[The action of pertussis vaccines and GMDP on the change in the enzymatic activity of macrophages from peritoneal exudate]. / Izuchenie deistviia kokliushnykh vaktsin i GMDP na izmenenie fermentativnoi aktivnosti makrofagov peritoneal'nogo ékssudata.

The influence of whole-cell and acellular pertussis vaccines, introduced both alone and in combination with N-acetylglucosaminylmuramyl-2-alanine-D-isoglutamine (GMDP) on the activity of two enzymes of peritoneal exudate macrophages (5'-nucleotidase and Na+K(+)-adenosine triphosphatase) was studied. The study revealed that both pertussis vaccines exhibited immunomodulating properties, these properties being most pronounced in whole-cell pertussis vaccine. The use of GMDP in combination with pertussis vaccines led to changes in the enzymatic activity of peritoneal exudate macrophages, which was indicative of a decrease in the immunomodulating action of pertussis preparations.

[Effect of immunomodulators of various origin on the histamine-sensitizing activity of whole-cell pertussis vaccine]. / Vliianie immunomoduliatorov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniia na gistaminsensibiliziruiushchuiu aktivnost' korpuskuliarnoi kokliushnoi vaktsiny.

Changes in the histamine-sensitizing activity of whole-cell pertussis vaccine (PV) under the action of immunomodulators (IM) of bacterial (peptide and peptidoglycans), synthetic (peptidoglycan) and vegetable origin have been studied. The study has revealed that these IM, introduced orally and parenterally, exhibit histamine-sensitizing activity, depending on the nature of IM and the optimum selection of the doses of IM and PV.

[An increase in the immunogenicity of bacterial antigens under the influence of one of the derivatives of muramyl dipeptide]. / Povyshenie immunogennosti bakterial'nykh antigenov pod vliianiem odnogo iz derivatov muramildipeptida.

As revealed in animal experiments, glucosaminylmuramyl dipeptide (GMDP), the synthetic analog of muramyl dipeptide, when introduced intraperitoneally in a single injection or orally, exhibits adjuvant activity with respect to Citrobacter 0-antigens, Shigella flexneri and enhances the protective properties of dysentery and pertussis vaccines. The stimulating properties of GMDP depend on its dose, the route of its administration, the time elapsed after its administration, its ratio to the concomitant doses of bacterial antigens and to the dose of the virulent culture used for challenge.

[A comparative study of the immunological properties of peptidoglycans of different origins]. / Sravnitel'noe izuchenie immunologicheskikh svoistv peptidoglikanov razlichnogo proiskhozhdeniia.

The action of peptidoglycans (PG) of different origin has been experimentally studied in vivo. In these experiments PG of bacterial origin, such as blastolysin (BL), and synthetic PG, viz. muramyldipeptide (MDP) and its analog glucosaminylmuramyldipeptide (GMDP) have been used. Their toxicity, allergenic action, their effect on the phagocytic activity of peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM), the accumulation of antibody-producing cells in the spleen, antibody titer in the blood serum and delayed hypersensitivity to nonbacterial antigens have been determined. As revealed in this study, BL does not differ from MDP in its toxicity and allergenic action. The phagocytic activity of PEM under the influence of BL only insignificantly differs from their activity under the influence of MDP, but is lower than under the influence of GMDP. The adjuvant action of BL is somewhat higher than that of synthetic PG.

[Dot immunoenzyme analysis in biological research]. / Tochechnyi immunofermentnyi analiz v biologicheskikh issledovaniiakh.

The modern state, general methodologic problems and the possibilities to use in biological research the dot enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (dot-ELISA) are analysed in the review. New types of microporous polymer membranes and equipment for the application of the solid-phase reagent and performing the assay are considered. Different variants of dot-ELISA and methods for the evaluation of results obtained in the assay as well as the ways for its optimization are discussed.

[The use of pharmacological screening for characterizing the toxicity of pertussis vaccines]. / Ispol'zovanie farmakologicheskogo skrininga dlia kharakteristiki toksichnosti kokliushnykh vaktsin.

The influence of pertussis preparations, introduced by oral and parenteral routes, on the detoxifying function of the liver and the state of the nervous system of the animals was studied by methods used in pharmacology and toxicology. The use of these methods made it possible to find out side effects produced by corpuscular pertussis vaccine, introduced parenterally, on the detoxifying function of the liver and the state of the nervous system of the animals. The negative influence on the nervous system was more pronounced after the injection of the commercial adsorbed diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus vaccine used in this investigation than after the injection of pertussis monovaccine. The oral administration of corpuscular pertussis vaccine exerted no negative influence on the above-mentioned body functions of the animals.

[The effect of bacterial and synthetic peptidoglycans on the toxicity of a cell-free pertussis preparation]. / Vliianie bakterial'nykh i sinteticheskikh peptidoglikanov na toksichnost' beskletochnogo kokliushnogo preparata.

The influence of bacterial and synthetic peptidoglycans on the toxicity of acellular pertussis preparations (APP) has been studied in the mouse weight gain test and in the endotoxic shock development test on mice treated with Actinomycin D. The data obtained in these tests indicate that the immunomodulators (IM) under study are capable of changing (increasing or decreasing, depending on the dose) the toxic properties of APP. The antitoxic action of IM, established in this study, depends on the combination of the doses of IM and APP and the time elapsed from the time of immunization. The possibility of using these IM in a dose of 0.0001 microgram for reducing the LD50 of APP has been established. The use of IM belonging to the group of bacterial synthetic peptidoglycans for the development of acellular pertussis vaccines with reduced reactogenicity has been shown to hold much promise.

[Regression analysis in the study of dynamics of 5-nucleotidase activity in mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages]. / Primenenie metodov regressionnogo analiza pri izuchenii dinamiki aktivnosti 5-nukleotidazy makrofagov peritoneal'nogo ékssudata myshei.

The time course of the activity of 5-nucleotidase of peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEM) was studied on mice. Regression models of in time changes in the activity of PEM 5-nucleotidase after intraperitoneal administration of 2 immunostimulators: salmosan and blastolysine were constructed by the results of the study. Within the experimentally chosen periods of the study the time changes in the enzyme activity after administration of either salmosan or blastolysine could be adequately approximated by linear regression. The models enabled predicting the enzyme activity levels at various moments within wide ranges after administration of the immunostimulators. Moreover, it is recommended that the regression models of changes in 5-nucleotidase activity after intraperitoneal administration of the immunostimulators be used for quantitative comparison of their efficacy.

[Action of plant extracts on the natural immunity indices of animals]. / Izuchenie deistviia rastitel'nykh ékstraktov na pokazateli estestvennogo immuniteta zhivotnykh.

The influence of extracts from oak bark, St. John's-wort leaves and pine buds on natural immunity characteristics of mice has been studied. The injection of these extracts into mice has been found to enhance their resistance to infection with Staphylococcus aureus and Bordetella pertussis virulent cultures, to decrease the enzymatic activity of 5'-nucleotidase in the peritoneal exudate macrophages of mice and to increase the level of lysozyme in their blood. The action of these extracts has proved to depend on their dosage and the time of observation.

[Effect of blastolysin on the development of specific immunity to whooping cough]. / Vliianie blastolizina na razvitie spetsificheskogo immuniteta k kokliushu.

The influence of blastolysin, the cell-wall glycopeptide of Lactobacillus bulgaricus, on the main immunobiological properties of pertussis vaccine, its immunogenicity and toxicity, has been studied. The use of blastolysin, introduced as a stimulating agent in definite doses and following definite administration schedules, has been shown to permit achieving not only an increase in the immunogenicity of the corpuscular pertussis vaccine, but also a considerable decrease in its toxicity and histamine-sensitizing activity.

[Change in the natural immunity of mice after administration of blastolysin, a glycopeptide from the Lactobacillus bulgaricus cell wall]. / Izmenenie estestvennogo immuniteta myshei pri vvedenii blastolizina--glikopeptida kletochnoi stenki Lactobacillus bulgaricus.

The effect of blastolysin, a glycopeptide of the cell walls of L. bulgaricus, on the resistance of mice to infections caused by S. typhimurium and B. pertussis, lysozyme levels in the blood serum and 5'-nucleotidase activity of peritoneal macrophages was studied. The changes in the nonspecific resistance of mice due to the effect of blastolysin depended on the administration route and the type of the developing infection. It activated the enzymatic activity of the peritoneal macrophages and changed the lysozyme levels in the blood serum of mice. The optimal protective effect of blastolysin was achieved on intramuscular injection in a dose of 100 micrograms.

[Characteristics of the immune response to a single peroral administration of different doses of corpuscular pertussis vaccine]. / Osobennosti immunnogo otveta pri odnokratnom peroral'nom vvedenii raznykh doz korpuskuliarnoi kokliushnoi vaktsiny.

The effect of oral administrations of different doses of pertussis vaccine on the humoral and cell-mediated responses of systemic immunity and on the immunomorphological transformation of the mucous membrane of the small intestine was studied in (CBA X C57BL/6)F1 mice. On day 28 after the administration of all the tested doses of pertussis vaccine the animals were found to have a high degree of protection from the development of meningoencephalitis induced by the inoculation of Bordetella pertussis in the absence of specific hemagglutinins in their blood sera. At the same time the formation of spontaneous and immune rosette-forming cells and splenocytes was found to be inversely related to the administered dose. The immunomorphological transformation observed in the mucous membrane of the small intestine and in the lymphoid tissue associated with the small intestine was indicative of the stimulation of local immunity. The results thus obtained suggest that a single oral administration of pertussis vaccine to mice stimulates cell-mediated and humoral reactions of local immunity and induces the development of systemic cell-mediated immunity.

[Effect of cucumarioside (a triterpene glycoside from the holothurian Cucumaria japonica) on the development of an immune response in mice to corpuscular pertussis vaccine]. / Vliianie kukumariozida (triterpenovogo glikozida iz goloturii Cucumaria japonica) na razvitie immunnogo otveta myshei na korpuskuliarnuiu kokliushnuiu vaktsinu.

The influence of cucumarioside, triterpene glycoside obtained from Cucumaria japonica (Echinodermata, Holoturioidea), or sea cucumbers, on the resistance of mice to Bordetella pertussis infection (with the use experimental pertussis meningoencephalitis as a model) and on the development of immune response to corpuscular pertussis vaccine was studied. The preparation under test was shown to have greatly pronounced immunomodulating properties depending on both the concentration of cucumarioside and the route of its administration, as well as on the dose of pertussis vaccine. When administered orally in a dose of 4 micrograms per mouse and intraperitoneally in doses of 0.04 and 0.0004 micrograms, cucumarioside enhanced the protective effect of corpuscular pertussis vaccine. The use of cucumarioside in a dose of 0.001 micrograms per mouse abolished the suppressive action of large doses of pertussis vaccine in the background rosette-formation test at an early period after immunization and increased number of immune rosettes formed by lymphocytes in the spleen of mice immunized with different doses of the corpuscular vaccine.