The Quebec Semantic Memory Battery: Development, Standardization, and Psychometric Assessment of a Semantic Memory Battery in French.

OBJECTIVE: People with aphasia often experience semantic memory (SM) impairment. To improve diagnostic outcomes, SM tasks should recruit various sensory input channels (oral, written, and pictographic), permitting accessible, complete evaluation. There is a need for SM batteries for French-speaking Quebecers that use multiple input channels. The present study, therefore, describes the development of a novel French-language semantic battery: la Batterie québécoise de la mémoire sémantique (BQMS), the assessment of the BQMS's psychometric properties, and the establishment of normative data for the BQMS. METHOD: We first developed eight SM tasks. Following a pilot validation study, we determined the BQMS's reliability and validity, to ensure consistent, accurate detection of SM impairment. Among French-speaking Quebecers with cerebrovascular aphasia (n = 10), people with the semantic variant of Primary Progressive Aphasia (n = 4), and healthy controls (n = 14), we examined its convergent validity, concurrent validity, test-retest reliability, and internal consistency. Finally, we established normative data for the BQMS by calculating cut-off scores per task that indicate SM impairment (in 93 cognitively healthy French-speaking Quebecers), stratified by sociodemographic variables associated with performance. RESULTS: The BQMS shows high concurrent, discriminant, and convergent validity, as well as good test-retest reliability and internal consistency. The cut-off score indicating SM impairment ranged from the 2nd to 25th percentiles (stratified by task, age, and sex). CONCLUSIONS: The BQMS's psychometric properties indicate that it could be a valuable clinical tool for detecting SM impairment. Our normative data will help clinicians detect such impairments.

The process of implementing culture change across a city-operated long-term care home and the importance of stakeholder engagement.

This article describes the Quality Improvement (QI) initiative of a culture change model, CareTO. CareTO is a made-in-Toronto, resident-driven, person-centred approach to care that was implemented across all units of a City of Toronto-operated Long-Term Care (LTC) home during the COVID-19 pandemic. The City of Toronto's Seniors Services and Long-Term Care (SSLTC) Division partnered with an external QI team to support the implementation of CareTO at the pilot site. This team employed a multi-method approach (fact-gathering conversations, stakeholder survey, and meeting) to understand how residents, families, and professionals defined CareTO, and identified implementation facilitators, barriers, and priorities. Emerging findings were shared with SSLTC to inform the delivery of CareTO in real time. Results suggested that stakeholder engagement, and collaborations between external partners and municipal governments are an effective means of mobilizing implementation initiatives by encouraging reflection, developing a shared understanding, and refining objectives.

Using Travel Diaries to Examine the Extent to Which Older Adult Centres Are a Focal Point for Recreation and Social Activities.

This study aimed to better understand the extent to which older adult centres are a focal point for recreation and social activities for their members. Travel diaries completed by 261 members of 12 older adult centres across Ontario provided comprehensive and real-time (24-hour) data over two consecutive weeks concerning time away from home, trip purposes, and modes of travel. The data showed that nearly one-third of their trips included a stop at their older adult centre. Three-quarters also went to other community venues over the study period, possibly to access amenities (e.g., pools) not available at their centre. Notwithstanding, their local older adult centre was still a focal point in out-of-home travel, particularly for potentially more vulnerable older adults, including those who were non-drivers, had less education, and felt lonelier. The diaries also substantiated the importance of time spent socializing with peers and staff at the centre, apart from formal program participation.

Patients, Caregivers, and Healthcare Providers' Experiences with COVID Care and Recovery across the Care Continuum: A Qualitative Study.

Introduction: During the COVID-19 pandemic, discharge timelines were accelerated and patients were moved across the continuum of care, from acute to post-acute care, to relieve the strain in health system capacity. This study aimed to investigate the COVID-19 care pathway from the perspective of patients, caregivers, and healthcare providers to understand their experiences with care and recovery within and across care settings. Methods: A qualitative descriptive study. Patients and their families from an inpatient COVID-19 unit and healthcare providers from an acute or rehabilitation COVID-19 unit were interviewed. Results: A total of 27 participants were interviewed. Three major themes were identified: 1) The perceived quality and pace of COVID-19 care improved from acute care to inpatient rehabilitation; 2) Care transitions were especially distressing; and 3) Recovery from COVID-19 stagnated in the community. Conclusion: Inpatient rehabilitation was viewed as higher quality due to the slower paced care. Care transitions were distressing for stakeholders and enhanced integration between acute and rehabilitation care were suggested to improve patient handover. A lack of rehabilitation access led to recovery stagnating for patients discharged to the community. Telerehab may improve the transition to home and ensure access to adequate rehabilitation and support in the community.

Access to Community Support Services among Older Adults in Social Housing in Ontario.

Community support services are an integral enabler of aging in place. In social housing, older adult tenants struggle to access these services because of the siloed nature of housing and health services. This study examined the provision of government-funded community support services to 83 seniors' social housing buildings in Toronto, Ontario. Although there were 56 different agencies operating within the buildings, only about one third of older tenants were actually receiving services. There was a subset of services that were available in more than 80 per cent of the buildings, and the most widely accessed services were food supports, crisis intervention, transportation, caregiver support, and hearing/vision care. There were also many cases in which multiple agencies offered duplicative services within the same building, suggesting that there are opportunities for improving service coordination. Practice recommendations for increasing access to community support services among low-income older adults in social housing are provided.

The experiences of patients, family caregivers, healthcare providers, and health service leaders with compassionate care following hospitalization with COVID-19: a qualitative study.

PURPOSE: This study explored the experiences of patients, caregivers, healthcare providers, and health service leaders of compassion in the care of people hospitalized with COVID-19. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is a secondary analysis of qualitative data deriving from primary research data on recommendations for healthcare organizations providing care to people hospitalized with COVID-19. Participants comprised patients with COVID-19 (n = 10), family caregivers (n = 5) and HCPs in COVID-19 units (n = 12). Primary research data were analyzed deductively under the "lens" of compassion, as defined by Goetz. RESULTS: Four interacting themes were found: (1) COVID-19 - to care or not to care? The importance of feeling safe, (2) A lonely illness - suffering in isolation with COVID-19, (3) Compassionate care for people with COVID-19 across the hospital continuum, and (4) Sustaining compassionate care for people hospitalized with COVID-19 - healthcare provider compassion fatigue and burnout. CONCLUSIONS: Compassionate care is not a given for people hospitalized with COVID-19. Healthcare providers must feel safe to provide care before responding compassionately. People hospitalized with COVID-19 experience additional suffering through isolation. Compassionate care for people hospitalized with COVID-19 is more readily identifiable in the rehabilitation setting. However, compassion fatigue and burnout in this context threaten healthcare sustainability.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONHealthcare providers need to feel physically and psychologically safe to provide compassionate care for people hospitalized with COVID-19.People hospitalized with COVID-19 infection experience added suffering through the socially isolating effects of physical distancing.Compassion and virtuous behaviours displayed by healthcare providers are expected and valued by patients and caregivers, including during the COVID-19 pandemic.High levels of compassion fatigue and burnout threaten the sustainability of hospital-based care for people with COVID-19.

Housing Satisfaction Among Older Adults Living in Low-Income Seniors' Housing.

Tenant experience surveys are a key tool for social housing landlords to gauge their success in providing high quality housing. This paper examines feedback from a tenant experience survey facilitated in a low-income housing seniors' housing community to: (1) examine their perceptions of their housing across key domains related to tenant satisfaction; and (2) identify opportunities they felt would improve their housing experience. A total of 1,114 households completed the survey. Results showed that tenants generally had high satisfaction with property management, safety and security, communication with staff, access to services, community support, and tenancy management. However, open-ended comments from tenants highlighted specific situations that negatively impacted their housing, including maintenance issues, safety concerns, and limited access to health and social programs. Findings point to several suggestions for social housing providers to enhance their services to foster inclusive, supportive, and safe housing environments for low-income older adults.

Building a national network of student leaders in gerontology: Reflections on the student representative program.

The Canadian Association on Gerontology's Student Connection facilitates a national Student Representative program to promote the field of gerontology at local post-secondary institutions. Student Representatives are expected to host professional development and networking events on their campus to bring together students interested in the field of aging. Student-run groups help foster interest in aging-related careers and research, yet few studies explore how these groups are developed and sustained. As part of this quality improvement project, we examined (1) who participates as a Student Representative; (2) why students choose to participate in the program; and (3) how Student Representatives fulfil their role (including barriers and facilitators). We conclude with a discussion of the challenges that the Student Connection's executive committee has faced supporting this national network and identify opportunities to further enhance the program. Practical implications to support student engagement and promote sustainability of student-driven aginginterest groups are outlined.

Aging in Place in Social Housing: A Scoping Review of Social Housing for Older Adults.

Access to affordable housing is a rising concern, and social housing is one approach to support low-income, older renters. A scoping review was undertaken to understand the characteristics of older tenants and social housing services to identify strategies to promote aging in place. Seven peer review databases were searched to identify relevant articles. A total of 146 articles were included. Almost all examined socio-demographic and health characteristics of older tenants, while 72 per cent examined social housing services, including eligibility policies, staffing, and access to on-site services. This review points to a high vulnerability among older tenants and highlights the importance of co-locating services on-site with a tenant-facing support staff to identify vulnerable tenants and link them to services. More research on tenancy issues (e.g., unit condition, rental management) is needed to identify new opportunities for social housing landlords to help older tenants age in place.

The missing link: creating opportunities for older people to participate in academic conferences.

Including people with lived experience in knowledge co-creation and sharing processes is critical for enhancing the value and quality of health and social care research. In this brief report, we reflect on a collaboration between researchers and older people to judge a student poster competition at a virual seniors housing conference. We describe the steps taken to facilitate the judging process and present five recommendations to foster meaningful partnerships with older people at academic conferences and increase opportunities for emerging and established gerontological researchers to involve older people in their work.

Designing and Implementing a New Seniors Services Coordinator Role for Low-Income Housing: A Qualitative Study.

Older adults living in social housing are disproportionally impacted by poverty, social isolation, and chronic health conditions that negatively impact their housing stability. In response, service coordination models of care that provide proactive case management have seen widespread adoption across low-income seniors housing communities. We examined the design and implementation of a new "seniors services coordinator" (SSC) role that was introduced by a social housing provider in Toronto, Canada. We conducted qualitative focus groups with tenants (n = 16), housing and policy staff (n = 16), and government-funded care coordinators (n = 16) to understand how the new SSC position formed relationships with tenants, assessed tenant needs and coordinated services, and built partnerships with government-funded system navigators. Since staff were assigned to specific buildings and had smaller caseloads, stakeholders felt that the SSC would be well positioned to build relationships of trust with tenants. Histories of mistrust, boundaries and time management, role conflicts, and system-level barriers, however, made it difficult for SSCs to fully carry out their role. Our findings highlight several design and implementation considerations that may impact the success of tenant-facing support staff such as SSCs, which can serve as a roadmap for other housing providers looking to implement similar initiatives.

Implementation considerations for delivering inpatient COVID rehabilitation: A qualitative study.

RATIONALE: Patients recovering from significant COVID-19 infections benefit from rehabilitation; however, aspects of rehabilitative care can be difficult to implement amidst COVID infection control measures. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: We used the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) to evaluate the rapid implementation of a COVID zone in an in-patient rehabilitation hospital at the onset of the first wave of the pandemic. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were conducted with health care providers (n = 12) supporting the COVID zone, as well as with patients (n = 10) who were discharged from the COVID zone and their family caregivers (n = 5). The interviews explored the successes and challenges of working on the unit and the quality of care that was delivered to patients recovering from COVID. RESULTS: Rapid implementation of the COVID zone was supported by champions at the middle-management level but challenged by a number of factors, including: conflicting expert opinions on best infection control practices (outer setting), limited flow of information from senior leaders to frontline staff (inner setting), lack of rehabilitation equipment and understanding of how to provide high quality rehabilitative care in this context (intervention characteristics), willingness and self-efficacy of staff working in the COVID zone (individual characteristics) and lack of time to reflect on and assess effectiveness (process). CONCLUSIONS: While there was an apparent need for rapid implementation of a COVID rehabilitation zone, senior leadership, middle management and frontline staff faced several challenges. Future evaluations should focus on how to adapt COVID rehabilitation services during fluctuating pandemic restrictions, and to account for rehabilitative needs of people recovering from significant COVID infections.

Infection prevention and control across the continuum of COVID-19 care: A qualitative study of patients', caregivers' and providers' experiences.

INTRODUCTION: Healthcare facilities adopted restrictive visitor policies as a result of the COVID-19 (COVID) pandemic. Though these measures were necessary to promote the safety of patients, families and healthcare providers, it led to isolation and loneliness amongst acute care inpatients that can undermine patient rehabilitation and recovery. The study objectives were to (1) explore how infection prevention and control (IP&C) measures impacted stakeholders' perceptions of care quality and interactions with others and (2) investigate how these experiences and perceptions varied across stakeholder groups and care settings. METHODS: A qualitative descriptive study was conducted. Patients and their families from an inpatient COVID rehabilitation hospital and healthcare providers from an acute or rehabilitation COVID hospital were interviewed between August 2020 and February 2021. RESULTS: A total of 10 patients, 5 family members and 12 healthcare providers were interviewed. Four major themes were identified: (1) IP&C measures challenged the psychosocial health of all stakeholders across care settings; (2): IP&C measures precipitated a need for greater relational care from HCPs; (3) infection prevention tenets perpetuated COVID-related stigma that stakeholders experienced across care settings; and (4) technology was used to facilitate human connection when IP&C limited physical presence. CONCLUSION: IP&C measures challenged psychosocial health and maintenance of vital human connections. Loneliness and isolation were felt by all stakeholders due to physical distancing and COVID-related stigma. Some isolation was mitigated by the relational care provided by HCPs and technological innovations used. The findings of the study underscore the need to balance safety with psychosocial well-being across care settings and beyond the patient-provider dyad. PATIENT AND PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: This study was informed by the Patient-Oriented Research Agenda and developed through consultations with patients and family caregivers to identify priority areas for rehabilitation research. Priority areas identified that informed the current study were (1) the need to focus on the psychosocial aspects of recovery from illness and injury and (2) the importance of exploring patients' recovery experiences and needs across the continuum of care. The study protocol, ethics submission, analysis and manuscript preparation were all informed by healthcare providers with lived experience of working in COVID care settings.

"We could be good partners if we work together": the perspectives of health and social service providers on the barriers to forming collaborative partnerships with social housing providers for older adults.

BACKGROUND: Many older adults are aging-at-home in social housing. However, the lack of integration between housing and health services makes it difficult for older tenants to access needed supports. We examined barriers and facilitators health and social service providers face providing on-site services to older tenants. METHODS: We conducted semi-structured qualitative interviews and focus groups with health and social service professionals (n = 58) in Toronto, Canada who provide community programs in support of older tenants who live in non-profit, rent-geared-to-income social housing. Interviews examined the barriers they faced in providing on-site services to older tenants. FINDINGS: Service providers strongly believed that collaboration with on-site housing staff led to better health and housing outcomes for older tenants. Despite the recognized benefits of partnering with housing staff, service providers felt that their ability to work effectively in the building was dependent on the staff (particularly the superintendent) assigned to that building. They also identified other barriers that made it difficult to work collaboratively with the housing provider, including staffing challenges such as high staff turnover and confusion about staff roles, a lack of understanding among housing staff about the link between housing and health, challenges sharing confidential information across sectors, and complex and inefficient partnership processes. CONCLUSION: Older adult tenants are increasingly vulnerable and in need of supports but the housing provider has a long history of ineffective partnerships with service providers driven by complex and inefficient staffing models, and an organizational culture that questions the role of and need for partnerships. Findings highlight the need for more effective integration of housing and health services. Simplified processes for establishing partnerships with service agencies and more opportunities for communication and collaboration with housing staff would ensure that services are reaching the most vulnerable tenants.

Perceptions of Risk: Perspectives on Crime and Safety in Public Housing for Older Adults.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: An increasing number of older adults are aging in place in public housing. Public housing is perceived to have higher rates of crime that have detrimental impacts on health and well-being. We used a qualitative approach to understand the experiences of safety and unsafety for older adults in public housing. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Participants included older adult tenants (n = 58) as well as service providers (n = 58) who offer supports directly in the buildings. Semistructured qualitative interviews and focus groups were used to explore (a) what makes the buildings feel unsafe, (b) how safety concerns affect access to support services, and (c) strategies used to promote safety. RESULTS: Participants acknowledged the importance of safety for creating a home-like environment; however, many described feeling unsafe at home or work. Participants described extreme examples of antisocial behaviors that were pervasive and viewed as commonplace. Lack of building security was a key issue, which was compounded by a perceived lack of accountability. While service providers were willing to accept a certain level of risk, many acknowledged that unsafe situations forced them to withdraw in-home services or stop community programs, further contributing to feelings of unsafety. In the absence of effective formal security, participants described several measures taken to mitigate risk. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS: Our findings point to the need for enhanced physical and environmental safety infrastructure, improved building management, increased on-site security, as well as other proactive measures to reduce risk by creating a greater sense of connection and community within the buildings.

Development and Evaluation of Let's Do Lunch: A Congregate Meal Program at an Urban Senior Center.

A mixed-methods needs assessment was conducted in an urban senior center serving lower-income seniors in Toronto, Ontario, to determine whether they should offer a congregate meal program. Methods included three focus groups with participants (n = 31), a focus group with staff (n = 8), a center-wide survey (n = 36), and a community scan of programs in the area. Interviews with five coordinators at other seniors' centers who offered meal programs were also used to gauge interest and assist with program development. The results of these activities supported offering a twice weekly lunch program with user fees. Over a 6-month pilot period, process evaluation was conducted, comprising observations, record review, and focus groups with participants (n = 9) and staff/volunteers (n = 7) to examine delivery, usage, and costs. Results indicated that the program was well-received and affordable, and that demands on staff were reasonable when a facilitator with culinary training was available. The lessons learned can be used to guide other senior centers in developing and evaluating congregate meal programs.

A systematic review on community-based interventions for elder abuse and neglect.

Elder abuse and neglect is a societal issue that requires prevention and intervention strategies at the practice and policy level. A systematic review on the efficacy of community-based elder abuse interventions was undertaken to advance the state of knowledge in the field. The peer-reviewed literature between 2009 and December 2015 were searched across four databases. Two raters independently reviewed all articles, assessed their methodological quality, and used a modified Sackett Scale to assign levels of evidence. Four thousand nine hundred and five articles were identified; nine were selected for inclusion. Although there was Level-1 evidence for psychological interventions (n = 2), only one study on strategies for relatives (START) led to a reported decrease in elder abuse. There was Level-4 evidence for conservatorship, an elder abuse intervention/prevention program (ECARE), and a multidisciplinary intervention (n = 4), in which one study yielded significant decreases in elder abuse and/or neglect. The remaining three were classified as Level-5 evidence (n = 3) for elder mediation and multidisciplinary interventions. There are limited studies with high levels of evidence for interventions that decrease elder abuse and neglect. The scarcity of community-based interventions for older adults and caregivers highlights the need for further work to elevate the quality of studies.

Implementing Montessori Methods for Dementia: A Scoping Review.

Purpose of the Study: A scoping review was conducted to develop an understanding of Montessori-based programing (MBP) approaches used in dementia care and to identify optimal ways to implement these programs across various settings. Design and Methods: Six peer-reviewed databases were searched for relevant abstracts by 2 independent reviewers. Included articles and book chapters were those available in English and published by the end of January 2016. Twenty-three articles and 2 book chapters met the inclusion criteria. Results: Four approaches to implementing MBP were identified: (a) staff assisted (n = 14); (b) intergenerational (n = 5); (c) resident assisted (n = 4); and (d) volunteer or family assisted (n = 2). There is a high degree of variability with how MBP was delivered and no clearly established "best practices" or standardized protocol emerged across approaches except for resident-assisted MBP. Implications: The findings from this scoping review provide an initial road map on suggestions for implementing MBP across dementia care settings. Irrespective of implementation approach, there are several pragmatic and logistical issues that need to be taken into account for optimal implementation.

The Role of Semantic Diversity in Word Recognition across Aging and Bilingualism.

Frequency effects are pervasive in studies of language, with higher frequency words being recognized faster than lower frequency words. However, the exact nature of frequency effects has recently been questioned, with some studies finding that contextual information provides a better fit to lexical decision and naming data than word frequency (Adelman et al., 2006). Recent work has cemented the importance of these results by demonstrating that a measure of the semantic diversity of the contexts that a word occurs in provides a powerful measure to account for variability in word recognition latency (Johns et al., 2012, 2015; Jones et al., 2012). The goal of the current study is to extend this measure to examine bilingualism and aging, where multiple theories use frequency of occurrence of linguistic constructs as central to accounting for empirical results (Gollan et al., 2008; Ramscar et al., 2014). A lexical decision experiment was conducted with four groups of subjects: younger and older monolinguals and bilinguals. Consistent with past results, a semantic diversity variable accounted for the greatest amount of variance in the latency data. In addition, the pattern of fits of semantic diversity across multiple corpora suggests that bilinguals and older adults are more sensitive to semantic diversity information than younger monolinguals.