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1.
Research (Wash D C) ; 7: 0336, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38533181

RESUMEN

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) play a critical regulatory role in degenerative diseases; however, their functions and therapeutic applications in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) have not been explored. Here, we identified that a novel circATXN1 highly accumulates in aging nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs) accountable for IVDD. CircATXN1 accelerates cellular senescence, disrupts extracellular matrix organization, and inhibits mitochondrial respiration. Mechanistically, circATXN1, regulated by heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1-mediated splicing circularization, promotes progerin translocation from the cell nucleus to the cytoplasm and inhibits the expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). To demonstrate the therapeutic potential of circATXN1, siRNA targeting the backsplice junction of circATNX1 was screened and delivered by tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) due to their unique compositional and tetrahedral structural features. Our siRNA delivery system demonstrates superior abilities to transfect aging cells, clear intracellular ROS, and enhanced biological safety. Using siRNA-tFNAs to silence circATXN1, aging NPCs exhibit reduced mislocalization of progerin in the cytoplasm and up-regulation of IGF-1R, thereby demonstrating a rejuvenated cellular phenotype and improved mitochondrial function. In vivo, administering an aging cell-adapted siRNA nucleic acid framework delivery system to progerin pathologically expressed premature aging mice (zmpste24-/-) can ameliorate the cellular matrix in the nucleus pulposus tissue, effectively delaying IVDD. This study not only identified circATXN1 functioning as a cell senescence promoter in IVDD for the first time, but also successfully demonstrated its therapeutic potential via a tFNA-based siRNA delivery strategy.

2.
Oncogene ; 43(16): 1163-1177, 2024 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38472320

RESUMEN

Neutrophils, the most abundant immune cells in human blood, play crucial and diverse roles in tumor development. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), cancer cells regulate the recruitment and behaviors of neutrophils, transforming some of them into a pro-tumor phenotype. Pro-tumor neutrophils interact with cancer cells in various ways to promote cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis, while anti-tumor neutrophils interact with cancer cells to induce senescence and death. Neutrophils can also interact with other cells in TME, including T cells, macrophages, stromal cells, etc. to exert anti- or pro-tumor functions. In this review, we will analyze the anti- and pro-tumor intercellular interactions mediated by neutrophils, with a focus on generalizing the mechanisms underlying the interaction of neutrophils with tumor cells and T cells. Furthermore, we will provide an overview of cancer treatment strategies targeting neutrophil-mediated cellular interactions.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias , Neutrófilos , Humanos , Neoplasias/patología , Linfocitos T , Fenotipo , Microambiente Tumoral
3.
Acta Biomater ; 175: 240-249, 2024 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38103850

RESUMEN

DNA hydrogels with unique sequence programmability on nucleic acid framework manifest remarkable attributes, such as high payload capacities, biocompatibility and biosafety. The availability of DNA nanogels with multimodal functionalities remains limited due to the absence of facile gelation methods applicable at the nanometer scale. Here, we developed a one-step assembly of DNA dendrimers into nanogels (DNG) with couple hundred nanometers size. DNG showed robust stability against physical forces and biological degradation for easy purification and sustainable drug release. Long-term stability either in powder or aqueous solution endows DNG easy for shipping, handling and storage. By encoding dual functionalities into separate branches on DNA dendrimers, DNG can accommodate chemodrugs and aptamers with distinctive loading moduli. DNG significantly enhanced the drug efficacy against cancerous cells while minimizing cytotoxicity towards somatic cells, as demonstrated in vitro and in xenografted mice models of breast cancer. Thus, due to their facile assembly and storage, bi-entity encoding, and inherent biocompatibility, DNG exhibits immense prospects as nanoscale vesicles for the synergistic delivery of multimodal theranostics in anticancer treatments. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: DNA nanogels were self-assembled via a facile protocol utilizing a DNA dendrimer structure. These nanogels displayed robust stability against physical forces, permitting long term storage in concentrated solutions or as a powder. Furthermore, they exhibited resilience to biological degradation, facilitating sustained drug release. The bi-entity encoded dendritic branches conferred dual functionalities, enabling both chemodrug encapsulation and the presentation of aptamers as targeting motifs. In vivo investigations confirmed the nanogels provide high efficacy in tumor targeting and chemotherapy with enhanced drug efficacy and reduced side effects.


Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Dendrímeros , Animales , Ratones , Nanogeles , Doxorrubicina/química , Dendrímeros/química , Polvos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Antineoplásicos/química , ADN , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Liberación de Fármacos
4.
J Inorg Biochem ; 237: 111988, 2022 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36108343

RESUMEN

Efficient uptake to both cytoplasm and nucleus in live cells remains a key obstacle for G-quadruplex targeting fluorophores. We developed a Pt(IV) complex by oxidizing a bisphenanthrolinyl Pt(II) complex, which is our first generation G-quadruplex specific fluorogenic probe.15 The axial lipophilic ligand assists Pt(IV) pro-probe to enter live cells and reach the nucleus rapidly. In situ reduction of Pt(IV) pro-probe restores parental Pt(II) complex, and sequentially lights up both RNA and DNA G-quadruplexes in live cancerous cells simultaneously. Pt(IV) pro-probe shows potent cytotoxicity after long time incubation as a dual-functional theranostic agent.


Asunto(s)
G-Cuádruplex , Neoplasias , Humanos , Colorantes Fluorescentes/farmacología , Ligandos , Oxidación-Reducción , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico
5.
ACS Nano ; 16(2): 2928-2941, 2022 02 22.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35133785

RESUMEN

Self-assembly of metallointercalators into DNA nanocages is a rapid and facile approach to synthesize discrete bioinorganic host/guest structures with a high load of metal complexes. Turberfield's DNA tetrahedron can accommodate one intercalator for every two base pairs, which corresponds to 48 metallointercalators per DNA tetrahedron. The affinity of the metallointercalator for the DNA tetrahedron is a function of both the structure of the intercalating ligand and the overall charge of the complex, with a trend in affinity [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+ > [Tb-DOTAm-Phen]3+ ≫ Tb-DOTA-Phen. Intercalation of the metal complex stabilizes the DNA tetrahedron, resulting in an increase of its melting temperature and, importantly, a significant increase in its stability in the presence of serum. [Ru(bpy)2(dppz)]2+, which has a greater affinity for DNA than [Tb-DOTAm-Phen]3+, increases the melting point and decreases degradation in serum to a greater extent than the TbIII complex. In the presence of Lipofectamine, the metallointercalator@DNA nanocage assemblies substantially increase the cell uptake of their respective metal complex. Altogether, the facile incorporation of a large number of metal complexes per assembly, the higher stability in serum, and the increased cell penetration of metallointercalator@DNA make these self-assemblies well-suited as metallodrugs.


Asunto(s)
Complejos de Coordinación , Compuestos Organometálicos , Rutenio , Emparejamiento Base , ADN/química , Sustancias Intercalantes/química , Compuestos Organometálicos/química , Rutenio/química
6.
Biosens Bioelectron ; 199: 113870, 2022 Mar 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34915212

RESUMEN

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have attracted tremendous attention in recent years and quantification of EVs is a key issue in the evaluation of vesicle-based diagnostics and therapeutic development, but it's quite challenging to determine whether higher protein expression signals are due to larger vesicle amount or higher protein content within each vesicle. To solve this problem, herein, we proposed a strategy based on staining phospholipid bilayers of EVs with lipophilic dyes to evaluate their lipid amount, which was subsequently normalized as an internal standard for studying the expression of transmembrane protein (i.e., CD63) on EVs in different samples. In addition, a microfluidic platform based on electrophoresis technology was invented to effectively enrich and detect EVs. Small fluorescent labeling molecules (i.e., uncombined aptamers) were on-chip removed from EVs without pre-separation via ultracentrifugation or ultrafiltration which were indispensable in nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) and flow cytometry techniques and the performance of this assay is comparable to NTA. Finally, it was found obvious difference in the expression of CD63 on EVs before and after normalization based on lipid amount in plasma samples. This method is expected to provide more accurate information when comparing the expression levels of EVs biomarkers in different samples.


Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Vesículas Extracelulares , Proteínas de la Membrana , Microfluídica , Fosfolípidos
7.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 13(42): 49705-49712, 2021 Oct 27.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34658242

RESUMEN

With inherent biocompatibility, biodegradability, and unique programmability, hydrogels with a DNA framework show great potential in three-dimensional (3D) cell culture. Here, a DNA hydrogel was assembled by a dendritic DNA with four branches. The hydrogel showed tunable mechanical strength and reversible thixotropy even under a nanomolar DNA concentration. The cell culture medium can be converted into the hydrogel isothermally at physiological temperature. This DNA hydrogel allows both cancer and somatic cells to be seeded in situ and to achieve high proliferation and viability. The bis-entity of dendritic branches enabled the specific loading of bioactive clues to regulate cell behaviors. Thus, the dendritic DNA-assembled hydrogel could serve as a highly biocompatible, readily functionalizing, and easy-casting gel platform for 3D cell culture.


Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Técnicas de Cultivo Tridimensional de Células , ADN/química , Dendritas/química , Hidrogeles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/síntesis química , Línea Celular , Humanos , Hidrogeles/síntesis química , Ensayo de Materiales
8.
Methods Mol Biol ; 2372: 111-121, 2021.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34417747

RESUMEN

A highly useful tool for studying lncRNAs is simultaneous RNA-DNA FISH, which reveals the localization and quantitative information of RNA and DNA in cellular contexts. However, a simple combination of RNA FISH and DNA FISH often generates disappointing results because the fragile RNA signals are often damaged by the harsh conditions used in DNA FISH for denaturing the DNA. Here, we describe a robust and simple RNA-DNA FISH protocol, in which amino-labeled nucleic acid probes are used for RNA FISH . The method is suitable to detect single RNA molecules simultaneously with DNA.


Asunto(s)
Hibridación Fluorescente in Situ , ADN/genética , Sondas de Oligonucleótidos , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética
9.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 56(92): 14459-14462, 2020 Nov 19.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33146636

RESUMEN

Two Pt complexes with high quantum yields and photostability, and low cytotoxicity, were developed to track RNA G-quadruplexes (GQs) in live cells. Higher number and intensity, and longer lifetime of fluorescent foci in cancer cells than those in healthy cells suggest that the quantity and folding dynamics of RNA GQs could not only correlate to their biological functions, but be two novel biomarkers to characterize cancerous cells.


Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Complejos de Coordinación/química , ADN/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Neoplasias/diagnóstico por imagen , Platino (Metal)/química , Animales , Técnicas Biosensibles , Células CHO , Bovinos , Cricetulus , G-Cuádruplex , Células HeLa , Humanos , Cinética , Hígado/metabolismo , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Imagen Óptica , ARN/metabolismo
10.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 12(12): 13634-13643, 2020 Mar 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32129072

RESUMEN

As an essential DNA repair enzyme, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) is overexpressed in most human cancers and is identified as a cancer diagnostic and predictive biomarker for cancer risk assessment, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of treatment efficacy. Despite its importance in cancer, however, it is still a significant challenge nowadays to sense abundance variation and monitor enzymatic activity of this biomarker in living cells. Here, we report our construction of biocompatible functional nanocomposites, which are a combination of meticulously designed unimolecular DNA and fine-sized graphene quantum dots. Upon utilization of these nanocomposites as diagnostic probes, massive accumulation of fluorescence signal in living cells can be triggered by merely a small amount of cellular APE1 through repeated cycles of enzymatic catalysis. Most critically, our delicate structural designs assure that these graphene quantum dot-based nanocomposites are capable of sensing cancer biomarker APE1 in identical type of cells under different cell conditions and can be applied to multiple cancerous cells in a highly sensitive and specific manners. This work not only brings about new methods for cytology-based cancer screening but also lays down a general principle for fabricating diagnostic probes that target other endogenous biomarkers in living cells.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , ADN-(Sitio Apurínico o Apirimidínico) Liasa/genética , Grafito/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/diagnóstico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Dispersión Dinámica de Luz , Femenino , Grafito/farmacología , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Nanocompuestos/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Puntos Cuánticos/química
11.
ACS Appl Bio Mater ; 2(3): 1278-1285, 2019 Mar 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35021375

RESUMEN

DNA nanotechnology can construct various nanostructures with diverse functionalities. However, conformation fluctuations due to the structural flexibility of duplex DNA compromise the efficiency to realize the functionality and reactivity of DNA nanostructures. To understand and control the structural deviation from the design represents a major challenge as well as an opportunity for DNA nanotechnology. In the present work, two series of one-dimensional assemblies of DNA tetrahedrons (DTHs) were fabricated and applied to demonstrate the manipulations of conformation dynamics of a one-dimensional DTH assembly by simple variation on linkage styles at single-molecule resolution. A stepwise strategy allows both nanoassembly with a high fidelity in the number and sequence of DTH units to be assembled with a minimum number of linkage sequences. The characterization for these nanostructures with atomic force microscope (AFM) and a solid-state nanopore technique indicates the difference in conformation dynamics and bending stiffness between two analogous nanoassemblies both in the immobilized state on the surface and free state in solution. This work showed the power of fine-tuning the dynamic conformation of the nanostructures and could see the applications in single-molecule biosensing and functionalization of DNA nanostructures.

12.
Nano Lett ; 18(11): 7383-7388, 2018 11 14.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30336066

RESUMEN

Flap structure-specific endonuclease 1 (FEN1) is overexpressed in various types of human cancer cells and has been recognized as a promising biomarker for cancer diagnosis in the recent years. In order to specifically detect the abundance and activity of this cancer-overexpressed enzyme, different types of DNA-based nanodevices were created during our investigations. It is shown in our studies that these newly designed biosensors are highly sensitive and specific for FEN1 in living cells as well as in cell-free systems. It is expected that these nanoprobes could be useful for monitoring FEN1 activity in human cancer cells, and also for cell-based screening of FEN1 inhibitors as new anticancer drugs.


Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , ADN/química , Endonucleasas de ADN Solapado/metabolismo , Nanoestructuras/química , Proteínas de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias , Línea Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Neoplasias/diagnóstico , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Neoplasias/patología
13.
Angew Chem Int Ed Engl ; 57(38): 12453-12457, 2018 09 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30033668

RESUMEN

DNA as a medium for electron transfer has been widely used in photolytic processes but is seldom applied to dark reaction of CO2 reduction. A G-quadruplex nanowire (tsGQwire) assembled by guanine tetranucleotides was used to host several metal complexes and further to mediate electron transfer processes in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 catalyzed by these complexes. The tsGQwire modified electrode increased the Faradaic efficiency of cobalt(II) phthalocyanine (CoII Pc) 2.5-folds for CO production than bare CoII Pc electrode, with a total current density of 11.5 mA cm-2 . Comparable Faradaic efficiency of HCOOH production was achieved on tsGQwire electrode when the catalytic center was switched to a GQ targeting Ru complex. The high efficiency and selectivity of electrocatalytic CO2 reduction was attributed to the unique binding of metal complexes on G-quadruplex and electron transfer mediated by GQ nanowire to achieve efficient redox cycling of catalytic centers on the electrode.

14.
J Chem Theory Comput ; 14(5): 2733-2742, 2018 May 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29570288

RESUMEN

Charge transport (CT) through biomolecules is of high significance in the research fields of biology, nanotechnology, and molecular devices. Inspired by our previous work that showed the binding of ionic liquid (IL) facilitated charge transport in duplex DNA, in silico simulation is a useful means to understand the microscopic mechanism of the facilitation phenomenon. Here molecular dynamics simulations (MD) of duplex DNA in water and hydrated ionic liquids were employed to explore the helical parameters. Principal component analysis was further applied to capture the subtle conformational changes of helical DNA upon different environmental impacts. Sequentially, CT rates were calculated by a QM/MM simulation of the flickering resonance model based upon MD trajectories. Herein, MD simulation illustrated that the binding of ionic liquids can restrain dynamic conformation and lower the on-site energy of the DNA base. Confined movement among the adjacent base pairs was highly related to the increase of electronic coupling among base pairs, which may lead DNA to a CT facilitated state. Sequentially combining MD and QM/MM analysis, the rational correlations among the binding modes, the conformational changes, and CT rates illustrated the facilitation effects from hydrated IL on DNA CT and supported a conformational-gating mechanism.


Asunto(s)
ADN/química , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Modelos Químicos , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Teoría Cuántica , Conformación de Ácido Nucleico , Análisis de Componente Principal , Agua/química
15.
Bioconjug Chem ; 29(2): 245-249, 2018 02 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29382202

RESUMEN

We developed an enzyme-free, chemical method to selectively label the epigenetic base, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (hmC) with versatile sulfinate reagents in aqueous solvent under mild reaction conditions. This method allows efficient single step conjugation of biotin to hmC site in DNA for enrichment and pull down assays.


Asunto(s)
5-Metilcitosina/análogos & derivados , Biotina/química , Biotinilación/métodos , ADN/química , 5-Metilcitosina/análisis , Ácidos Sulfínicos/química , Sulfitos/química
16.
Sci Rep ; 8(1): 767, 2018 01 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29335501

RESUMEN

G-quadruplexes (GQ) folded by the oncogenic G-rich sequences are the promising targets for developing anticancer therapeutic molecules. However, the current drug development mainly focused on non-covalent dynamic binders to stabilize GQ structures, while the covalent targeting from inorganic complexes via chelating principles, as a potent therapeutic strategy was surprisingly lack of exploration. Herein, a series of dinuclear platinum complexes, [(Pt(Dip)Cl)2(µ-diamine)](NO3)2 (Dip: 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline), were designed to contain two dual-functional Pt cores connected by an alkyl linkage. Pt3 with nonanediamine linkage optimized the specific binding towards c-myc G-quadruplex via dual functional clamp on GQ as 1) non-covalently π-stacking of aromatic ligands, and 2) two Pt(II) cores covalently chelated to guanines at both 3'- and 5'-ends.


Asunto(s)
ADN/metabolismo , G-Cuádruplex , Genes myc , Compuestos de Platino/metabolismo , Fenómenos Químicos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción
17.
ACS Appl Bio Mater ; 1(4): 1118-1123, 2018 Oct 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34996152

RESUMEN

Enzymatic catalysis on the insoluble substrates commonly suffers from low enzyme stability, catalytic activity, and product recovery. Herein, a "thermal cycling method" of DNA material is proposed to tackle the challenges in enzymatic reaction, in which a thermal responsive self-assembled DNA material is designed for enzyme recovery. We demonstrate the remarkable advantages of this new method in cellulosic hydrolysis. The responsive DNA material has a solution to gel transition temperature at 13 °C. Therefore, the cellulase (CEL) can be on-demand switched between the mobile state, enabling high reactivity, and fixed state, facilitating CEL recovery and reuse. As a result, this system showed good catalytic activity and operational stability even at extremely high cellulose concentrations (100 mg/mL). We believe that this new strategy provides a general platform not only for enzymatic reactions but also for other bioderived reactions.

18.
Nucleic Acids Res ; 45(21): 12090-12099, 2017 Dec 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29126166

RESUMEN

DNA tetrahedron as the simplest 3D DNA nanostructure has been applied widely in biomedicine and biosensing. Herein, we design and fabricate a series of circular assemblies of DNA tetrahedron with high purity and decent yields. These circular nanostructures are confirmed by endonuclease digestion, gel electrophoresis and atomic force microscopy. Inspired by rotary protein motor, we demonstrate these circular architectures can serve as a stator for a rotary DNA motor to achieve the circular rotation. The DNA motor can rotate on the stators for several cycles, and the locomotion of the motor is monitored by the real-time fluorescent measurements.


Asunto(s)
ADN Circular/química , Nanoestructuras/química , Nanoestructuras/ultraestructura , Nanotecnología , Rotación
19.
Chemistry ; 23(56): 13980-13985, 2017 Oct 09.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28703459

RESUMEN

DNA offers a means of long-range charge transport for biology and electric nanodevices. Here, a series of tetra-stranded G-quadruplexes were assembled within a dendritic DNA architecture to explore oxidative charge transport (hole transport) through the G-quadruplex. Efficient charge transport was achieved over 28 Šupon UV irradiation. Over a longer G-quadruplex bridge, hole transport was escalated to a higher efficiency, which resulted in a higher yield than that of the optimal duplex DNA for charge transport, that is, the adenine tract. Efficient long-range hole transport suggests tetra-stranded G-quadruplexes, instead of an oxidation hotspot, hold better potential as an electron conduit than duplex DNA.


Asunto(s)
G-Cuádruplex , Antraquinonas/química , Secuencia de Bases , Dicroismo Circular , Ensayo de Cambio de Movilidad Electroforética , G-Cuádruplex/efectos de la radiación , Oligonucleótidos/síntesis química , Oligonucleótidos/química , Oxidación-Reducción , Rayos Ultravioleta
20.
J Am Chem Soc ; 139(25): 8698-8704, 2017 06 28.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28578577

RESUMEN

The ability to prepare ultrathin two-dimensional (2D) covalent organic framework (COF) nanosheets (NSs) in high yield is of great importance for the further exploration of their unique properties and potential applications. Herein, by elaborately designing and choosing two flexible molecules with C3v molecular symmetry as building units, a novel imine-linked COF, namely, TPA-COF, with a hexagonal layered structure and sheet-like morphology, is synthesized. Since the flexible building units are integrated into the COF skeletons, the interlayer stacking becomes weak, resulting in the easy exfoliation of TPA-COF into ultrathin 2D NSs. Impressively, for the first time, the detailed structural information, i.e., the pore channels and individual building units in the NSs, is clearly visualized by using the recently developed low-dose imaging technique of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). As a proof-of-concept application, the obtained ultrathin COF NSs are used as a novel fluorescence sensing platform for the highly sensitive and selective detection of DNA.


Asunto(s)
ADN/química , Estructuras Metalorgánicas/química , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Nanoestructuras/química , Imagen Óptica
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