Development, comparison, and internal validation of prediction models to determine the visual prognosis of patients with open globe injuries using machine learning approaches.

INTRODUCTION: Open globe injuries (OGI) represent a main preventable reason for blindness and visual impairment, particularly in developing countries. The goal of this study is evaluating key variables affecting the prognosis of open globe injuries and validating internally and comparing different machine learning models to estimate final visual acuity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed three hundred patients with open globe injuries receiving treatment at Khatam-Al-Anbia Hospital in Iran from 2020 to 2022. Age, sex, type of trauma, initial VA grade, relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), zone of trauma, traumatic cataract, traumatic optic neuropathy (TON), intraocular foreign body (IOFB), retinal detachment (RD), endophthalmitis, and ocular trauma score (OTS) grade were the input features. We calculated univariate and multivariate regression models to assess the association of different features with visual acuity (VA) outcomes. We predicted visual acuity using ten supervised machine learning algorithms including multinomial logistic regression (MLR), support vector machines (SVM), K-nearest neighbors (KNN), naïve bayes (NB), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), bagging (BG), adaptive boosting (ADA), artificial neural networks (ANN), and extreme gradient boosting (XGB). Accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), recall, F-score, brier score (BS), Matthew correlation coefficient (MCC), receiver operating characteristic (AUC-ROC), and calibration plot were used to assess how well machine learning algorithms performed in predicting the final VA. RESULTS: The artificial neural network (ANN) model had the best accuracy to predict the final VA. The sensitivity, F1 score, PPV, accuracy, and MCC of the ANN model were 0.81, 0.85, 0.89, 0.93, and 0.81, respectively. In addition, the estimated AUC-ROC and AUR-PRC of the ANN model for OGI patients were 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. The brier score and calibration log-loss for the ANN model was 0.201 and 0.232, respectively. CONCLUSION: As classic and ensemble ML models were compared, results shows that the ANN model was the best. As a result, the framework that has been presented may be regarded as a good substitute for predicting the final VA in OGI patients. Excellent predictive accuracy was shown by the open globe injury model developed in this study, which should be helpful to provide clinical advice to patients and making clinical decisions concerning the management of open globe injuries.

Image calibration in choroidal vascularity index measurement.

Choroid is a tissue with a very high blood flow which is a metabolic supporter of the retina. Recently, the study of choroidal blood flow in ocular and systemic disorders is a hot topic in scientific research. With the advent of enhanced depth imaging OCT (EDI-OCT), it is possible to measure the entire choroidal thickness. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is a relatively new index in studying choroidal hemodynamics. However, the CVI measurement needs image processing. Image calibration is a necessary step before any image processing with software such as ImageJ.

Clinical approach to a child with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and bilateral optic nerve head infiltration: A case report and brief literature review.

Key Clinical Message: Infiltrative optic neuropathy in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis is rare but could potentially lead to visual loss. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) optic neuritis, drug toxicity, and CNS involvement with increased intracranial pressure (ICP) are differential diagnoses that have to be considered. Abstract: In this report, we introduced a known case of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with progressive visual loss due to bilateral optic nerve head (ONH) involvement. A 9-year-old boy with a history of HLH from 6 months ago was referred to the ophthalmic emergency department with a complaint of painless progressive blurred vision in his right eye. The fundus examination found an optic disc swelling and peripapillary hemorrhage in the right eye. The left fundus examination showed a mild ONH blurred margin. Systemic evaluations including brain and orbital MRI with gadolinium enhancement and CSF analysis showed optic nerve and brain involvement with tumoral cells. Despite systemic chemotherapy with etoposide, the disease had a progressive course so in the last follow-up visit, fundus examination revealed disc swelling, retinal edema, and epiretinal hemorrhage in both eyes and visual acuity deteriorated to no light perception and counting fingers in the right and left eye, respectively. ONH involvement in HLH is rare but could be sight-threatening. Differential diagnoses that should be investigated include neoplastic infiltrative optic neuropathy, cytomegalovirus (CMV) optic neuritis, drug toxicity, and CNS involvement with increased intracranial pressure (ICP).

Traumatic rosette cataract.

One of the clinical presentations of traumatic cataracts is a rosette-shaped posterior capsular opacity. The severity of vision loss, the patient's age, and the cornea, macula, and optic nerve states are major determinants of the therapeutic approach.

Uveitis including Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome following inactive covid-19 vaccination: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Currently, large populations have been vaccinated against COVID-19. The whole inactivated Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine has been the main available COVID-19 vaccine in Iran. Ocular inflammatory reactions have been reported following vaccination. The present case reports aim to introduce four cases of uveitis after the Sinopharm vaccine administration. CASE PRESENTATION: Our first reported case is a 38-year-old woman with a positive medical history of inactive ulcerative colitis. Active uveitis had developed following the second dose of the COVID-19 vaccination. The remaining three cases were healthy individuals who developed the first episode of uveitis, after the COVID-19 vaccine administration. Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome was the final diagnosis in one of the aforementioned cases. All four patients demonstrated favorable responses to corticosteroid treatment. CONCLUSION: These observations are in line with incoming reports from all around the world and raise concerns about the possibility of post-vaccination uveitis development, especially in cases with a previous history of auto-immune systemic diseases or inactive uveitis.

Choroidal metastasis and bilateral optic nerve involvement as presenting sign of metastatic lung adenocarcinoma: A case report.

A 49-year-old male presented with a gradually progressive loss of vision in both eyes. Funduscopic examination revealed bilateral optic disc swelling and two yellowish elevated choroidal lesions in the left eye. Ophthalmic imaging raised suspicion of choroidal metastasis. Adenocarcinoma of the lung was detected in further systemic evaluation.

Acute effects of coffee consumption on the microcirculation of macula and optic nerve head.

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the acute changes in retinal vasculature following coffee consumption. Methods: This is an interventional case series. The subjects were 22 healthy young adults. They were asked to rest in a silent room for 15 min; then, their heart rate, blood pressure, and arterial oxygen saturation pressure were measured with a single patient monitoring system. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A) imaging of the disc and macula were performed for both eyes of the subjects. These measurements were repeated 45 min after drinking a cup of 450 ml of coffee containing a standard dose of 130 mg of caffeine. Macular and optic nerve head neurovasculature changes were assessed. Results: The results of our study did not show a significant change in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and neural structural and vascular parameters of the optic nerve head. Although assessments of macular vasculature showed a significant decrement in superficial (p = 0.01) and deep vessel density (p = 0.05) at parafovea, vessel densities (VDs) at the fovea, and deep capillary plexus at perifovea showed no significant change. Conclusion: Consuming one cup of coffee (150 mg caffeine) statistically changes central foveal thickness and parafoveal blood flow but likely does not have a clinical impact in healthy young adults.

Gas Expansion Three Days after Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Sulfur Hexafluoride 20% Tamponade following Carbon Monoxide Toxicity and Oxygen Therapy.

Purpose: To report an unusual case of gas expansion following oxygen therapy in a patient with sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) 20% tamponade after pars plana vitrectomy. Case Report. A 40-year-old man came to the clinic with severe ocular pain and redness and also vision decrease in his left eye three days after uncomplicated 23-gauge pars plana vitrectomy, internal limiting membrane peeling combined with phacoemulsification, and using 20% SF6 injection as a tamponade agent due to significant cataract and a full-thickness macular hole. In ophthalmic examinations of his left eye, high intraocular pressure (approximately 70 mmHg), a flat anterior chamber, and a gas-filled vitreous cavity were found. The patient had been hospitalized the day before due to carbon monoxide poisoning and had undergone oxygen therapy with a pure 100% mask for three hours. Conclusion: It seems that oxygen therapy or carbon monoxide poisoning increases the volume of gas in the patient's vitreous cavity and the nonexpansile percentage of SF6 expands.