Psychometric properties of a Persian version of the Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire for measuring vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: Vulvovaginal symptoms are common in postmenopausal women and can affect their quality of life and sexual function. Using a sample of postmenopausal Iranian women, we evaluated a Persian translation of the Vulvovaginal Symptoms Questionnaire (VSQ). METHODS: This study included 201 postmenopausal Iranian women referred to dermatology and gynecology clinics affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. We translated the VSQ to the Persian language using the forward-backward method. We examined the questionnaire's internal consistency using Cronbach α coefficient and evaluated its construct validity using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. RESULTS: A Cronbach α coefficient of 0.763 confirmed the overall internal consistency of the Persian VSQ. Exploratory factor analysis indicated that except for three items in the symptoms subscale, others had sufficient α coefficients, although some did not load on the expected subscales. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the appropriate allocation of all but two items to the expected subscales. An intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.89 confirmed the reliability of the questionnaire. CONCLUSIONS: Although some parts of the Persian VSQ were unsatisfactory, most were appropriate for assessing vulvovaginal symptoms in postmenopausal Iranian women. We recommend further cultural adaptations.

Assessing the measurement invariance of the 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale and Beck Anxiety Inventory questionnaires across people living with HIV/AIDS and healthy people.

BACKGROUND: Recently, extensive research has been reported the higher rate of depression and anxiety among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) as compared to the general population. However, no single study has been carried out to investigate whether this disparity is a real difference or it happens due to lack of measurement invariance. This study aims to assess the measurement invariance of the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and 10-item Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) questionnaires across PLWHAs and healthy individuals. METHODS: One hundred and fifty PLWHAs and 500 healthy individuals filled out the Persian version of the BAI and CESD-10 questionnaires. Multi-group multiple-indicators multiple-causes model (MG-MIMIC) was used to assess measurement invariance across PLWHAs and healthy people. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that PLWHAs and healthy individuals perceived the meaning of all the items in the BAI and CESD-10 questionnaires similarly. In addition, although depression scores were significantly higher in PLWHAs as opposed to the healthy individuals, no significant difference was observed in anxiety scores of these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The current study suggests that the BAI and CESD-10 are invariant measures across PLWHAs and healthy people which can be used for meaningful cross-group comparison. Therefore, in comparison to healthy individuals, higher depression score of PLWHAs is a real difference. It is highly recommended that health professionals develop therapeutic interventions and psychological supports to promote the mental health of PLWHAs which alleviate their depressive symptoms.

Rapid and Cost-Effective RNA Extraction of Rat Pancreatic Tissue.

Regardless of the extraction method, optimized RNA extraction of tissues and cell lines are carried out in four stages: 1) homogenization, 2) effective denaturation of proteins from RNA, 3) ribonuclease inactivation, and 4) removal of contamination from DNA, proteins, and carbohydrates. However, it is very laborious to maintain the integrity of RNA when there are high levels of RNase in the tissue. Spontaneous autolysis makes it very difficult to extract RNA from pancreatic tissue without damaging it. Thus, a practical RNA extraction method is needed to maintain the integrity of pancreatic tissues during the extraction process. An experimental and comparative study of existing protocols was carried out by obtaining 20-30 mg of rat pancreatic tissues in less than 2 minutes and extracting the RNA. The results were assessed by electrophoresis. The experiments were carried out three times for generalization of the results. Immersing pancreatic tissue in RNA stabilization reagent at -80 °C for 24 h yielded high integrity RNA, when the RNA extraction reagent was used as the reagent. The results obtained were comparable to the results obtained from commercial kits with spin column bindings.