Potential therapies for obesity management: Exploring novel frontiers.

Humans are becoming less active in the current age of technological advancement, which leads to poor health. Many factors, including unregulated diet, lack of exercise, environmental pollution and genetic factors are contributing to an increase in overweight. Obesity is a chronic condition that disturbs the physical health of a person, resulting in various other complications including cardiac, respiratory, and psychosocial issues. According to WHO, the current trend of obesity has shown a sharp increase in recent years. Methods ranging from as simple as regulating the diet to as complex as surgery are available. There are many approved drugs to treat the obesity majority of them works as suppressing the appetite and making the patient satisfy. Some of other agents works by insulinotropic activity. However, these agents need to be taken for longer period of time thus are associated with significant adverse drug reactions. Thus, the motive of this study is to understand obesity and the various methods available to manage it using the recent pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.

Growth Hormone Excess: Implications and Management.

Acromegaly is described as the oversecretion of growth hormone (GH) and, subsequently, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), ascribed in most cases to a pituitary adenoma. This disease presents a progressive disfigurement, along with other systemic manifestations, which altogether diminishes the quality of life in the patients. Prolonged exposure to abnormally high levels of GH and IGF-1 levels results in cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and pulmonary dysfunction which overall produces a fall in life expectancy. Timely diagnosis and further treatment decreased the mortality rate of the patients and showed an improvement in the quality of life. Surgical procedures, advanced radiation therapy tools, and the availability of pharmacological compounds that act on pituitary growth hormone-producing cells have enabled an improved approach to treating the disease. Pharmacological treatment is currently an important management option, and it may also be the first-line treatment in patients with acromegaly who do not benefit from or are ineligible for first-line surgical procedures. From its inception until 2021, we used a comprehensive search strategy on Medline/PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library electronic databases. All human research articles and review articles published in English were considered for the review. In this review, we describe the clinical implications and management of patients with acromegaly, consisting of scientific improvements underlying the developing understanding of pathogenesis and diagnosis, associated comorbidities and mortality rate with the disease, and major improvements in the treatment of the disease, along with novel strategies including quality of life and patient-reported outcomes.