Prognostic value of obesity in patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: An updated meta­analysis and systematic review.

Accumulating interest has been surging over the past few years regarding the effects of obesity on immunotherapy. In addition to the body mass index (BMI), imaging-quantified body fat compartments have been investigated. The present study aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the BMI and computed tomography (CT)-based body fat in patients with cancer receiving immunotherapy. For this purpose, the PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane databases were searched from January 2017 to July 2022. Clinical studies evaluating the association between BMI or body fat and survival of patients with cancer treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) were included. In total, 15 studies reporting on the BMI were included in the meta-analysis and 16 studies evaluating body fat were included in the systematic review. According to the classification of the World Health Organization, overweight and obese patients with ICI treatment showed improved overall survival [overweight vs. normal: Hazard ratio (HR)=0.79, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.64-0.98, P=0.03; obese vs. normal: HR=0.75, 95% CI=0.60-0.94, P=0.013] and progression-free survival (overweight vs. normal: HR=0.82, 95% CI=0.70-0.97, P=0.02; obese vs. normal: HR=0.81, 95% CI=0.65-1.02, P=0.07). Among the articles investigating the effect of body fat composition on the efficacy of immunotherapy, a number of studies included various CT analysis techniques and cutoffs to define body fat composition. Associations of body fat with survival were contradictory in different patients with cancer treated with immunotherapy. Obesity was associated with better survival in patients with cancer treated with ICIs. Further analyses are required to demonstrate the prognostic value of body fat in patients with cancer immunotherapy.

Peripheral platelet/lymphocyte ratio predicts lymph node metastasis and acts as a superior prognostic factor for cervical cancer when combined with neutrophil: Lymphocyte.

Inflammation-based indicators such as neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), derived NLR (dNLR), and platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) have been reported to possess significant predictive value for several types of cancer. We investigated the predictive value of these 3 biomarkers on lymph node metastasis (LNM) and clinical outcome in patients with stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer undergoing radical surgery.A total of 407 patients with FIGO stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer, who underwent radical surgery between January 2006 and December 2009 at the Department of Gynecological and Oncology of Shandong Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University were recruited. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the relationship between PLR, NLR, dNLR, and LNM. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to determine the association between the 3 indices and recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS).Optimal cut-off values for the 3 indices were determined by applying receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis. Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses both indicate that PLR was significantly associated with increased LNM (P < 0.05). In the multivariate survival analysis, increased preoperative PLR and NLR were significantly associated with reduced RFS (P = 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively), whereas a combination of both PLR and NLR revealed a more significant association with reduced RFS (P < 0.001). Furthermore, increased preoperative PLR and NLR were significantly associated with reduced OS (P = 0.007 and P = 0.009, respectively), whereas the combined use of PLR and NLR revealed a more significant association with reduced OS (P = 0.003).PLR is an independent risk factor for increased LNM and clinical outcome in patients with stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer. A combination of PLR and NLR may enable better risk stratification for predicting survival.

MicroRNA-106a regulates phosphatase and tensin homologue expression and promotes the proliferation and invasion of ovarian cancer cells.

Ovarian cancer is a leading cause of malignant gynecological tumor-related mortality among women. The treatment of ovarian cancer patients continues to be challenging. MicroRNA­106a (miR­106a) is widely expressed in diverse human tumors. In the present study, we investigated the biological and pathological roles of miR-106a in ovarian cancers. We found that miR-106a expression was significantly increased in primary ovarian cancer tissues and ovarian cancer cells compared with the level in normal tissues. Ectopic expression of an miR-106a inhibitor attenuated ovarian cancer cell proliferation and invasion. miR-106a promoted the growth and invasion of SKOV3 cells by targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). Furthermore, the present study revealed that IL-6 inhibited miR-106a expression by activating STAT3. Tocilizumab, a humanized anti-human IL-6R antibody, that competitively inhibits IL-6/IL-6R signaling, did not inhibit the proliferation and invasion of SKOV3 cells. In conclusion, our studies revealed that miR-106a was significantly increased in the ovarian cancer tissues and cell lines. Downregulation of the expression of miR-106a inhibited cell growth and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells. Together, the present study suggests that miR­106a acts as an oncogene in ovarian cancers.

Antibody fragment-armed mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the targeted delivery of bevacizumab in ovarian cancer cells.

In order to enhance the therapeutic efficacy and intracellular concentration of bevacizumab (BVC), we have designed a novel tumor endothelial marker 1 (TEM1)/endosialin (Ab-/scFv)-conjugated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN) to target ovarian cancer cell. The Ab-/scFv-conjugated MSN were prepared by the conjugation of amine functional group of antibody of the carboxyl group of MSN. The resultant MSN was nanosized, spherical shaped, and exhibited a controlled release phenomenon in pH 7.4 conditions. Furthermore, BMSN/Ab was found to increase the cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of BVC in OVCAR-5 cancer cells. The Ab- conjugated MSN exhibited a superior anticancer effect with profound apoptosis in cancer cells in a time- and concentration dependent manner. Consistently, BMSN/Ab effectively inhibited the colony formation in transwell plate. Finally, BMSN/Ab showed a notable increase in the proportion of cells in G2/M phase of cell cycle indicating promising anticancer efficacy profile. Overall, Ab-/scFv-conjugated MSN might provide an effective strategy for the therapeutic management of ovarian cancers.

Decreased pretreatment lymphocyte/monocyte ratio is associated with poor prognosis in stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer patients who undergo radical surgery.

BACKGROUND: Recently, pretreatment monocyte counts and the lymphocyte/monocyte ratio (LMR) have been proven to be significantly associated with the clinical outcomes of several types of cancer. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic significance of the LMR in stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer patients who underwent a radical operation. METHODS: A total of 485 patients with stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer were included in this retrospective study. We evaluated the prognostic values of the absolute lymphocyte count, absolute monocyte count, and LMR by applying receiver operating characteristic curves. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariate Cox proportional analyses were used to determine the recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: The area under the curve was 0.640 for the RFS and 0.647 for the OS using the LMR. In the univariate analysis, an elevated preoperative LMR was significantly associated with an increased RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.373; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.247-0.563; P<0.001), and this result remained significant in the multivariate analysis (HR, 0.439; 95% CI: 0.279-0.693; P<0.001). In the univariate analysis, an elevated LMR was also significantly associated with an increased OS (HR, 0.381; 95% CI: 0.233-0.622; P<0.001), and the significance persisted in the multivariate analysis (HR, 0.417; 95% CI: 0.244-0.714; P=0.001). CONCLUSION: A decreased pretreatment LMR is associated with a poor prognosis in stage Ib1-IIa cervical cancer patients who undergo a radical operation. A prospective study is warranted for further validation of our findings.

The Treatment of Pelvic Locoregional Recurrence of Cervical Cancer After Radical Surgery With Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Compared With Conventional Radiotherapy: A Retrospective Study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic response and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or conventional radiotherapy (c-RT) as adjuvant therapy in patients with pelvic locoregional recurrence of cervical cancer after radical surgery. METHODS: This retrospective study included 161 patients with unresectable pelvic locoregional recurrence of cervical cancer after radical surgery between March 2003 and May 2012. All patients were initially diagnosed with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IB-IIA cervical cancer and received radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy. A total of 82 patients were treated with c-RT, whereas the remaining 79 patients underwent IMRT. Intracavitary brachytherapy and concurrent chemotherapy were performed during external irradiation. RESULTS: The mean dose delivered to the planning target volume was significantly higher in the IMRT group than in the c-RT group (61.8 vs 50.3 Gy, P = 0.029). Intensity-modulated radiation therapy plans yielded better dose sparing of small bowel, bladder, and rectum than did c-RT (P < 0.05). Moreover, the IMRT patients experienced less acute and chronic toxicities (P < 0.05) and better short-term effects (complete response + partial response) than did those treated with c-RT (89.9% vs 63.4%, P = 0.03). Three- and 5-year overall survival rates were significantly higher in the IMRT group than in the c-RT group (3-year: 58.4% vs 39.1%, P = 0.012; 5-year: 35.4% vs 21.4%, P = 0.007). Furthermore, 5-year progression-free survival rates were significantly higher in the IMRT group than in the c-RT group (26.1% vs 15.1%, P = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS: Intensity-modulated radiation therapy achieved outcomes superior to c-RT in patients with pelvic locoregional recurrence of cervical cancer after radical surgery. The acute and chronic toxicities were acceptable, and the adjacent organs at risk were well protected.

Toll-like receptor 4 single-nucleotide polymorphisms Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile in ovarian cancers.

Toll-like receptor (TLR4) 4 is present in numerous cell types and serves as the first point of defense in the innate immune system. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are present in a number TLR genes and have been associated with various infection and inflammation disorders. Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile, TLR4 SNPs, are associated with tumor progression. In the present study, cases of ovarian cancer were analyzed with regards to Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile of the TLR4 gene. Genotype analysis was performed using DNA from tissue samples from stage I-IV patients with ovarian cancer. DNA from tissue samples was extracted and analyzed by a pyrosequencing method following multiplex polymerase chain reaction. The genotypes of these SNPs were analyzed in the present study in a population of 105 patients, with different types of ovarian cancer, between 2004 and 2012. The allele frequencies for TLR4 Asp299Gly identified in this population were 1.00 (A) and 0.00 (G); for TLR4 Thr399Ile the allele frequencies were; 1.00 (C) and 0.00 (T). For TLR4 Asp299Gly the observed genotype frequency was 1.00 (AA), 0.00 (AG) and 0.0 (GG). In TLR4 Thr399Ile the observed genotype frequencies were 1.00 (CC), 0.00 (CT) and 0.00 (TT). TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile alleles were not detected in the patients. These results indicated that the TLR4 299Gly and 399Ile alleles were exhibited at a lower frequency in the ovarian cancer patients that were examined.

Distribution pattern of circumflex iliac node distal to the external iliac node metastasis in stage IA to IIA cervical carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the metastatic rate of circumflex iliac node distal to the external iliac node (CINDEIN) and its associations with clinicopathological factors in patients with stage IA to IIA cervical cancer to determine whether dissection of CINDEIN had a role in surgery of these patients. METHODS: Six hundred thirty-three patients with the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage IA to IIA cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy were retrospectively reviewed. The metastatic rate and distribution of the pelvic lymph nodes (PLNs) and CINDEINs were analyzed. RESULTS: The PLN metastatic rate was 25.6% (162 of 633 patients). Sixteen of 162 node-positive patients had CINDEIN metastases. Only 1 patient without PLN metastases had positive CINDEIN nodes. Univariate analysis revealed that other PLNs (including lymph nodes collected from obturator, external iliac, and internal iliac regions) and lymph vascular space involvement were the risk factors of CINDEIN metastases (P < 0.05). Other PLN metastasis (odds ratio, 50.6; 95% confidence interval, 6.6-386.7) was an independent risk factor for metastasis to CINDEIN by binary logistic regression analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Circumflex iliac node distal to the external iliac node metastases seemed to occur secondarily to widespread PLN metastases. In early stage cervical cancer, removal of the CINDEIN as a routine surgical procedure might be omitted to reduce operation time and minimize surgical morbidity.

TLR4 induces tumor growth and inhibits paclitaxel activity in MyD88-positive human ovarian carcinoma in vitro.

In ovarian cancer patients, chemotherapy resistance is the principal factor restricting long-term treatment. Paclitaxel (Pac) has been previously reported to be a ligand to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). It was determined that TLR4 signaling is divided into the following two pathways: Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)-dependent and MyD88-independent. The present study investigated the effect of TLR4 ligation by Pac in MyD88-positive (MyD88+) and MyD88-negative (MyD88-) human ovarian cancer cell lines. An RNA interference expression vector was specifically constructed to target TLR4 mRNA, which was stably transfected into the human ovarian cancer cell lines (SKOV3, OVCAR3, A2780 and 3AO). Cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, were detected. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were assessed in the cells transfected with scramble control and TLR4 shRNA to explore the possible functions of TLR4 in ovarian cancer cell growth. It was found that lipopolysaccharide and Pac significantly increase the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 in the SKOV3 cell line. Similarly, Pac resulted in a significant upregulation of IL-6 and IL-8 in OVCAR3 cells, but not in A2780 and 3AO cells. These results suggested that in MyD88+ ovarian cancer cell lines, TLR4 depletion shows increased sensitivity to Pac treatment in inhibiting cell proliferation compared with in cells without TLR4 knockdown. On the contrary, such changes were not found in MyD88- cells (A2780 and 3AO). TLR4 negatively regulates Pac chemotherapy, particularly in terms of cell proliferation, and TLR4 may be a novel treatment target in Pac-resistant ovarian cancer.

[Clinical study of sentinel lymph node detection guided radical abdominal trachelectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical value of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) in predicting pelvic lymph node status for early cervical squamous cell carcinoma, and approach the clinical significance of SLN detection for guiding radical abdominal trachelectomy (RAT).Outcomes of follow up and fertility were also observed. METHODS: A total of 31 patients with stageIa2-Ib1 squamous cell carcinoma planned to be given RAT and pelvic lymphadenectomy were enrolled. (99m)Tc-labeled phytate was injected before surgery.Intraoperatively, SLN were identified, excised, and submitted to fast frozen section.Systematic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed, and then RAT was performed in patients with negative SLN. All nodes were sent for routine pathological examination and immunostained with anti-cytokeratin antibody to detect micrometastases. RESULTS: SLN were detected in all patients (100%,31/31). A total of 109 SLN were identified with a mean number of 3.5 per patient.Of these, SLN of 2 patients were positive on frozen sections and proved to be metastasis by final pathologic examination and quitted the RAT. No missed micrometastasis was found using immunohistochemical staining in SLN and other lymph nodes using histologically node-negative cases. No false negative cases was found and the negative value was 100% (31/31). The sensitivity, accuracy, and false negative rates were 100%, 100%, and 0, respectively. Perioperative complications occurred in 5 patients including 2 cases of bladder injury and 3 cases of uterine artery injury.No relapses occurred during follow-up.Five of 19 patients with procreative desire conceived pregnancies (4 spontaneous abortion and 1 premature birth) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of SLN using (99m)Tc-labeled phytate could predict the pelvic lymph node status in early stage cervical cancer. Under the guidance of SLN detection, RAT is a feasible operative modality with well prognosis and low complications for young patients who desire to preserve reproductive function.

[Application value of reduced field intensity modulated radiation therapy for advanced cervical cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical value and efficacy of reduced field intensity modulated radiation therapy (RF-IMRT) for patients with advanced cervical cancer. METHODS: Seventy-one patients with stage IIB-IIIB cervical cancer, who underwent reduced field IMRT (RF-IMRT group) and 72 patients treated with conventional radiotherapy (c-RT group) in Shandong Cancer Hospital between 2005 August and 2011 August, were enrolled in this study. The RF-IMRT plans were as follows: whole pelvic IMRT plan was performed to deliver an initial dose of 30 Gy, then the irradiated volume was reduced to lymphatic drainage region as well as paracervix and parametrium for an additional 30 Gy boost. Conventional 2-field RT plan was performed in these patients using ADAC Pinnacle 3 planning system, to be given the same prescription dose, and to compare the irradiation dose of organs at risk (OARs). At the same time, conventional 2-field RT was performed in 72 patients of the c-RT group. Concurrent chemotherapy and intracavitary brachytherapy were also performed in the two groups. The treatment response, toxicities, normal tissue avoidance, and survival were assessed. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients of the RF-IMRT group and 65 patients of the c-RT group fulfilled the treatment plan. IMRT plans yielded better dose conformity to the target (0.711 ± 0.057 vs. 0.525 ± 0.062, P = 0.032) and better sparing of the rectum, bladder and small intestine (rectum: 41.6 ± 6.8 vs. 50.8 ± 3.2, P = 0.016; bladder: 40.2 ± 2.9 vs. 51.4 ± 1.8, P = 0.007; small intestine: 22.3 ± 2.6 vs. 35.8 ± 3.9, P = 0.004). The mean dose delivered to the planning target volume (PTV) was significantly higher in the RF-IMRT group than that in the c-RT group (60.8 vs. 51.2 Gy, P = 0.006). The RF-IMRT patients experienced significantly lower acute and chronic toxicities with comparable short-term effects than did those treated with conventional RT (P > 0.05). No significant differences were found between the two groups for 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates, while a significantly higher progression-free survival (PFS, 65.2% vs. 46.2%, P = 0.031) rate was observed in the RF-IMRT group. CONCLUSIONS: RF-IMRT yields higher dose distributions and lower toxicities compared with conventional RT, and both the tumor target volume and pelvic lymphatic drainage region achieve curative dose irradiation, the adjacent organs at risk are well protected, and with tolerable adverse reactions. Yet, RF-IMRT provides comparable clinical outcomes and higher PFS.

[Isolation, purification and characterization of endothelial cells from endometrial cancer and normal endometrial tissue].

OBJECTIVE: To immunopurify human endometrial endothelial cells (HEEC) from fresh surgical specimens of endometrial cancers and normal endometrial tissues, and investigate their biological characteristics. METHODS: Endothelial cells of endometrial cancers and normal endometrial tissues were isolated using anti-CD31 conjugated magnetic microbeads. The isolated endothelial cells were cultured in vitro and their origins were identified. Their angiogenic characteristics were observed by MTT, wound healing, Transwell cell invasion and tube formation assays. RESULTS: Flow cytometry revealed that the immunopurification technique yielded endothelial cell purity of > 95% in all samples. All purified HEEC were characterized as endothelial cells on the basis of expression of the classical endothelial markers vWF and CD31 as shown by immunofluorescence examination. Although the tumor-associated HEEC didn't show more rapid proliferation than normal HEEC, they exhibited enhanced migration ability (P = 0.006), potent invasiveness (P = 0.033), and elevated tube formation in vitro (P = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS: Human endometrial endothelial cells can be efficiently isolated from endometrial cancer and normal endometrial tissues by immunomagnetic methods. Tumor-associated HEEC exhibit enhanced migratory ability, potent invasiveness, and elevated tube formation in vitro.

PET/CT scanning guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy in treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the clinical contribution of positron emission tomography using (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose and integrated computer tomography (FDG-PET/CT) guided intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for treatment of recurrent ovarian cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with recurrent ovarian cancer from 2003 to 2008 were retrospectively studied. In these patients, 28 received PET/CT guided IMRT (PET/CT-IMRT group), and 30 received CT guided IMRT (CT-IMRT group). Treatment plans, tumor response, toxicities and survival were evaluated. RESULTS: Changes in GTV delineation were found in 10 (35.7%) patients based on PET-CT information compared with CT data, due to the incorporation of additional lymph node metastases and extension of the metastasis tumor. PET/CT guided IMRT improved tumor response compared to CT-IMRT group (CR: 64.3% vs. 46.7%, P=0.021; PR: 25.0% vs. 13.3%, P=0.036). The 3-year overall survival was significantly higher in the PET-CT/IMRT group than control (34.1% vs. 13.2%, P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: PET/CT guided IMRT in recurrent ovarian cancer patients improved the delineation of GTV and reduce the likelihood of geographic misses and therefore improve the clinical outcome.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for advanced cervical cancer: a comparison of dosimetric and clinical outcomes with conventional radiotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the dosimetry, efficacy and toxicity of reduced field intensity-modulated radiation therapy (RF-IMRT) for patients with advanced cervical cancer. METHODS: From August 2005 to August 2010, 60 patients with stage IIB-IIIB cervical cancer underwent reduced field IMRT (RF-IMRT group) and 62 patients treated with conventional radiotherapy (c-RT group) were enrolled. The RF-IMRT plans were as follows: whole pelvic IMRT plan was performed to deliver a dose of 30Gy firstly, then the irradiated volume was reduced to lymphatic drainage region as well as paracervix and parametrium for an additional 30Gy boost. Intracavitary brachytherapy and concurrent chemotherapy were performed during external irradiation. The tumor coverage and normal tissue avoidance were evaluated. Treatment response, toxicities and survival were assessed. RESULTS: The mean dose delivered to the planning target volume was significantly higher in RF-IMRT group than in c-RT group (61.5 vs. 50.8Gy, P=0.046). IMRT plans yielded better dose conformity to the target and better sparing of the rectal, bladder and small intestine. The RF-IMRT patients experienced significantly lower acute and chronic toxicities with comparable short-term effects than did those treated with conventional RT (CR: 87.7% vs. 88.3%, P=0.496; PR: 7.0% vs. 6.7%, P=0.440). No significant differences were found between treatment groups for 1year, 3year, and 5year overall survival (OS) levels, although the latter approached statistical significance in favor of IMRT, while a significantly higher progression-free survival (PFS; P=0.031) was seen for IMRT. CONCLUSIONS: RF-IMRT yields improved dose distributions, with lower toxicities, while providing comparable clinical outcomes. The increased PFS may be an advantage.

[Angiogenesis related gene expression profiles of human endometrial endothelial cells isolated from tissue of endometrial cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To identify and verify the different genes expression pattern between human endometrial endothelial cells (HEEC) isolated from endometrial cancer and normal endometrium. METHODS: Endothelial cells were isolated from 5 patients with endometrial cancer (endometrial cancer group 1) and 5 patients with normal endometria tissue (control group 1) admitted from June to November 2007 in Shandong Cancer Hospital. Global expression patterns of endothelial cells were examined using oligonucleotide microarrays. Tissues from 36 patients with endometrial cancer (endometrial cancer group 2) and 10 normal endometrial tissues (control group 2) admitted from January 2007 to April 2008 were selected to verify the expression of different genes, in which up-regulated genes including ESM1, MMP-10, SPP1 and HMGB1 were tested by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Microarray analyses revealed 317 genes that exhibited > 2-fold or < 0.5 differences were identified (including 191 genes up-regulated and 126 down-regulated). Pathway analysis showed that these genes involved cell cycle, cell adhesion molecules, and extracellular matrix-receptor interaction were obviously predominant. Of them, 97 up-regulated genes and 44 down-regulated genes were related to angiogenesis. The mRNA expression of ESM1, MMP-10, SPP1 and HMGB1 in endometrial cancer group 2 were 0.898, 3.890, 1.433 and 1.881, respectively. Positive expression of SPP1, MMP-10, ESM1 and HMGB1 was observed in endometrial cancer group 2. However, the SPP1, ESM1 and HMGB1 was negative expressed in control group 2. CONCLUSION: It shows that there are the different angiogenesis related genes between endometrial cancer and normal endothelium, which will provide insights into the anti-angiogenesis therapy for endometrial cancers.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy as guidance for radical trachelectomy in young patients with early stage cervical cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and accuracy of sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) detection using 99mTc phytate in predicting pelvic lymph nodes status for radical abdominal trachelectomy (RAT) in patients with early stage cervical cancer. METHODS: Sixty-eight women with stage IA2-IB1 cervical cancer and scheduled to undergo fertility-sparing surgery enrolled in this study. 99mTc-labeled phytate was injected before surgery. Intraoperatively, SLNs were identified, excised, and submitted to fast frozen section. Systematic bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and/or para-aortic lymph node dissection was performed. Then RAT was performed in patients with negative SLNs. All nodes were sent for routine pathological examination and immunostained with anti-cytokeratin antibody to detect micrometastases. Outcomes of follow up and fertility were observed. RESULTS: SLNs were identified in 64 of 68 patients (94.1%). Of these, SLNs of 8 patients (11.8%) were positive on frozen sections and proved to be metastasis by final pathologic examination. The sensitivity, accuracy, and false negative rates were 100%, 100%, and 0%, respectively. All 60 patients with negative SLN underwent RAT successfully. Two relapses occurred and no one died of tumor progression during follow-up. Five of the 15 patients with procreative desire conceived 8 pregnancies (3 term delivery, 2 premature birth, 1 spontaneous abortion, and 2 were still in the duration of pregnancy) after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: The identification of SLN using 99mTc-labeled phytate is accurate and safe to assess pelvic nodes status in patients with early cervical cancer. SLNs biopsy guided RAT is feasible for patients who desire to have fertility preservation.

Intensity-modulated radiation therapy versus para-aortic field radiotherapy to treat para-aortic lymph node metastasis in cervical cancer: prospective study.

AIM: To compare dosimetry, efficacy, and toxicity of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) with para-aortic field radiotherapy in patients with para-aortic lymph node (PALN) metastasis of cervical cancer. METHODS: This prospective study examined 60 patients with cervical cancer with PALN metastasis who underwent whole-pelvis radiotherapy followed by brachytherapy between November 1, 2004 and May 31, 2008. After 3 cycles of chemotherapy, patients were serially allocated into two groups and treated with IMRT or para-aortic field RT at doses of 58-68 Gy and 45-50 Gy, respectively. Treatment response was evaluated and toxicities were assessed. Patients in the IMRT group were treated with both para-aortic field RT and IMRT in order to compare the exposure dose of organs at risk. RESULTS: In the IMRT group, the mean dose delivered to the planning target volume was 67.5 Gy. At least 99% of the gross tumor volume received effective coverage and radical dose (median, 63.5 Gy; range, 54.5-66) during treatment. IMRT plans yielded better dose conformity to the target and better sparing of the spinal cord and small intestine than para-aortic field RT. The IMRT patients experienced less acute and chronic toxicities. The IMRT group also had higher 2- and 3-year survival rates than the para-aortic RT group (2-year, 58.8% vs 25.0%, P = 0.019; 3-year, 36.4% vs 15.6%, P = 0.016). However, no significant difference was found in 1-year survival (67.7% vs 51.3%, P =0.201). The median survival in the IMRT group was 25 months (range, 3 to 37 months). The actuarial overall survival, disease-free survival, and locoregional control rates at 2 years were 67%, 77%, and 88%, respectively, in the IMRT group. CONCLUSIONS: IMRT provides better clinical outcomes than para-aortic field radiotherapy in patients with PALN metastasis. However, cervical local and distal recurrence remain a problem. Long-term follow-up and studies involving more patients are needed to confirm our results.

[Gemcitabine based combination chemotherapy, a new salvage regimen for recurrent platinum resistant epithelial ovarian cancer].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and toxicities of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide and anthracycline chemotherapy for recurrent platinum resistant ovarian epithelial cancer. METHODS: Gemcitabine 800 mg/m(2) (day 1, 8), ifosfamide 1.5 g/m(2) (day 1 - 3), adriamycin 40 mg/m(2) or epirubicin 60 mg/m(2) (day 1) or mitoxantrone 10 mg/m(2) (day 1, 8) were used in recurrent platinum resistant/refractory ovarian cancer patients, the cycle was repeated at interval of 21 to 28 days. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients received 172 cycles combined chemotherapy. There were no one cases complete response, while partial response 22 (37%, 22/60), stable 23 (38%, 23/60) and progression 15 (25%, 15/60) were observed, with clinical benefit rate 75% (45/60). The median time of progression-free survival was 7 months, and the median overall survival time was 20 months. The main side effect was hematologic toxicity with leukopenia rate of 82% (49/60), among which III-IV accounted for 31% (15/49). Digestive reaction was all in I-II, accounted for 42% (25/60). CONCLUSION: The regimen of gemcitabine combined with ifosfamide and anthracycline is feasible, tolerable and effective in patients with recurrent platinum resistant/refractory epithelial ovarian cancer.

Inhibition of osteopontin suppresses in vitro and in vivo angiogenesis in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Osteopontin (OPN) has been found to play an important role in tumor angiogenesis in recent years. Our previous studies have shown that OPN is overexpressed in tumor-associated human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) isolated from tissue samples of patients with endometrial cancer. In the present study, we aimed to further determine the role of OPN in endometrial cancer-associated angiogenesis. METHODS: We knock down OPN expression in HEECs and human endometrial cancer Ishikawa (ISK) cells using the small interference RNA method, and then evaluate the effects of OPN on endometrial cancer-associated angiogenesis by in vivo mouse studies and in vitro assays. RESULTS: Our results revealed that proliferative activity of HEECs and ISK cells in vitro was not affected by transfection with the siOPN-RNA (P>0.05). Inhibition of OPN expression in HEECs reduced the cell migration, with the percentage of repaired area of 36.32+/-2.88 vs. 8.54+/-1.13 (P=0.007). HEEC/siOPN and ISK/siOPN demonstrated 67.4% and 51.2% decreased invasiveness compared with controls, respectively (P<0.05). The number of branched points per well was obviously lower in HEEC/siOPN than that in HEEC/Control (32.46+/-17.10 vs. 53.15+/-15.44, P=0.021). Furthermore, ISK cells transfected with OPN siRNA formed smaller tumor in mice and led to a lower microvessel density, i.e., angiogenesis, in transplanted tumors of mice than scrambled siRNA controls (12.88+/-7.14 vs. 28.42+/-9.69 vessels per HPF, P=0.019). CONCLUSION: These data confirm the positive role of OPN in endometrial cancer-associated angiogenesis and might be of great benefit for finding rational approach in endometrial cancer therapy.