How Visual Aesthetics and Calorie Density Predict Food Image Popularity on Instagram: A Computer Vision Analysis.

Social media have become an important source where people are exposed to visual representations of foods. This study aims to understand what content factors contribute to the popularity of food images on Instagram. We collected 53,894 images from 90 popular food influencer accounts on Instagram over two years. Applying computer vision methods, we investigated the effects of visual aesthetics and calorie density of foods on audience engagement (i.e. likes, comments) as well as if the effects of visual aesthetics varied by calorie density. Our results showed that both visual aesthetics and calorie density were important predictors of image popularity. The use of arousing, warm colors such as red, orange, and yellow, feature complexity, and repetition predicted higher likes, whereas brightness, colorfulness, and compositional complexity acted reversely. A similar pattern was observed for comments. The calorie density of foods in images positively predicted likes and comments. Also, the effects of visual aesthetics varied by calorie content and were more pronounced for low-calorie images. Health practitioners who plan to harness the power of social media to encourage certain dietary behaviors should take visual aesthetics into account when designing persuasive messages and campaigns.

Vesicovaginal fistula associated with massive bladder calculi: An urogynecological case report.

In developing countries, VVF mainly occurs due to obstructed labor unlike developed countries where common causes are radiotherapy and malignancy. Due to social taboos, patients do not seek medical attention for problems like urinary incontinence and dysuria, thus presenting very late.

Nurses' knowledge and attitudes regarding children's pain assessment and management in Nepal.

Pain is frequently experienced by children in hospital, and international guidelines for appropriate pain assessment and management are available. Optimal management of paediatric pain has important long-term health, psychosocial, and economic benefits. However, evidence indicates that globally there are deficits in nurses' understanding of paediatric pain assessment and management. This study explored knowledge and attitudes regarding paediatric pain assessment and management among nurses at a tertiary children's hospital in Nepal. In this cross-sectional study all 140 nurses at a tertiary children's hospital in Nepal, were invited to complete the validated Paediatric Nurses Knowledge and Attitudes Survey. Findings revealed substantial deficits in nurse's knowledge and erroneous attitudes towards pain assessment and management in children. Test scores ranged from 14% to 56%, with mean scores of 38%, with no nurses achieving a recommended pass score of 80% regarding knowledge and attitudes in paediatric pain management. Consistent with previous research, nurses had insufficient knowledge and attitudes that did not reflect best practice regarding pain assessment and management in children. Education programmes targeting both trainees and registered nurses are essential to enable nurses to deliver evidence-based care and improve outcomes for children and their families.

Anxiety and Depression among Senior Citizens.

BACKGROUND: Senior citizens are at risk of developing mental health problems and the most common are depression and anxiety, which are important public health problems. This study aimed to find out the mental health status and factors associated with it among senior citizens. METHODS: The study design was a cross sectional survey. Among the senior citizens residing in Tansen Municipality, Palpa, 245 participants were selected randomly from the list of senior citizens, enrolled in senior citizen allowance scheme. Data was collected by doing face to face interviews using Geriatric Depression Scale -15 and Geriatric Anxiety Scale-10. The data was entered in Epi Data 3.1 and transferred to SPSS version 16 program for analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 78.33 years. Most of the participants were female (52.2%), 95.5% were physically independent and 68.2% had some physical problems. Regarding depression, 30.6% and 2% of the participants had the symptoms suggestive and indicative of depression respectively. Whereas, 8.2% had severe symptoms of anxiety. The anxiety and depression were correlated (rs = 0.615) and were associated with companion of living, education status, physical dependency, and comorbid physical problem. CONCLUSIONS: Senior citizens have symptoms of depression and anxiety. Having physical health problems, being physically dependent are likely to result in poor mental health in elderly. There is a need to recognize the mental health problem of elderly in community settings.

Burnout among medical students of a medical college in Kathmandu; A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Medical students are more prone to burnout than the general population and students of other faculties due to the demanding nature of medical education with limited time and resources. Burnout has a negative impact on the academics and personal life of the students which can continue into their professional life and ultimately hamper patient care. The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence of burnout among medical students of a medical college and find its association with age, gender, and year of study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students of a medical college in Kathmandu, Nepal from 14 January to 7 March, 2021. Stratified sampling followed by a simple random sampling technique was employed to select study participants. Data was collected through a self-administered questionnaire using the English version of the Oldenburg Burnout Inventory adapted for students (OLBI-S) and analyzed in STATA version 15. RESULTS: The prevalence of burnout was found out to be 65.9% (n = 229). And of the remaining, 12.7% were exhausted, 11.4% were disengaged and 10.0% were neither exhausted nor disengaged. Burnout had no significant association with age in years, gender, and year of study. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an alarming prevalence of burnout in almost two-thirds of medical students. These results indicate the necessity of employing effective strategies by relevant authorities for the mental well-being of future physicians. Further multicenter prospective studies are required for a better understanding of the prevalence and associated factors of burnout.

Depression and Anxiety among Patients with Type II Diabetes Mellitus in Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital, Nepal.

The prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders is common among people with diabetes mellitus. Coexistence of diabetes and depression/anxiety increases the risk of diabetes complications and reduces the overall quality of life. Hence, this study aimed to assess the depression and anxiety among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chitwan. Descriptive survey was carried out among 296 purposively selected clinically diagnosed type 2 diabetes patients admitted in the Chitwan Medical College Teaching Hospital from 15th June 2018 to 17th September 2019. Patients were interviewed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Generalized Anxiety Disorders-7 (GAD-7). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Of 296 diabetic patients, 48.6% were 60 years and above, 59.5% female and 61.5% literate; their common occupation was agriculture (38.2%) followed by household work (26.4%). Nearly two-thirds (62.8%) of diabetes patients had other chronic comorbid conditions. Depression and anxiety were observed among 57.8% and 49.7% of diabetes patients, respectively. While observing the severity, 27.4%, 19.6%, 8.4%, and 2.4% of patients had mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depression, respectively. Likewise, 24.7%, 20.3%, and 4.7% of patients had mild, moderate, and severe anxiety, respectively. Current living status, educational status, medicine adherence, satisfaction toward current treatment, and history of mental illness in the family were found to be significant factors associated with the anxiety of patients with diabetes. Further, educational status, smoking habit, satisfaction towards current treatment, and history of diabetes in family were the factors associated with depression. Prevalence of depression and anxiety is high among admitted patients with diabetes mellitus, and many factors are associated with it. Hence, regular screening services are essential along with diabetes management plan for timely identification and treatment of the vulnerable groups in the healthcare centers.

Anxiety and Depression among Patients with Thyroid Function Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric comorbidities are common in thyroid disorder patients and complicate patients' life quality as well as disease management. We aimed to explore prevalence of anxiety and depression and identify associated characteristics among patients with thyroid function disorder. METHODS: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted on 129 thyroid disorder patients aged ?20 years. A semi-structured questionnaire, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Beck Depression Inventory were used for sociodemographic characteristics, anxiety, and depression respectively. Group differences were compared (Chi square) or correlations were determined (Pearson's correlation coefficient). RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 38.09±12.68 years; most were females (102, 79.1%) and hypothyroid (90, 69.8%). Overall prevalence of anxiety and depression were 50.4% and 42.6% respectively. Anxiety was more prevalent in females (54.9% vs 33.3% in males, p=0.046), low economic status (73.9% vs 35.5% in higher status, p=0.019), and hyperthyroid (64.1% vs 44.4% in hypothyroid, p=0.040). Depression was more prevalent in females (47.1% vs 25.9% in males, p=0.048), Janajati ethnic group (54.8% vs 31.1% in Brahmin-Chhetri, p=0.002), lower economic status (69.6% vs 35.5% in higher status, p=0.016), and hyperthyroid (56.4% vs 36.7% in hypothyroid, p=0.037). Associations with occupation, marital status, family type, religion, and duration of illness were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: Anxiety and depression are highly prevalent among thyroid disorder patients, especially in females, lower economic status, and hyperfunction type thyroid disorder. Management of thyroid disorders should incorporate treatment of anxiety and depression; routine psychiatric screening of the groups with higher prevalence is advisable.

Psychiatric Morbidities in Patients with Non-communicable Diseases among Inpatients of Medicine Department in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study.

INTRODUCTION: Psychiatric morbidities are common among patients with chronic non-communicable diseases. These diseases have high morbidity, mortality, and higher health costs. However, psychiatric conditions are often underdiagnosed and undertreated in our country. This study aimed to find out the psychiatric morbidities among patients with non-communicable diseases admitted in inpatients units of the medicine department. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in the inpatients of the medicine department of a tertiary care hospital among 926 patients with chronic non-communicable diseases. Ethical approval was obtained from the Chitwan Medical College Institutional Review Committee (Ref.No.IRC:2074/75:38). A convenient sampling technique was used. Patients were interviewed using the Patients Health Questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 16. RESULTS: Among 926 non-communicable disease patients, psychiatric morbidities observed were somatization 612 (66.1%) anxiety 319 (34.4%), and depression 379 (40.9%). Patients with multiple non-communicable diseases had higher psychiatric morbidities compared to patients with a single disease. CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric morbidities are common among admitted patients suffering from non-communicable diseases in Nepal. Hence, regular screening services are needed in all levels of health care centers to identify and treat the risk groups on time.