[Follicular lymphoma. High-dose immunochemotherapy with autologous blood stem cell transplantation: Results of the first prospective study in Russia]. / Follikulyarnaya limfoma. Vysokodoznaya immunokhimioterapiya s transplantatsiei autologichnykh stvolovykh kletok krovi: rezul'taty pervogo prospektivnogo issledovaniya v Rossii.

AIM: to evaluate the efficiency of high-dose chemotherapy (HDCT) with further autologous blood stem cell transplantation (auto-BSCT) in the first-line therapy of patients with follicular lymphoma (FL) and poor prognostic factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In 2000 to 2015, the National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, performed therapy in 39 patients with FL and poor prognostic factors (a total of 215 patients with FL). The R-CHOP treatment was done as induction therapy. Sequential HCT and further auto-BSCT were performed in 29 (74%) of the 39 patients, who had shown a partial tumor response to the induction therapy or achieved partial remission after 4-6 cycles of CT, but had poor prognostic factors. 22 of the 29 patients underwent auto-BSCT in first-line therapy after induction R-CHOP regimens. Among them, there were 17 men with a median age of 46 years (31-68 years). 21 of the 22 patients were recorded to have Stage IV by the Ann Arbor staging classification. Bulky peritoneal and retroperitoneal tumors larger than 7 cm were detectable at disease onset in 14 of the 22 cases. Two patients were noted to have phenomena of leukemization. 16 patients had bone marrow (BM) involvement. According to the Follicular Lymphoma International Prognostic Index-1 (FLIPI-1), the patients were divided into 3 groups: 1) a low risk (n=5); 2) an intermediate risk (n=3); a high risk (n=14). B-symptoms were observed in 16 cases. 16 patients were diagnosed with cytological grade I-II FL and 6 had grade IIIA. According to the tumor proliferative pattern, the distribution turned out to be as follows: nodular (n=6), nodular-diffuse (n=13), and diffuse (n=3). The proliferative activity index averaged 30% (8-90%). Serum and urine proteins were immmunochemically assayed in 18 cases, out of them 8 patients were diagnosed as having serum ß2-microglobulin concentrations above normal as a poor prognostic factor. In 14 of the 22 patients, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase was greater than normal (266-7806 U/l). RESULTS: Out of the 22 patients, 20 who have undergone auto-BSCT in first-line therapy are survivors and have remission of the underlying disease: 18 and 2 patients achieved complete and partial remission, respectively. The follow-up period was 7 to 178 months (median, 32 months). After auto-BSCT in the first remission, 2 patients developed disease recurrences: an early recurrence after 9 months in one case and a late recurrence 6 years after completion of therapy in the other. CONCLUSION: The first prospective study of intensive therapy for FL in Russia has demonstrated that HDCT with further auto-BSCT in first-line therapy allows complete remission in patients with poor prognostic factors and higher overall and progression-free survival rates.

[Late cardiotoxicity of high-dose chemotherapy according to the modified NHL-BFM-90 program in adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma].

AIM: To evaluate the late cardiotoxicity (CT) of high-dose chemotherapy (CT) according to the modified NHL-BFM-90 (mNHL-BFM-90) protocol in adult patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The results of electrocardiography (ECG) and echocardiography (echoCG) were analyzed in 40 DLBCL patients treated according to the mNHL-BFM-90 program in the Hematology Research Center (HRC), Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS), in 2002 to 2009. A study group consisted of 20 men and 20 women whose age was 31 to 76 years; median age was 56.5 years at the time of their examination and the median follow-up time after therapy was 6 years. The individual cumulative dose of doxorubicin was 150-300 mg/M2. A comparison group included 19 patients receiving CHOP/R-CHOP CT in HRC, RAMS, in 2002 to 2009. Out of them, there were 8 men and 11 women whose age was 39 to 78 years median age was 70 years at the time of their examination. The individual cumulative dose of doxorubicin was 200-400 mg/M2. ECG and echoCG were carried out before and 5 years or more after CT. RESULTS: Out of the 40 patients with DLBCL, the signs of subclinical cardiomyopathy (CMP) were detected in 24 (60%) patients; no clinical manifestations of congestive heart failure (CHF) were found in any patient. In the comparison group of 19 patients receiving CHOP/R-CHOP CT, 14 (74%) patients were found to have signs of subclinical CMP and no clinical signs of CHF. The summary toxicity index significantly depended on age (p=0.03) and a history of heart disease (p=0.3); it was significantly higher after CHOP/R-CHOP CT (p=0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship of the risk of subclinical CMP to the history of heart diseases (p=0.05). CONCLUSION: Late cardiotoxicity of the mNHL-BFM-90 program does not exceed the toxicity of standard CHOP/R-CHOP therapy. Post-CT Echo-CG and ECG findings showed that the patients with the most marked subclinical signs of CMP in both groups had cardiotoxicity risk factors, such as coronary heart disease, hypertensive disease, or diabetes in their history. No clinically significant CHF was identified in any patient.

[Diagnosis and treatment in patients with B-cell lymphoma unclassified that is intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma]. / Diagnostika i lechenie bol'nykh V-kletochnoi limfomoi neklassifitsiruemoi, zanimayushchei promezhutochnoe polozhenie mezhdu diffuznoi V-krupnokletochnoi limfomoi i limfomoi Berkitta.

AIM: To characterize a group of patients with B-cell lymphoma (BCLU) unclassified that is intermediate between diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and Burkitt's lymphoma, to identify poor prognostic factors, and to evaluate therapeutic efficiency in patients with BCLU. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients with BCLU were examined. Double-hit lymphoma (DHL) was diagnosed in 8 (32%) patients. According to the Ann-Arbor classification of lymphoma, its stages II, III, and IV were diagnosed in 3 (12%), 2 (8%), and 20 (80%) patients, respectively. MYC rearrangement was observed in 11 (48%) out of 23 patients: single-hit lymphoma in 3 patients and DHL in 8 (BCL2+/MYC+ in 6 cases and BCL6+/MYC+ in 2). The expression of с-MYC (cut off ≥40%) was revealed in 17 (74%) out of 23 patients; that of BCL2 (cut off ≥50%) was detected in 14 (58%) out of 24 patients; coexpression of both proteins was seen in 12 (52%) out of 23 patients. The DHL group showed a correlation between the rearrangement of the BCL2+/MYC+ genes and the expression of MYC and BCL2 proteins in 5 out of 6 patients. Taking into account the heterogeneity of the entire patient group, DHL and non-DHL subgroups were considered separately. Both subgroups were comparable by clinical characteristics. BCLU patients younger than 60 years of age received treatment according to the LB-M-04 ± rituximab; those aged 60 or older had CHOP-like regimens ± rituximab. Autologous stem cell transplantation (auto-SCT) was performed in 5 patients belonging to a high-risk group. RESULTS: The 3-year overall survival (OS) was 62% and the 3-year event-free survival (EFS) was 51%. The 3-year OS was lower for the DHL group than that for the non-DHL group (43 and 75%, respectively). CONCLUSION: In the DHL group, both OS and EFS are significantly lower (the risk of poor outcome, including death, is higher) than those in the non-DHL group. It is conceivable that intensified chemotherapy with auto-SCT increases treatment results in patients with BCLU; however, a larger number of observations are needed to obtain valid data.

[Experience with outpatient treatment for thromboses and thrombophilias].

AIM: To evaluate the efficiency of diagnosis and treatment of thromboses in patients with thrombophilia in an outpatient setting. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: One hundred and seventy-two patients with different forms of thrombophilic states were examined. One hundred and thirty-two patients were found to have genetic mutations, of them 125 patients had multiple mutations. Thromboses were diagnosed in 130 patients with genetic disorders. RESULTS: The most common laboratory markers of thrombophilias were hyperhomocysteinemia (55%), sticky platelet syndrome (41%), and laboratory findings of antiphospholipid syndrome. Thrombogenic mutations, such as plasminogen activator plasminogen inhibitor-1 (73%), methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (60%), platelet glycoprotein 1a receptors (50%), and fibrinogen (42%), were most often diagnosed. The efficiency of treatment was shown to largely depend on the duration of an initial thrombotic process. CONCLUSION: Outpatient treatment for thromboses is more economical and comfortable for patients. To avoid hospital admissions, it is necessary to time detect the disease and to start its treatment as soon as possible. The concurrent use of ultrasonography, genetic and laboratory diagnostic methods accelerates the identification and localization of the pathology, which facilitates its treatment and frequently rules out the need for patient hospitalization.

[A case of spontaneous chylothorax complicating pregnancy].

The paper gives a clinical case of left-sided chylothorax developing in a young woman in the second half of pregnancy due to thrombosis of the left internal jugular vein, left subclavian vein, and brachiocephalic trunk. Cesarean section was made. Medical treatment thereafter proved to be effective. The possible mechanisms for spontaneous venous thrombosis and chylothorax during pregnancy and the methods of their diagnosis and treatment are discussed.

[Differential diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia and mediastinal tumor in patients with lymphogranulomatosis after chemotherapy].

AIM: To make differential diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia and mediastinal tumor after chemotherapy (CT) in patients with Hodgkin's disease (HD). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The examination of 182 HD patients aged 16-71 years (median 28 years) included chest x-ray computed tomography (XCT) at baseline, during treatment, each 3 months, ultrasound investigation of the chest and abdominal cavity. All the patients received 6-8 courses of the treatment according to the program BEACOPP-14 followed by radiotherapy on the residual tumor in 137 patients, or not followed in 45patients. RESULTS: Soft tissue tumor in the anterior mediastinum was detected in 14 (31%) from 45 unirradiated patients (age 19-31 years, median 24 years) 1 to 10 months (median 3.5 months) after chemotherapy. The analysis of the data of ultrasound investigation and tomography identified a mediastinal lesion as thymic hyperplasia. The patients are now in remission with follow-up median 21 months (13-36 months). No recurrence was registered. CONCLUSION: Young HD patients with unirradiated mediastinum develop thymic hyperplasia in 31% cases within one year after chemotherapy. In view of this, detection of the lesion in the anterior mediastinum after CT demands complex examination for differential diagnosis of thymic hyperplasia with tumor recurrence to avoid unwanted intensification of the treatment.

[Peculiarities of the immune status of soldiers taken ill with extramural pneumonia during battle action].

The article deals with violations of general resistance of the organism of military men, who get extramural pneumonia during the battle action. The author analyzed the data of immune status in three groups of soldiers. Statistical analysis of materials led to the conclusion that violations of immunity in the main group depend on the circumstances and nature of military service. This fact indicates that the significant clinical and pathogenetic differences in the development, course and outcome of an extramural pneumonia against the background of chronic adaptation syndrome. Pathogenic peculiarities of patients with pneumonia against the background of the impact of extreme factors of the military conflicts are presented in a prolonged dysfunction of all parts of the immune system.

[Peculiarities of course of extramural pneumonia among military servicemen in conditions of local war and armed conflicts].

The aim of work was examination of peculiarities of outhospital pneumonia (OHP) among military servicemen, participants of local armed conflicts in areas of Prodnestrovie, Tadjikistan, North Ossetia, Abkhazia. There were retrospectively analyzed 139 archive patient histories of military servicemen, got pneumonia during 1990-1993. In structure of OHP of military servicemen predominating was pneumonia with not hard course of disease. Was educes a clear season dependence of appearance of pneumonia in described conditions with it's peculiarities. Each fifth patient form call-up contingent had deficit of weight. It influenced on course of disease. In 40% of cases of OHP there were coexistent diseases. Peculiarities in clinical forms of disease were not found. Using of antibacterial measures in treatment of OHP was empirical, during therapy of acute pneumonia were used 3 antibiotics simultaneously. For a more long-term of treatment had a need soldiers, participants of combat actions on the Northern Caucasus.

[Efficacy of conservative treatment of gastric lymphosarcoma].

AIM: To compare efficacy and toxicity of conservative therapy (different programs of polychemotherapy) of gastric lymphosarcoma conducted for the last 10 years in Hematological Research Center of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 63 patients (40 females and 23 males aged 14 to 78 years, mean age 49 years) with primary diagnosis of gastric lymphosarcoma (GL). Of them, 56 (89%) patients had diffuse large B-cell lymphosarcoma (DLBCL) and 7 (11%) had gastric Berkitt's lymphoma (BL). Only detection of t(8;14) with rearrangement of c-myc gene provided accurate diagnosis of gastric BL. By the treatment DLBCL patients were divided into two groups: 44 patients of group 1 received polychemotherapy (PCT) according to CHOP scheme or in combination with radiotherapy and surgical treatment; 12 patients of group 2 were treated according to modified program mNHL-BFM-90, without surgical or radiation treatment. Of 7 patients with gastric BL 5 patients received treatment according to a modified program mNHL-BFM-90 and 2 patients were given CHOP because of DLBCL misdiagnosis without cytogenetic detection of t(8;14). RESULTS: Overall survival in group 1 was 73% in mean follow-up 61 months. The survival depended only on initial factors of poor prognosis (PPF): tumor size over 10 cm, Ann-Arbor stage higher than IE, B-symptoms, elevated level of LDH. Overall survival of 18 gastric DLBCL patients without PPF reached 94%, of 26 patients with PPF - 60%. Lethality due to side effects was 4% (2 patients), primary resistance was 14% (6 patients), recurrence arose in 9% (4 patients). Overall survival in group 2 was 100% in mean remission duration 18 months, was unrelated to PPF (10 of 12 patients) but correlated with high toxicity. 5 BL patients treated with a modified mNHL-BFM-90 program achieved remission (a mean follow-up at present is 1 to 50 months, mean 24 months). 2 BL patients treated with CHOP died for a year. CONCLUSION: Gastric lymphosarcomas are sensitive to chemotherapy, thereby PCT only is effective in most patients. PPF in gastric DLBCL were responsible for poor outcome in 40% patients in CHOP treatment. The modified program mNHL-BFM-90 can produce up to 100% complete long-term remissions in therapy of gastric lymphosarcoma in adults both in BL and DLBCL patients. A cytogenetic examination of c-myc gene rearrangement is obligatory before initiation of PCT of gastric lymphosarcoma.

[Gamma-scintigraphy with Ga-67 citrate in differential diagnosis of residual tumors in lymphogranulomatosis and lymphosarcoma].

AIM: To study informative and diagnostic efficacy of quantitative evaluation of the results of gamma-scintigraphy in patients with lymphogranulomatosis and lymphosarcoma with prevalent mediastinal and pulmonary lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 100 patients with verified lymphogranulematosis were studied: 67 with lymphosarcoma and 33 with mediastinal involvement. The mediastinal tumor monitoring was made before therapy, in complete clinicohematological remission, in progression using a complex of radio-, clinicohematological, histomorphological and radionuclide methods. RESULTS: A comparative analysis of the findings of radiation, radionuclide and histomorphological examinations of the removed residual mediastinal tumor in 10 patients showed that scintigraphic evidence was similar to that of histological findings in most of the examinees. CONCLUSION: A high diagnostic efficacy of a complex of radiation and radionuclide methods with Ga-67 citrate based on estimation of accumulation intensity providing comprehensive information about mediastinal tumor is demonstrated. A comparative analysis was made of the results of radiation, radionuclide and histomorphological examinations of the removed residual lesion of the mediastinum in 10 patients. In most cases, scintigraphic findings coincided with the results of histological studies of biopsies of mediastinal residual lesion.

[Possibility of diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic complications in primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma]. / Vozmozhnosti diagnostiki i lecheniia tromboticheskikh oslozhnenii pri pervichnoi mediastenal'noi B-kletochnoi limfosarkome.

AIM: Efficacy of the treatment of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma depends to a great extent on early diagnosis and treatment policy. In this study we evaluated possibilities of diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic complications of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma (PMBL). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 61 patients were examined using roentgenography, computed tomography, chest ultrasound investigation,coagulogram, allelle specific polymerase chain reaction, ultrasound investigation of the jugular, subclavian, brachial veins, vena cava superior to detect mutation of genes II, V factors and methylentetrahydrofolatereductase. RESULTS: In 7 cases prechemotherapy examination detected thrombosis of the internal jugular and subclavian veins. In 4 of 7 cases there was a combined thrombosis of the left internal jugular and subclavian veins, in 3 cases one the vessels was affected with thrombosis. In 2 cases, in the course of polychemotherapy, there was recurrent thrombosis and development of pulmonary artery thromboembolism (PATE). In progression of the disease there was thrombosis of the left subclavian vein (1 case) and PATE (a case). Coagulologically, hypercoagulation syndrome signs were registered. 5 patients with PMBL complicated by thromboses showed gene mutations. CONCLUSION: In PMBL there is a tendency to formation of venous thrombosis and development of PATE. This is explained by tumor process and hereditary factors of thrombogenicity. Therefore, specific antitumor treatment should include anticoagulation therapy.

[Needle biopsy in diagnosing primary mediastinal tumors]. / Puntsionnaia biopsiia v diagnostike pervichnoi mediastal'noi opukholi.

AIM: To assess the potential of biopsies with the thick cutting needle of anterior mediastinum tumor. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Biopsy with the use of the thick cutting needle (Baxter Healthcare Corporation, length 150 mm, thickness 2.5 mm, length of the cutting channel 20 mm) of a primary mediastinal tumor was made in 12 patients. RESULTS: The findings were the following: 8 cases of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphosarcoma, 1 case of T-cell lymphosarcoma with involvement of the mediastinum, 2 cases of thymic carcinoma, 1 case of pituitary tumor. Mediastinal puncture was controlled by ultrasound which secured accurate position of the needle and safe conduction of the puncture. CONCLUSION: Puncture biopsy with the thick cutting needle of anterior mediastinum tumor provides short duration of the diagnostic process and correction of the treatment policy.

[Plasmapheresis in combine therapy of hypercoagulation syndrome in hematogenic thrombophilia]. / Plazmaferez v kompleksnoi terapii giperkoaguliatsionnogo sindroma pri gematogennykh trombofiliiakh.

AIM: To specify indications to plasmapheresis (PA) and to assess its efficiency in patients with hypercoagulatory syndrome in hematogenic thrombophilia (HT). MATERIAL AND METHODS: 18 patients (11 males, 7 females, age 26-50 years) with various forms of HT received standard antiaggregation, anticoagulatory therapy plus therapeutic PA. By PA technique the patients were divided into two groups. RESULTS: A positive trend in clinical, instrumental and laboratory indices was observed in all the patients. CONCLUSION: Therapeutic PA in hypercoagulation syndrome in HT patients leads to fast normalization of the clinical picture and reestablishment of patency of thrombus-affected vessels.

[The cardiovascular system of patients with lymphogranulomatosis in long-time remission]. / Sostoianie serdechno-sosudistoi sistemy u bol'nykh limfogranulematozom v stadii dlitel'noi remissii.

AIM: To study the cardiovascular system in patients with lymphogranulomatosis (LGM) at prolonged remission. MATERIALS AND MATERIALS: 78 patients received radiation and chemotherapy for lymphogranulomatosis in 1973 to 1995. All the patients underwent electro- and echocardiography (EchoCG), 40 patients had radioisotopic ventriculography (RVG). RESULTS: EchoCG revealed nonspecific changes in the ST segment in 19 (24.3%) patients. Systolic function was decreased vto 46% only in 1 patient. RVG showed a significant reduction in ejection fraction in the experimental group as compared to the control one (55.5 +/- 9.5 and 68.4 +/- 8.0, respectively; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Cardiac disorders revealed in patients with LGM at prolonged remission are mainly insignificant. The risk for cardiac events is not a guide for reducing radiation doses and the intensity of chemotherapy.

Activation of secretion and surface alteration of cytolytic T-lymphocytes interacting with target cells.

Cells obtained in mixed lymphocyte culture (MLC) and memory cells adsorbed on the surface of target cells (TC) were examined using scanning and transmission electron microscopy depending on the time of interaction with TC. Three types of lymphocytes were revealed: type I - cells of spherical shape with a smooth surface or an insignificant amount of microvilli; predominantly small and medium-sized lymphocytes contacting TC with non significant involvement of their surface or by several microvilli; type II - oval or round-shaped lymphocytes evenly covered with microvilli with considerably enlarged region of contact; type III cells - predominantly large lymphocytes and lymphoblasts flattened (spread) on TC, with multiple microvilli, ridge-like projections, and ruffles on their surface. TEM revealed activation of the secretory apparatus in the cytoplasm of such lymphocytes. With increased time of interaction, type III cells increase in number (from 8.6% after 10 min to 90.2% after 60 min of incubation). Memory cells show no morphologic signs of secretion in correlation with the absence of lysis of TC on which they are adsorbed. The surface of the lymphocytes adsorbed on the substrate with poly-L-lysin is not noticeably altered. It is suggested that 3 morphological types of lymphocytes correspond to 3 stages of secretion activation. Lymphocyte contact with TC surface is evidently a specific stimulus for activating secretory apparatus of CTL. SEM can be used for quantitation of activated lymphocytes.

[Exocytosis of cytolytic T-lymphocytes studied by cryofracture and stereophotogrammetry]. / Izuchenie ékzotsitoza tsitoliticheskikh T-limfotsitov s pomoshch'iu metodov krioskalyvaniia i stereofotogrammetrii.

Cryofracture, stereophotogrammetry and three-dimensional reconstruction were used to study the membranes of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) and target cells (TC) conjugates. Circular bulges free of intramembrane granules and ring-shaped structures, analogous to the sites of vacuole release in secretory cells, appear on the surface of the lymphocyte plasmalemma after 30 to 60 minutes of interaction with TC. Polymorphic vacuoles 70 to 140 nm in diameter are observable in the contact space between lymphocytes and TC. Part of the vacuoles are found on the surface or near the CTL plasmalemma. The data confirm an assumption about the secretory mechanism of the cytolytic effect of T killers.

[Study of the surface of cytolytic T-lymphocytes by scanning electron microscopy]. / Izuchenie poverkhnosti tsitoliticheskikh T-limfotsitov metodom skaniruiushchei élektronnoi mikroskopii.

Scanning electron microscopy revealed three types of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) interacting with target cells (TC). The type I cells occurred as smooth spherical lymphocytes with single microvilli; the type II rounded or oval cells were uniformly covered with microvilli; the type III cells were marked by an irregular shape, were densely covered with microvilli, while their surface was folded or tuberous. Within the first several minutes after absorption the surface of TC was largely covered by the type I lymphocytes. The proportion of the type III cells rose with the time of interaction. At the beginning it was 8-9%, reaching 30-71% after 30-60 minutes of incubation. It is assumed that the 3 types of the cells described mirror 3 stages of CTL activation. The increase in number of microvilli and appearance of the membranous folds may be a consequence of exocytosis and incorporation of the membrane of secretory granules into the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. The data obtained support the authors' assumption about the secretory mechanism of the action of CTL, whose contact with TC stimulated secretion activation.

Cytoskeleton of mouse embryo fibroblasts. Electron microscopy of platinum replicas.

We have studied the distribution of cytoskeletal elements in detergent-extracted mouse embryo fibroblasts using the platinum replica technique. It was shown that lamelloplasm can be subdivided into three zones: 1) the ruffle edge with dense microfilament meshwork; 2) the sparse zone adjacent to the ruffle edge and containing relatively few cytoskeletal elements; 3) the lamella proper occupied with a three-dimensional network of microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments; this zone contained adhesion plaques corresponding to cell-substrate focal contacts and associated with the microfilament bundle ends. The cytoskeleton structure of the central (endoplasm) region of the cell was markedly different from that of the lamelloplasm. Its main feature was a dense microfilament sheath at the dorsal cell surface. Sites of microfilament bundle convergence can be visualized near the nucleus after partial removal of the sheath by more complete detergent extraction.

[Structure of the cytoskeleton of embryonic muscle fibroblasts. Electron microscopic study of platinum replicas]. / Struktura tsitoskeleta myshinykh émbrional'nykh fibroblastov. Elektronno-mikroskopicheskoe issledovanie platinovykh replik.

Cultured mouse embryo fibroblasts were extracted with 1% Triton X-100 at pH 6.7 in buffer containing EGTA and stabilizing supplements. Exposed during this extraction cytoskeletons were fixed, dried with the critical point technique, and shadowed with platinum. The platinum replicas of cytoskeleton were used for electron microscopic characterization of the three-dimensional distribution of cytoskeletal fibrils in cytoplasm. Four cytoplasmic regions are revealed with different cytoskeletal structure; these being a "mesh-work zone", a "loose zone", which together formed an active edge of cell lamelloplasm, the "lamella proper" and endoplasm. The two former zones are occupied with dense three-dimensional or loose planar actin network, respectively. The "lamella proper" contains two-dimensional network of different fibrils: microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments and thin connective filaments. The central perinuclear area has a thick microfilament sheath at dorsal cell surface. The most important cytoplasmic elements of fibroblasts are actin microfilament bundles. The fine structure of these bundles, their junctions with each other ("organizing centers") and their terminal parts corresponding to cell-substrate focal contacts are described.