Effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrate hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of high and moderate non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) hay on insulin, glucose, triglyceride, and leptin concentrations in overweight Arabian geldings. Eight adult overweight (average BCS 7 [9-point scale]) Arabian geldings were fed each of two orchardgrass hays, high NSC (18% DM) and moderate NSC (12% DM), in a cross over design during two 28-day periods. Body weight and body condition score assessment along with blood sampling to measure insulin, glucose, leptin, and triglyceride concentrations were performed on days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of each period. Effects of hay, period, day, and day*hay on plasma glucose and serum leptin were not detected. Serum insulin was influenced by hay (p = 0.001), day (p = 0.03), and day*hay (p = 0.04). Insulin concentrations were higher on day 7 in the high NSC group (15.6 µIU/ml) than the moderate NSC group (9.5 µIU/ml), but not by day 14 (p = 0.0007). Plasma triglyceride was influenced by period (p = 0.0003), day*period (p < 0.0001), and day*hay (p = 0.02). Hyperinsulinaemia was not observed in the overweight Arabian geldings fed either a moderate or high NSC hay.

Alzheimer's disease: a review for the ophthalmologist.

Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent dementia. Definitive diagnosis is made only at autopsy, although "probable" diagnoses are made using clinical criteria. Patients with Alzheimer's disease demonstrate severe deficits in memory with cortical features of language difficulty and visuomotor spatial deficits. They also may present with psychotic symptoms of delusions and hallucinations, and personality and behavioral changes. Advancing age, genetics, and environmental risk factors are important in the development of Alzheimer's disease. Visual abnormalities have been described in Alzheimer's disease and may be related to the development of visual hallucinations. Although palliative treatments exist for the cognitive loss and behavioral symptoms, future treatments will focus on both delay of onset and slowing of progression of the disease. Continued research is needed to further understand this devastating disorder, which may in turn lead to more successful treatments.

Occipital atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations in Alzheimer's disease.

In this study of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), patients with visual hallucinations were compared with patients who did not have visual hallucinations to determine if selective occipital lobe atrophy is associated with visual hallucinations. Seven AD patients with visual hallucinations were matched by cognitive score to 7 AD patients without visual hallucinations and 3-D MRI images obtained. A ratio of measured occipital volumes to whole brain volumes was compared between the two groups. AD patients with visual hallucinations had a significantly smaller occipital/whole brain ratio than AD patients without visual hallucinations. These results suggest visual hallucinations in AD may be associated with neuropathology of the occipital lobe.

Primary school teachers' beliefs and advice to parents concerning sugar consumption and activity in children.

The available body of scientific evidence does not support the notion that sugar consumption has significant adverse effects on children's behaviours; however, responses to a mailed questionnaire indicated that more than 80% of 389 Canadian primary school teachers believed that sugar consumption contributes to increasing activity of normal children and to the behavioural problems of hyperactive children. Moreover, in the previous three years, 55% of all respondents had counselled the parents of children whom they believed to be hyperactive to consider reducing their child's sugar consumption to control the child's activity, and parents frequently did so. These results indicate that teachers need to be provided with accurate and up-to-date information about the effects of sugar on children's behaviour and about effective treatments for hyperactivity. Possible origins of beliefs about the reputed adverse behavioural effects of sugar and about factors that may serve to perpetuate these beliefs are discussed.