Enhanced event-based surveillance: Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) during FIFA World Cup 2022 Qatar.

BACKGROUND: Public health threats can significantly impact mass gatherings and enhancing surveillance systems would thus be crucial. Epidemic Intelligence from Open Sources (EIOS) was introduced to Qatar to complement the existing surveillance measures in preparation to the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 (FWC22). This study estimated the empirical probability of EIOS detecting signals of public health relevance. It also looked at the factors responsible for discerning a moderate-high risk signal during a mass gathering event. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study used data collected between November 8th and December 25th, 2022, through an EIOS dashboard that filtered open-source articles using specific keywords. Triage criteria and scoring scheme were developed to capture signals and these were maintained in MS Excel. EIOS' contribution to epidemic intelligence was assessed by the empirical probability estimation of relevant public health signals. Chi-squared tests of independence were performed to check for associations between various hazard categories and other independent variables. A multivariate logistic regression evaluated the predictors of moderate-high risk signals that required prompt action. RESULTS: The probability of EIOS capturing a signal relevant to public health was estimated at 0.85 % (95 % confidence interval (CI) [0.82 %-0.88 %]) with three signals requiring a national response. The hazard category of the signal had significant association to the region of occurrence (χ2 (5, N = 2543) = 1021.6, p < .001). The hazard category also showed significant association to its detection during matchdays of the tournament (χ2 (5, N = 2543) = 11.2, p < .05). The triage criteria developed was able to discern between low and moderate-high risk signals with an acceptable discrimination (Area Under the Curve=0.79). CONCLUSION: EIOS proved useful in the early warning of public health threats.

Artificial Intelligence Readiness, Perceptions, and Educational Needs Among Dental Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

OBJECTIVES: With Artificial Intelligence (AI) profoundly affecting education, ensuring that students in health disciplines are ready to embrace AI is essential for their future workforce integration. This study aims to explore dental students' readiness to use AI, perceptions about AI in health education and healthcare, and their AI-related educational needs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among dental students at the College of Dental Medicine, Qatar University. The survey assessed readiness for AI using the Medical Artificial Intelligence Readiness Scale (MAIRS). Students' perceptions of AI in healthcare and health education and their educational needs were also explored. RESULTS: A total of 94 students responded to the survey. AI readiness scores were average (3.3 ± 0.64 out of 5); while participants appeared more ready for the vision and ethics domains of MAIRS, they showed less readiness regarding cognition and ability. Participants scored average on AI perceptions (3.35 ± 0.45 out of 5), with concerns regarding AI risks and disadvantages. They expressed a high need for knowledge and skills related to AI use in healthcare (84%), AI for health-related research (81.9%), and AI in radiology and imaging procedures (79.8%). Student readiness had a significant correlation with AI perceptions and perceived level of AI knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study in Qatar exploring dental students' AI readiness, perceptions, and educational needs regarding AI applications in education and healthcare. The perceived AI knowledge gaps could inform future curricular AI integration. Advancing AI skills and deepening AI comprehension can empower future dental professionals through anticipated advances in the AI-driven healthcare landscape.

Enhancing the notification system for surveillance of infectious diseases in Qatar during the FIFA World Cup 2022: project overview.

BACKGROUND: In 2022, the Surveillance Department of the Ministry of Public Health in Qatar adopted an integrated project called the Notification Enhancement Project (NEP) to enhance the infectious disease notification system. Efficient surveillance and notification promote early alerts and allow immediate interference in reducing morbidity and mortality from outbreaks. The project was designed to improve the knowledge, attitudes, practices, and notification processes of healthcare workers in Qatar by increasing their reporting rates. METHODS: The strategy for comprehensively enhancing notifications was based on the observation and evaluation of the current notification system, the implementation of interventions, and post-evaluation follow-up. To implement the project, we relied on three aspects: effective methods used in previous relevant studies through a literature review, feedback received from healthcare workers, and suggestions from public health surveillance experts from the Ministry of Public Health, Qatar. A preassessment was conducted through an online survey by the Ministry of Public Health. The effectiveness of the different interventions was assessed by analyzing the data of notified patients reported through the Disease Surveillance and Reporting Electronic System. Pre- and postintervention assessments were performed by comparing the percentage of patients notified by healthcare providers with that of patients confirmed by healthcare providers in the laboratory to compare the notification rates over three time periods between January and December 2022. RESULTS: There was significant improvement in the infectious disease notification process. A comparison before and after the implementation of the interventions revealed an increase in the communicable disease notification rate among healthcare workers. Pre- and postintervention data were compared. Infectious disease notification activities by healthcare workers increased from 2.5% between January and May 2022 to 41.4% between November and December 2022. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the efficiency of different interventions in correcting the underreporting of infectious diseases. Our findings suggest that implementing the Notification Enhancement Project significantly improves notification rates. We recommend continuing interventions through constant education and training, maintaining solid communication with HCWs through regular reminder emails and feedback, periodic assessment of the electronic notification system, and engagement of healthcare workers and other stakeholders to sustain and expand progress achieved through continuous evaluation.

A qualitative assessment of medical students' readiness for virtual clerkships at a Qatari university during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: This study aims to qualitatively examine the readiness of medical students to change to virtual clerkship (VC) during the pandemic, from both the faculty and students' perspectives. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted based on the framework of readiness to change. Focus group discussions with students, and semi-structured interviews with clinical faculty members were done using appropriate online platforms. Transcripts were then analyzed using inductive-deductive approach. RESULTS: Twelve themes emerged which are (1) Perceptions about the university's decision and its communication to students, (2) A Perceived lack of clinical experience, (3) Students' role as members of the medical team facing the pandemic, (4) Student safety, (5) Quality and design of VC and the skills it offered, (6) Belief in own ability to succeed in the VC, (7) Confidence that VC would reach its goals, (8) New enhanced learning approaches, (9) Preparing students for new types of practice in the future (10) Acquired skills, 11) Academic support and communication with faculty and college, and 12) Psychological support. Medical students showed limited readiness to undertake a virtual clerkship and not play their role as healthcare professionals during the pandemic. They perceived a huge gap in gaining clinical skills virtually and asked for a quick return to training sites. CONCLUSION: Medical students were not ready for virtual clerkships. There will be a need to integrate novel learning modalities such as patient simulations and case-based learning in order to meet future demands of the medical profession and enhance the efficiency of virtual clerkships.

Effectiveness of a structured pharmacist-delivered intervention for patients post-acute coronary syndromes on all-cause hospitalizations and cardiac-related hospital readmissions: a prospective quasi-experimental study.

BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in Qatar and globally. AIM: The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a structured clinical pharmacist-delivered intervention on all-cause hospitalizations and cardiac-related readmissions in patients with ACS. METHOD: A prospective quasi-experimental study was conducted at Heart Hospital in Qatar. Discharged ACS patients were allocated to one of three study arms: (1) an intervention group (received a structured clinical pharmacist-delivered medication reconciliation and counselling at discharge, and two follow-up sessions at 4 weeks and 8 weeks post-discharge), (2) a usual care group (received the general usual care at discharge by clinical pharmacists) or, (3) a control group (discharged during weekends or after clinical pharmacists' working hours). Follow-up sessions for the intervention group were designed to re-educate and counsel patients about their medications, remind them about the importance of medication adherence, and answer any questions they may have. At the hospital, patients were allocated into one of the three groups based on intrinsic and natural allocation procedures. Recruitment of patients took place between March 2016 and December 2017. Data were analyzed based on intention-to-treat principles. RESULTS: Three hundred seventy-three patients were enrolled in the study (intervention = 111, usual care = 120, control = 142). Unadjusted results showed that the odds of 6-month all-cause hospitalizations were significantly higher among the usual care (OR 2.034; 95% CI: 1.103-3.748, p = 0.023) and the control arms (OR 2.704; 95% CI: 1.456-5.022, p = 0.002) when compared to the intervention arm. Similarly, patients in the usual care arm (OR 2.304; 95% CI: 1.122-4.730, p = 0.023) and the control arm (OR 3.678; 95% CI: 1.802-7.506, p ≤ 0.001) had greater likelihood of cardiac-related readmissions at 6 months. After adjustment, these reductions were only significant for cardiac-related readmissions between control and intervention groups (OR 2.428; 95% CI: 1.116-5.282, p = 0.025). CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the impact of a structured intervention by clinical pharmacists on cardiac-related readmissions at 6 months post-discharge in patients post-ACS. The impact of the intervention on all-cause hospitalization was not significant after adjustment for potential confounders. Large cost-effective studies are required to determine the sustained impact of structured clinical pharmacist-provided interventions in ACS setting. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials: NCT02648243 Registration date: January 7, 2016.

Exploring the challenges of virtual internships during the COVID-19 pandemic and their potential influence on the professional identity of health professions students: A view from Qatar University.

Introduction: COVID-19 has imposed many shared limitations on medical and health education. Just like other health professions programs at most institutions, the Qatar University health cluster (QU Health) applied a containment approach and shifted all learning online, and onsite training was replaced by virtual internships (VIs) during the first wave of the pandemic. Our study aims to explore the challenges of virtual internships during the COVID-19 pandemic and their influence on the professional identity (PI) of the health cluster students from the College of Medicine, the College of Health Sciences, and the College of Pharmacy at Qatar University. Methods: A qualitative approach was employed. In total, eight focus groups with students (N = 43) and 14 semi-structured interviews with clinical instructors from all the health cluster colleges were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed following the inductive approach. Results: The major challenges reported by students were mainly related to the lack of the required skills for navigating the VI, professional and social stressors, the nature of VIs and the quality of learning, technical and environmental issues, and the development of students' professional identity in an alternative internship environment. The challenges relating to the development of professional identity included: limited clinical (practical) experience, a lack of experience in fighting a pandemic, a lack of communication and feedback, and a lack of confidence in meeting the internship's goals. A model was constructed to represent these findings. Discussion: The findings are important in identifying the inevitable barriers to virtual learning for health professions students and provide a better understanding of how such challenges and different experiences would be affecting the development of their PI. Hence, students, instructors, and policymakers alike should strive to minimize these barriers. Since physical interactions and patient contact are indispensable components of clinical teaching, these extraordinary times demand innovations involving technology and simulation-based teaching. There is a need for more studies that are focused on determining and measuring the short- and long-term effects of the VI on students' PI development.

Health sciences students' and instructors' perceptions of the emergency switch to virtual internship amid the COVID-19 pandemic: A case from Qatar.

In efforts to contain the COVID-19 pandemic, health colleges at Qatar University shifted their clinical training to virtual internships (VI) and project-based learning (PBL). The shift was new to students and faculty alike, and a major change that posed many challenges. This study aimed to explore the experience of changing to VIs during the pandemic from both the clinical instructors' and health sciences students' perspectives. A qualitative study was conducted based on the framework of readiness to change. It involved focus group discussions with students from the departments of Public Health and Human Nutrition and in-depth interviews with clinical instructors using appropriate online platforms. A total of 4 focus groups with 20 students and 4 interviews with instructors were conducted. Transcripts were analyzed following the inductive-deductive approach. The major themes that emerged from the analysis described students' and clinical instructors' perceptions of the necessity and efficiency of the switch to VI; the design of the VI and the extent of the clinical/field experience and skills that it offered; confidence in the ability to succeed in this type of internship and confidence about reaching expected goals; academic and moral support from clinical faculty and coordinators and the communication process with faculty and preceptors; and finally, the benefits gained and how employers would view this type of internship. Health sciences students' readiness for VI was generally low. Several student and faculty needs have to be addressed, specifically regarding the design of the program and the level of preceptors' communication with students. The findings would direct health programs, clinical instructors, and preceptors to better understand students' needs and efficiently plan for virtual internships during not only emergencies but also whenever there is a need to deliver online experiential learning courses.

The role of community pharmacists in depression management: a survey of attitudes, practices and perceived barriers.

Background Community pharmacists play a significant role in depression care. Depression is a health priority in national health strategies around the world, including in Qatar. Objective To describe current practices, attitudes and perceived barriers of community pharmacists towards depression care, and to investigate factors associated with these practices. Setting Community pharmacies in Qatar. Method A cross-sectional online survey using an adapted survey instrument. Scores were measured on a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive univariate and bivariate analyses of study outcomes, followed by multivariate regression examining the association between pharmacists' practices and their attitudes, socio-demographic and professional characteristics. Main outcome measure Pharmacists' scores on self-reported attitudes towards depression and depression care practices and the number of perceived barriers for depression care. Result: 358 pharmacists (response rate 39%) completed the questionnaire. Pharmacists' attitudes to depression were moderately positive (mean score = 3.41, SD = 0.26) but involvement in depression care was very low (mean score = 2.64, SD = 0.94). Three major barriers were lack of access to patients' medical records (83.21%), lack of patients' insight on depression and the importance of treatment (81.85%), and lack of knowledge and training on mental health (79.63%). Female pharmacists and those graduated more than 10 years prior were significantly less involved in depression care compared to their counterparts (practice scores (95% CI) -4.36 (-7.46 to -1.26) and -7.51 (-15.10 to -1.35), respectively), while those who had access to private counselling area were more involved (practice score 3.39 (0.20 to 6.59). Pharmacists' depression practice score was positively associated with attitudes (p = 0.001). Conclusion Pharmacists' moderately positive attitudes were not reflected in their suboptimal depression-care practices. Action from policymakers is needed to improve pharmacists' practices and attitudes to depression.

A pharmacist-delivered smoking cessation program in Qatar: an exploration of pharmacists' and patients' perspectives of the program.

Background Tobacco use is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality. An intensive pharmacist-delivered smoking cessation program was implemented in eight primary care pharmacies in Qatar. Objective This study aimed to qualitatively explore the perspectives of pharmacists and patients regarding their experiences in the program and their recommendations for improving it. Setting Primary care in Doha, Qatar. Method This study used a qualitative case study approach with semi-structured interviews of a sample of patients and pharmacists who participated in the program. Interviews were conducted between October 2016 and June 2017, were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. A thematic approach for data analysis was used. Main outcome measures Perspectives of pharmacists and patients. Results Pharmacists who delivered the program (n = 17) and patients who completed the program's outcomes assessment (n = 68) were invited through telephone call or email. Eight pharmacists and 22 patients were interviewed. Seven themes emerged: (1) both pharmacists and patients had positive experiences and both considered pharmacists as among the most suitable healthcare providers to provide smoking cessation interventions (2) both pharmacist and patient participants indicated that the program provided successful services (3) pharmacists identified several challenges for implementing the program including difficulty in motivating and in following-up patients, workplace barriers, communication and cultural barriers, (4) both pharmacists and patients perceived several barriers for quitting including lack of motivation to quit or to commit to the plan, high nicotine dependence, stress and personal problems (5) both pharmacists and patients considered several patient-related facilitators for quitting including development of smoking related complications, religious beliefs and external support; (6) use of smoking cessation medications was considered a program-related facilitator for quitting by patients whereas behavioral therapy was perceived to be a facilitator by pharmacists (7) pharmacists and patients proposed strategies for program improvement including enhancing pharmacist training and patient recruitment. Conclusion The program was perceived to be beneficial in helping patients quit smoking, and it positively contributed to advancing pharmacist role. The study findings can guide future development of successful pharmacist' smoking cessation programs in Qatar.

Effectiveness of a pharmacist-delivered smoking cessation program in the State of Qatar: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking is one of the major preventable causes of death and diseases in Qatar. The study objective was to test the effect of a structured smoking cessation program delivered by trained pharmacists on smoking cessation rates in Qatar. METHODS: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted in eight ambulatory pharmacies in Qatar. Eligible participants were smokers 18 years and older who smoked one or more cigarettes daily for 7 days, were motivated to quit, able to communicate in Arabic or English, and attend the program sessions. Intervention group participants met with the pharmacists four times at 2 to 4 week intervals. Participants in the control group received unstructured brief smoking cessation counseling. The primary study outcome was self-reported continuous abstinence at 12 months. Analysis was made utilizing data from only those who responded and also using intent-to-treat principle. A multinomial logistic regression model was fitted to assess the predictors of smoking at 12 months. Analysis was conducted using IBM-SPSS® version 23 and STATA® version 12. RESULTS: A total of 314 smokers were randomized into two groups: intervention (n = 167) and control (n = 147). Smoking cessation rates were higher in the intervention group at 12 months; however this difference was not statistically significant (23.9% vs. 16.9% p = 0.257). Similar results were observed but with smaller differences in the intent to treat analysis (12.6% vs. 9.5%, p = 0.391). Nevertheless, the daily number of cigarettes smoked for those who relapsed was significantly lower (by 4.7 and 5.6 cigarettes at 3 and 6 months respectively) in the intervention group as compared to the control group (p = 0.041 and p = 0.018 respectively). At 12 months, the difference was 3.2 cigarettes in favor of the intervention group but was not statistically significant (p = 0.246). Years of smoking and daily number of cigarettes were the only predictors of smoking as opposed to quitting at 12 months (p = 0.005; p = 0.027 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: There was no statistically significant difference in the smoking cessation rate at 12 months between the groups. However, the smoking cessation program led to higher (albeit non-significant) smoking cessation rates compared with usual care. More research should be conducted to identify factors that might improve abstinence. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials NCT02123329 . Registration date 20 April 2014.