with chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis. Turk J Pediatr 2019; 61: 879-884. Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is a clinical entity which occurs mainly in children and adolescents with recurrent episodes of pain occurring over several years. Cause and physiopathology of disease is still uncertain. We aim to assess clinical characteristics and treatment options, need and response to anti-inflammatory therapies in children diagnosed chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis Demographic data and clinical features of seventeen children diagnosed with CRMO in 2 pediatric rheumatology centers in Turkey were reviewed retrospectively. The diagnosis was based on clinical findings, radiological images and histopathological and microbiological studies. A total of 17 patients were included in the study. The median age of diagnosis was 9.6±4.2 years. The mean follow-up time was 31.6 months (range 6-35 months). Most patients (n: 10) had a recurrent multifocal disease course ( > 6 months), 6 patients had a persistent course and a patient had only one episode of CRMO. MEFV gene mutations were detected in 4 patients whose clinical features reduced with colchicine therapy. All patients had received nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs but only one had complete response. Thirteen children with NSAID failure subsequently received corticosteroids, sulfasalazine, methotrexate, Anti TNF α drugs, or a combination of these drugs. This study is the largest cohort of pediatric CRMO patients in our country. Clinical evolution and imaging investigations should be closely done to avoid delays in diagnosis. Ethnic differences create changes in the presentation of the disease and response to treatment.

Pulmonary Metastasectomy of Sarcoma: Is the Ratio of Surgical Margin to Nodule Size a Prognostic Factor?

BACKGROUND: Main prognostic factors of improved survival after pulmonary metastasectomy (PM) for osteogenic and soft tissue sarcomas are suggested as histological type, number and size of pulmonary nodules, and disease-free interval (DFI). METHODS: Sixty-nine patients who underwent PM between January 1999 and December 2017 were evaluated retrospectively. Relations between parameters and prognostic risk factors for overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were evaluated. RESULTS: Osteosarcoma was the most common histologic type (36.2%) and 21 of 25 cases were seen under the age 20 years (p < 0.001). Comparison of patient groups including osteosarcoma and nonosteosarcoma patients showed significant difference according to age (p < 0.001), nodule size (p = 0.033), ratio of surgical margin to nodule size (p = 0.007), and DFI (p = 0.039). Univariate analysis showed that the number of nodules (p = 0.008), ratio of surgical margin to nodule size (p = 0.001), and localization of nodule (p = 0.039) were significant factors associated with DFS. Also, nodule size (p = 0.042), number of nodules (p = 0.003), ratio of surgical margin to nodule size (p < 0.001), and laterality (p = 0.027) were significant prognostic factors associated with OS. Cut-off values of ratio of surgical margin to nodule size for DFS and OS were calculated as 0.94. Logistic regression analysis determined the ratio of surgical margin to nodule size as the common significant risk factor for DFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the ratio of surgical margin to nodule size ≥ 1 should be taken as a common risk factor for DFS and OS. Therefore, resection of nodules with the possible widest surgical margin is an important point of PM.

Retrospective Multivariate Analysis of Data from Children with Suspected Appendicitis: A New Tool for Diagnosis.

BACKGROUND: Decision-making for management may sometimes be difficult in acute appendicitis (AA). Various diagnostic scoring systems exist, but their sensitivity and specificity rates are far from ideal. In this study, the determination of the predictors and the effect of radiological data and developing a new scoring system were aimed. METHODS: Medical records of patients who were hospitalized for AA between February 2012 and October 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. All data were compared between patients with and without appendicitis. The multivariate analysis was performed to define significant variables and to examine the sensitivity and specificity of each group of predictors including radiological data. A new scoring system (NSS) was formed and was compared with two existing scoring systems: pediatric appendicitis score (PAS) and Alvarado scoring system (ASS) by using reclassification method. RESULTS: Negative appendectomy rate was 11.3%. Statistical analysis identified 21 independently significant variables. The heel drop test had the highest odds ratio. Sensitivity and specificity rates of clinical predictors were 84.6% and 94.8%, respectively. Radiological predictors increased the sensitivity rate to 86.9%. Sensitivity and specificity rates for PAS, ASS, and NSS were 86.8% and 83.9%, 84.7% and 81.6%, and 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively. The "re-assessed negative appendectomy rate" was 6.2% and false positive results were remarkably more common in patients with duration of symptoms less than 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Radiological data improves the accuracy of diagnosis. Containing detailed clinical and radiological data, NSS performs superiorly to PAS and ASS, regarding sensitivity and specificity without any age limitation. The efficiency of NSS may be enhanced by determining different predictors for different phases of the inflammatory process.

Integration of radiology and clinical score in pediatric appendicitis.

BACKGROUND: The efficacy of ultrasonography (US) and abdominal X-ray in combination with Pediatric Appendicitis Score (PAS) is complicated in the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. Abdominal X-ray is as useful as US with clinical assessment when evaluated by experienced pediatric radiologist in acute appendicitis. The aim of this study was to determine the value of US and abdominal X-ray for appendicitis in children when combined with clinical assessment based on PAS, and to establish a practical pathway for acute appendicitis in childhood. METHODS: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted at an urban, academic pediatric emergency department. Patients were classified at low (PAS 1-4), intermediate (PAS 5-7), or high (PAS 8-10) risk for appendicitis. Low-risk patients were discharged with telephone follow-up in ≤10 days; those at intermediate risk underwent X-ray and US. High-risk patients received immediate surgical consultation. Patients were grouped on histopathology as having either proven acute appendicitis or no appendicitis. RESULTS: A total of 288 children were analyzed. Surgery was performed in 134 patients (46.5%), and 128 (95.5%) had positive histopathology. Mean PAS in the patients with and without appendicitis was 7.09 ± 1.42 and 4.97 ± 2.29, respectively (P = 0.00). The rate of missed cases was 6/288 (2%), and the negative appendectomy rate was 6/134 (4.4%). When the score cut-off was set at 6, the sensitivity and specificity of PAS was 86.7% and 63.1%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of daytime US had a sensitivity of 91.1% and specificity of 71.1%. Also, positive US or PAS >6 or both, had sensitivity and specificity 96.7% and 59.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: US or abdominal X-ray in children with possible appendicitis should be integrated with PAS to determine the next steps in management. In the case of discordance between the clinical findings and radiology, prolonged observation or further imaging are recommended.

The effects of chemoradiotherapy on recurrence and survival in locally advanced rectal cancers with curative total mesorectal excision: a prospective, nonrandomized study.

BACKGROUND: There are only two prospective, randomized studies comparing preoperative long-term chemoradiotherapy and postoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC); however, conflicting results in terms of locoregional recurrence (LR) and survival rates have been reported. This prospective study aims to compare the effects of preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy on recurrence and survival rates in LARC patients. METHODS: From January 2003 to January 2016, a total of 336 eligible patients who were clinically diagnosed with LARC (T3-T4 tm or node-positive disease) were prospectively assigned into preoperative chemoradiotherapy (n = 177) and postoperative chemoradiotherapy (n = 159) groups. The preoperative treatment consisted of 50.4 Gy total dose of radiotherapy (delivered in fractions of 1.8 Gy) and concomitant two cycles chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin. The patients in the preoperative group underwent curative total mesorectal excision (TME) following long-term chemoradiotherapy. Surgery was performed 8 (range 4-12) median weeks after the completion of the chemoradiotherapy. Similar protocol was administered to the postoperative group 4 weeks after the operation. Four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy were added to the groups. The primary end points were locoregional recurrences and 5-year cancer-specific, overall, and disease-free survivals. RESULTS: The mean follow-up period was 60.4 (range 12 to 168) months. Five-year cumulative incidence of locoregional recurrence (LR) was 7.4% in the preoperative group and 13.4% in the postoperative group (p = 0.021). Five-year cancer-specific survival (CSS) was 87.5% in the preoperative group and 80% in the postoperative group (p = 0.022). Overall survival (OS) was 79.8 versus 74.7% (p = 0.064), disease-free survival (DFS) was 75.2 versus 64.8% (p = 0.062), and severe late toxicity was 7.4 versus 13.2% (p = 0.002), respectively. The rate of patient compliance was higher in the preoperative group (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative chemoradiotherapy, as compared with postoperative chemoradiotherapy, significantly improved local control, patient compliance, CSS, and late toxicity and suggested a trend toward improved overall and disease-free survival.

Gastrointestinal Parasitosis: Histopathological Insights to Rare but Intriguing Lesions of the Gastrointestinal Tract.

OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal parasitosis is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Definitive diagnosis is usually made by stool tests and/or serology but may require tissue evaluation. Although pathologists are usually familiar with common parasites, it is not well established whether the diagnosis could be suspected without seeing the "parasite" itself. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Resection or biopsy specimens of 32 cases with Giardia intestinalis (n=20), Enterobius vermicularis (n=5), Entamoeba histolytica (n=4), Fasciola hepatica (n=1), Strongyloides spp. (n=1) and Taenia saginata (n=1) infections were retrospectively re-evaluated for accompanying mucosal changes, and compared with nonparametric tests. RESULTS: The most common changes were congestion (65.6%) and eosinophilic infiltration (50%). Chronic active mucosal inflammation accompanied 37.5% of the cases. More than 10 eosinophils/HPF were present in 43.8%. Only one case of G. intestinalis, E. vermicularis, E. histolytica, and F. hepatica showed more than 50 eosinophils/HPF. Mucosal architectural abnormalities were present in 34.4%. Granulomas, giant cells and Charcot-Leyden crystals were only seen accompanying F. hepatica. No statistically significant difference was found between parasite subspecies regarding presence of inflammation, lymphoid aggregates, architectural distortion, congestion, ulceration and increase of eosinophils. CONCLUSION: Parasites induce nonspecific inflammation, slight mucosal architectural changes, mild eosinophilic infiltrate or granuloma formation. They may cause ulceration, bowel obstruction or perforation. Parasitosis should also be considered when evaluating cases mimicking inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease or those that do not fulfill diagnostic criteria.

Increased osseous thickening of the inner surface of the frontal bone.

AIM: Increased thickening of the internal surface of the frontal bone (ISFB) was investigated, regarding possible pressure application to the brain tissue and the changes in bone marrow structure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Morphological analysis of the ISFB was carried out in a total of 300 adult skulls. RESULTS: Type A, defined as normal appearance, has been detected in 243 cranium. In 57 cranium (19%), increased osseous thickening cases with different appearance were observed. The most frequent examples of osseous thickening were present in nodular types (Types B, C) and diffuse types (Types D, E), (29.8%). In fact, an irregular osseous thickening, which is in the form of plaques, was situated on both sides of the origin of sagittal sulcus. Types B and C were seen as small isolated nodules on the ISFB. In the histological analysis of ISFB, it is determined that the endocranium, normally present in a compact bone structure, changed its lamellar and had a nonwoven immature bone structure, in the areas with the characteristic of increased osseous thickening. The thickening of the diploe gap and increasing lamellar bone tissue in the endocranium revealed an increase in vascularization. CONCLUSION: The nodular and widespread form of increased osseous thickening could apply pressure on to dura mater and the brain tissue.

Black joint and synovia: Histopathological evaluation of degenerative joint disease due to Ochronosis.

INTRODUCTION: Ochronotic arthropathy is a rapidly progressive and disabling arthropathy predominantly encountered after the fifth decade of life, caused by homogentisate1,2 dioxygenase enzyme deficiency. As it is rare disease, the literature on histological findings is fragmented. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively re-evaluated histopathological findings in resection and/or curettage materials (5 hip joint, 4 knee joint, one hip joint synovium, one intervertebral disk and one paravertebral disk tissue) of seven ochronosis cases diagnosed between 1995 and 2013 in a single center. RESULTS: Necrotic brown chondroid detritus was present in all cases either in synovia or in subchondral area, some of which evoked giant cell reaction. Notably, brown pigmentation was prominent in upper middle parts of the articular cartilage but not that prominent in superficial parts and in osteochondral junction, almost stopping at the tide mark. Pigmentation was observed both in extracellular matrix and in cytoplasm either in granular or homogeneous fashion. Depositions were less prominent in osteophytic processes, regenerated cartilaginous areas and loose bodies. Almost all cases showed synovial detritic and inflammatory reaction, fibrillation, eburnation, and subchondral sclerosis. Disk degeneration and findings of ligament rupture were also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Histopathological diagnosis of ochronosis is not complicated given the unique "black coloring" of the affected tissues and it can easily be differentiated from other causes of detritic synovitis both clinically and histopathologically. However, there is no definitive cure for today and the reasons for late onset of arthropathy in disease course, and the mechanisms of tissue reaction to fragmented detritus remain elusive.

Cystic bone lesions: histopathological spectrum and diagnostic challenges.

OBJECTIVE: Bone cysts are benign lesions occurring in any bone, regardless of age. They are often asymptomatic but may cause pain, swelling, fractures, and local recurrence and may be confused with other bone lesions. MATERIAL AND METHOD: We retrospectively re-evaluated 143 patients diagnosed with aneurysmal bone cyst (n=98, 68.5%), solitary bone cysts (n=17 11.9%), pseudocyst (n=10.7%), intraosseous ganglion (n=3, 2.1%), hydatid cyst (n=2; 1.4), epidermoid cyst (n=1, 0.7%) and cysts demonstrating "mixed" aneurysmal-solitary bone cyst histology (n=12, 8.4%), and compared them with nonparametric tests. RESULTS: Aneurysmal bone cyst, solitary bone cysts and mixed cysts were frequently seen in the first two decades of life while the others occurred after the fourth decade. Aneurysmal bone cysts, intraosseous ganglion and pseudocysts were more common in women contrary to solitary bone cyst and mixed cysts (the female/male ratio was 1.22, 2 and 1.5 versus 0.7 and 0.5, respectively). Aneurysmal bone cyst, solitary bone cysts and "mixed" cysts were mostly seen in long bones, predominantly the femur, while epidermoid, hydatid and pseudocysts were all seen in flat bones like the vertebra, pelvis and mandible (p=0.001, chi-square). Repeat biopsies were performed in 19 cases (13.3%), 84.2% of which were aneurysmal bone cyst (5 conventional, 9 solid, 1 secondary and 1 subperiosteal) and three (15.8%) were mixed cysts (p=0.02, chi-square). Notably, some of them were located in inaccessible areas of pelvis (n=3), femur (n=3) and maxilla (n=2). CONCLUSION: The most common and challenging intraosseous cysts are aneurysmal bone cysts, particularly the "solid" variant. The "mixed" aneurysmal-solitary bone cyst "subgroup" requires further research with larger series to be defined more thoroughly.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor and leiomyoma of the ileum mimicking adnexal mass: a report of two cases.

Adnexal masses are formations seen in women of all ages; they most often include cystic elements. Medical history, physical examination, different imaging methods, and tumor marker determinations must be used together for preoperative evaluation of an adnexal mass. Both benign and malignant tumors of the small intestine are more rarely encountered than malignant tumors of other gastrointestinal system components; although advanced imaging methods and other diagnostic techniques are used, they do not always allow these tumors to be differentiated from adnexal masses. We report here on two cases operated on with the preliminary diagnosis of an adnexal mass, in which the presence of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor and a leiomyoma of the ileum, respectively, was established.

Digitally reinforced hematoxylin-eosin polarization technique in diagnosis of rectal amyloidosis.

AIM: To investigate the efficacy of the digitally reinforced hematoxylin-eosin polarization (DRHEP) technique for detection of amyloidosis in rectal biopsies. METHODS: One hundred hematoxylin-eosin (HE) stained rectal biopsies with Congo-red (CR)-positive amyloid depositions and 50 control cases with CR-negative amyloid-mimicking areas were scanned blinded to the CR results for amyloid depositions under both bright and polarized light, and digitally photographed using the DRHEP technique, to accentuate the faint birefringence observed in HE slides under polarization. The results of DRHEP and HE evaluation were statistically correlated with CR polarization results with respect to presence and localization of amyloid deposits as well as amyloid types. RESULTS: Amyloid deposits showed yellowish-green birefringence by DRHEP, which allowed identification of amyloidosis in 41 HE-unsuspected cases (P = 0.016), 31 of which only had vascular deposits. True positivity was higher, and false negativity and positivity were lower by DRHEP, compared to evaluation by HE (69%, 31%, and 0.8% vs 33%, 67%, and 33%, respectively; P < 0.0001). The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values for DRHEP were 69%, 98%, 78.6%, 98.5%, and 61.25%, respectively. Reasons for DRHEP false negativity were presence of extensive background birefringence in 12 cases, absence of CR birefringent vessel in 3 cases, and missing of the tiny deposits in 9 cases, which could be improved by experience, especially in the latter case. No correlation was found between age, gender, sites of deposits, or amyloid types. CONCLUSION: The DRHEP technique improves diagnostic accuracy when used as an adjunct or a prior step to CR staining, especially for cases with limited tissues for further analysis.

Osteosarcomas of jaw: experience of a single centre.

Although osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant tumour of bone, osteosarcomas of jaw are rare. In osteosarcomas of jaw, evaluating the clinicopathological factors affecting the prognosis is not easy because of different approaches to diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. This study reviewed 14 cases of JOS that were diagnosed between 1990-2010, in terms of age, gender, site, clinical history, histopathologic type and histopathologic grade, treatment, and prognosis. Median age was 35 years, while male:female ratio was 1.8:1. Eight tumours were located in the mandible. Osteoblastic differentiation was the predominant feature in seven cases followed by chondroid osteosarcoma (four cases), fibroblastic osteosarcoma, low-grade (parosteal) osteosarcoma associated with fibrous dysplasia, and postradiation osteosarcoma (one cases each). During follow-up, recurrence was seen in four patients at least once and they all died. In conclusion, early diagnosis and complete resection seems to be effective in prognosis. Therefore, clinicians and pathologists should be aware of its characteristics and main differential diagnosis to avoid late recognition.