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1.
J Wildl Dis ; 50(4): 723-32, 2014 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25121401

RESUMEN

Abstract Knowledge of baseline cutaneous bacterial microbiota may be useful in interpreting diagnostic cultures from captive sick frogs and as part of quarantine or pretranslocation disease screening. Bacteria may also be an important part of innate immunity against chytridiomycosis, a fungal skin disease caused by Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). In February 2009, 92 distinct bacterial isolates from the ventral skin of 64 apparently healthy Leiopelma archeyi and Leiopelma hochstetteri native frogs from the Coromandel and Whareorino regions in New Zealand were identified using molecular techniques. The most-common isolates identified in L. archeyi were Pseudomonas spp. and the most common in L. hochstetteri were Flavobacterium spp. To investigate the possible role of bacteria in innate immunity, a New Zealand strain of Bd (Kaikorai Valley-Lewingii-2008-SDS1) was isolated and used in an in vitro challenge assay to test for inhibition by bacteria. One bacterial isolate, a Flavobacterium sp., inhibited growth of Bd. These results imply that diverse cutaneous bacteria are present and may play a role in the innate defense in Leiopelma against pathogens, including Bd, and are a starting point for further investigation.


Asunto(s)
Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Quitridiomicetos/fisiología , Ranidae/microbiología , Piel/microbiología , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Quitridiomicetos/genética , Nueva Zelanda , Filogenia
2.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 43(3): 549-65, 2012 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23082519

RESUMEN

This report describes the investigations into the cause and treatment of metabolic bone disease (MBD) in captive native New Zealand frogs (Leiopelma spp.) and the role of fluoride in the disease. MBD was diagnosed in Leiopelma archeyi and Leiopelma hochstetteri in 2008 at three institutions: Auckland Zoo, Hamilton Zoo, and the University of Otago. Most of these frogs had originally been held at the University of Canterbury for several years (2000-2004) but some were collected directly from the wild. Radiographs on archived and live frogs showed that MBD had been present at Canterbury, but at a lower rate (3%) than in the current institutions (38-67%). Microcomputed tomography showed that the femoral diaphyses of the captive frogs at Auckland Zoo had greater bone volume, bone surface, cross-sectional thickness, and mean total cross-sectional bone perimeter, which is consistent with osteofluorosis. On histology of the same femurs, there was hyperplasia, periosteal growth, and thickening of trabeculae, which are also consistent with skeletal fluorosis. An increase in fluoride levels in the water supply preceded the rise in the incidence of the above pathology, further supporting the diagnosis of osteofluorosis. Analysis of long-standing husbandry practices showed that ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure and the dietary calcium:phosphorus ratio were deficient when compared with wild conditions-likely causing chronic underlying MBD. To prevent multifactorial MBD in captive Leiopelma, the authors recommend increasing dietary calcium by incorporating into the captive diet inherently calcium-rich invertebrates; increasing exposure to natural or artificial (UVB) light; and using defluoridated water. Addressing these three factors at Auckland Zoo reduced morbidity, bone fractures, and mortality rates.


Asunto(s)
Anuros , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/veterinaria , Fluoruros/efectos adversos , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Óseas Metabólicas/patología , Calcio/administración & dosificación , Calcio/uso terapéutico , Colecalciferol/administración & dosificación , Colecalciferol/uso terapéutico , Suplementos Dietéticos , Nueva Zelanda , Estudios Retrospectivos
3.
J Homosex ; 58(5): 680-99, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21534077

RESUMEN

Although a homophobic and sexist archetype of heterosexual masculinity has been thought to permeate competitive teamsport, matters have been rapidly changing. This is evident in research on openly gay athletes, attitudes among heterosexual athletes, and recent studies on decreasing homophobia among sport media content. In this research, however, we examine how some men still adhere to a homophobic and sexist masculine deposition when discussing sport on the Internet. A textual analysis was used to analyze hegemonic masculinity from a popular American football message board. Although posts related to hegemonic masculinity did not permeate the data, we found that this traditional form of masculinity was upheld through misogyny, homophobia, and the objectification of women. Thus, whereas mainstream sport media is increasingly policed for homophobia and sexism, this research shows that the anonymity of the Internet permits hegemonic masculinity to flourish in specific locations, without contestation.


Asunto(s)
Actitud , Fútbol Americano , Internet , Prejuicio , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Masculinidad
4.
Dis Aquat Organ ; 92(2-3): 159-63, 2010 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21268977

RESUMEN

The susceptibility of Archey's frog Leiopelma archeyi to Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is unknown, although one large population is thought to have declined sharply due to chytridiomycosis. As primary infection experiments were not permitted in this endangered New Zealand species, 6 wild-caught L. archeyi that naturally cleared infections with Bd while in captivity were exposed again to Bd to assess their immunity. These frogs were from an infected population at Whareorino, which has no known declines. All 6 L. archeyi became reinfected at low intensities, but rapidly self cured, most by 2 wk. Six Litoria ewingii were used as positive controls and developed heavier infections and clinical signs by 3 wk, demonstrating that the zoospore inoculum was virulent. Six negative controls of each species remained uninfected and healthy. Our results show that L. archeyi that have self cured have resistance to chytridiomycosis when exposed. The pattern is consistent with innate or acquired immunity to Bd, and immunological studies are needed to confirm this.


Asunto(s)
Quitridiomicetos/fisiología , Micosis/veterinaria , Ranidae , Animales , Micosis/inmunología , Micosis/microbiología
5.
PLoS One ; 2(9): e854, 2007 Sep 05.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17786225

RESUMEN

Serine/arginine-rich (SR) proteins are essential splicing factors with one or two RNA-recognition motifs (RRMs) and a C-terminal arginine- and serine-rich (RS) domain. SR proteins bind to exonic splicing enhancers via their RRM(s), and from this position are thought to promote splicing by antagonizing splicing silencers, recruiting other components of the splicing machinery through RS-RS domain interactions, and/or promoting RNA base-pairing through their RS domains. An RS domain tethered at an exonic splicing enhancer can function as a splicing activator, and RS domains play prominent roles in current models of SR protein functions. However, we previously reported that the RS domain of the SR protein SF2/ASF is dispensable for in vitro splicing of some pre-mRNAs. We have now extended these findings via the identification of a short inhibitory domain at the SF2/ASF N-terminus; deletion of this segment permits splicing in the absence of this SR protein's RS domain of an IgM pre-mRNA substrate previously classified as RS-domain-dependent. Deletion of the N-terminal inhibitory domain increases the splicing activity of SF2/ASF lacking its RS domain, and enhances its ability to bind pre-mRNA. Splicing of the IgM pre-mRNA in S100 complementation with SF2/ASF lacking its RS domain still requires an exonic splicing enhancer, suggesting that an SR protein RS domain is not always required for ESE-dependent splicing activation. Our data provide additional evidence that the SF2/ASF RS domain is not strictly required for constitutive splicing in vitro, contrary to prevailing models for how the domains of SR proteins function to promote splicing.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Precursores del ARN/genética , Empalme del ARN , ARN Mensajero/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos , Exones , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Proteínas de Unión al ARN , Factores de Empalme Serina-Arginina
6.
Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract ; 9(3): 545-9, 2006 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16931372

RESUMEN

From 2001 t0 2004, Westshore Wildlife Reserve observed five incidences of a vestibular syndrome in North Island brown kiwi (Apteryx mantelli). These were suspected to be the result of ingesting the karaka berry (Corynocarpus laevigatus), which contains a neurotoxin (karakin).


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de las Aves/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Aves/etiología , Glucosa/análogos & derivados , Paleognatos , Plantas Tóxicas , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Enfermedades de las Aves/patología , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Glucosa/toxicidad , Masculino
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