Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist modulates rTMS-induced pain experiences and corticospinal excitability dependent on stimulation targets / El antagonista del receptor de dopamina D2 modula las experiencias de dolor inducidas por rTMS y la excitabilidad corticoespinal dependiendo de los objetivos de estimulación

Both the primary motor cortex (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) rTMS have the potential to reduce certain chronic pain conditions. However, the analgesic mechanisms remain unclear, in which M1- and DLPFC-rTMS may have different impact on the release of dopamine receptor D2 neurotransmissions (DRD2). Using a double-blind, randomised, sham- and placebo-controlled design, this study investigated the influence of DRD2 antagonist on rTMS-induced analgesia and corticospinal excitability across the M1 and DLPFC. Healthy participants in each group (M1, DLPFC, or Sham) received an oral dose of chlorpromazine or placebo before the delivery of rTMS in two separate sessions. Heat pain and cortical excitability were assessed before drug administration and after rTMS intervention. DRD2 antagonist selectively abolished the increased heat pain threshold induced by DLPFC stimulation and increased pain unpleasantness. The absence of analgesic effects in DLPFC stimulation was not accompanied by plastic changes in the corticospinal pathway. In contrast, DRD2 antagonist increased corticospinal excitability and rebalanced excitation-inhibition relationship following motor cortex stimulation, although there were no clear changes in pain experiences. These novel findings together highlight the influence of dopaminergic neurotransmission on rTMS-induced analgesia and corticospinal excitability dependent on stimulation targets.(AU)

Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) Explanation of Single Crystal Cu(100)/Cu(111) in Different Corrosion Stages.

Copper and its alloys are used widely in marine environments, and anisotropic corrosion influences the corrosion kinetics of copper. Corrosion of copper in an electrolyte containing Cl- is described as a dissolution-deposition process, which is a prolonged process. Therefore, it is laborious to clarify the corrosion anisotropy in different stages. In this paper, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) following elapsed open circuit potential (OCP) test with 0 h (0H), 24 h (24H) and 10 days (10D) was adopted. To exclude interruptions such as grain boundary and neighbor effect, single crystal (SC) Cu(100) and Cu(111) were employed. After 10D OCP, cross-sectional slices were cut and picked up by a focused ion beam (FIB). The results showed that the deposited oxide was Cu2O and Cu(100)/Cu(111) experienced different corrosion behaviors. In general, Cu(100) showed more excellent corrosion resistance. Combined with equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) diagrams, the corrosion mechanism of Cu(100)/Cu(111) in different stages was proposed. In the initial stage, a smaller capacitive loop of Cu(111) suggested preferential adsorption of Cl- on air-formed oxide film on Cu(111). Deposited oxide and exposed bare metals also played an important role in corrosion resistance. Rectangle indentations and pyramidal structures formed on Cu(100)/Cu(111), respectively. Finally, a perfect interface on Cu(100) explained the tremendous capacitive loop and higher impedance (14,274 Ω·cm2). Moreover, defects in the oxides on Cu(111) provided channels for the penetration of electrolyte, leading to a lower impedance (9423 Ω·cm2) after 10D corrosion.

Low-protein diets supplemented with isoleucine alleviate lipid deposition in broilers through activating 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and janus kinase 2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of isoleucine (Ile) on growth performance, meat quality and lipid metabolism of broilers fed a low-protein diet (LPD). The 396 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were allocated to 4 treatment groups as follows: control diet (CON), LPD, LPD + 0.13% Ile (LPD-LI) and LPD + 0.26% Ile (LPD-HI), with nine replicates of 11 broilers each for 42 d. The Ile increased average daily gain, average daily feed intake, fiber density and the mRNA level of myosin heavy chain (MyHC)-I in breast muscle, and decreased feed to gain ratio, shear force, fiber diameter and the mRNA level of MyHC-IIb in breast muscle, which were impaired by the LPD. Compared to the LPD group, broilers in LPD-LI and LPD-HI groups had lower serum lipid levels, liver fat content, abdominal adipose percentage and mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α, ki-67, topoisomerase II alpha (TOP2A) and thioredoxin-dependent peroxidase 2 in abdominal adipose and liver X receptors-α, sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in liver, and higher mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-α, carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1 (CPT-1), and acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (ACOX1) in liver, which were equal to the CON levels. A LPD supplemented with Ile decreased enzyme activities of ACC and FAS in liver and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and TOP2A in abdominal adipose, and increased enzyme activities of CPT-1 and ACOX1 in liver. Furthermore, Ile supplementation enhanced the mRNA level of leptin receptor and protein levels of phospho-5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mechanistic target of rapamycin, ribosomal protein 70 S6 kinase, janus kinase 2 (JAK2), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and decreased the protein level of SREBP1 in the liver of broilers in LPD group. In conclusion, dietary supplementation with Ile to 0.83% could improve growth performance and meat quality and alleviate lipid deposition of broilers fed a LPD through activating AMPK and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways.

Chlorogenic acid improves growth performance and intestinal health through autophagy-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 pathway in oxidatively stressed broilers induced by dexamethasone.

The effects of chlorogenic acid (CGA) on growth performance, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, and the autophagy-mediated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway in oxidatively stressed broilers were investigated. A total of 400 one-day-old male Cobb broilers were divided randomly into 4 groups using a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 2 CGA supplemental levels (0 and 500 mg/kg) and 2 dexamethasone (DEX) challenge levels (0 and 3 mg/kg body weight). All the broilers were injected intraperitoneally with DEX or sterile saline beginning at the age of 15 d for 6 consecutive days. The experiment lasted for 21 d. The CGA increased average daily gain (ADG), villus height, villus height/crypt depth (V/C) value, and the protein expressions of Occludin and ZO-1 in the ileum and decreased the feed:gain (F:G) ratio, which were impaired by the DEX challenge. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), gutathione S-transferase (GST), and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activities in the serum and ileum were increased by CGA, whereas protein carboxyl (PCO) level in the serum and ileum, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level in the ileum were decreased of the DEX challenged broilers. The DEX challenge decreased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, Beclin1, and autophagy-related gene (ATG) 7 mRNA expressions, and the LC3-II/LC3-I value and increased LC3-I, cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase (Caspase)-3 and Caspase-9 mRNA expressions in the ileum, which were improved by CGA. DEX also decreased the protein expressions of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein-1 (Keap1), Nrf2, HO-1, NADPH quinone oxidoreductase-1(NQO-1) and increased sequestosome 1 (p62) in the ileum, which were improved by CGA. Interactions occurred between DEX and CGA for the ADG, F:G ratio, villus height, crypt depth, V/C value, and SOD, CAT, GST, and HO-1 activities, MDA and PCO levels, LC3-II/LC3-I value, and expressions of LC3-I, LC3-II, Beclin1, ATG7, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, Occludin, ZO-1, Keap1, Nrf2, HO-1, NQO-1, and p62. In conclusion, CGA improved the growth performance and intestinal health of oxidatively stressed broilers by activating the autophagy-mediated Nrf2 pathway.

Effects of greenness on preterm birth: A national longitudinal study of 3.7 million singleton births.

Exposure to greenness may lead to a wide range of beneficial health outcomes. However, the effects of greenness on preterm birth (PTB) are inconsistent, and limited studies have focused on the subcategories of PTB. A total of 3,751,672 singleton births from a national birth cohort in mainland China were included in this study. Greenness was estimated using the satellite-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Enhanced Vegetation Index with 500-m and 1,000-m buffers around participants' addresses. The subcategories of PTB (20-36 weeks) included extremely PTB (EPTB, 20-27 weeks), very PTB (VPTB, 28-31 week), and moderate-to-late PTB (MPTB, 32-36 weeks). Gestational age (GA) was included as another birth outcome. We used logistic regression models and multiple linear regression models to analyze these associations throughout the entire pregnancy. We found inverse associations between greenness and PTB and positive associations between greenness and GA. Specifically, an increase of 0.1 NDVI exposure within a 500-m buffer throughout the entire pregnancy was significantly associated with decreases in PTB (odds ratio [OR], 0.930; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.927-0.932), EPTB (OR, 0.820; 95% CI, 0.801-0.839), VPTB (OR, 0.913; 95% CI, 0.908-0.919), MPTB (OR, 0.934; 95% CI, 0.931-0.936), and an increase in GA (ß = 0.050; 95% CI, 0.049-0.051 weeks). These results suggest the potential protective effects of greenness on PTB and its subcategories: MPTB, VPTB, and EPTB in China.

LncRNA BE503655 inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation, invasion/migration via Wnt/ß-catenin pathway.

Aim: In previous studies, numerous dysregulated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were identified by RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). However, the relationship between lncRNA and osteosarcoma remains unclear. In the present study, the function and mechanism of lncRNA BE503655 were investigated. Methods: Transwell, cell cycle and proliferation were used to evaluate the function of lncRNA BE503655. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were used to detect the expression of lncRNA BE503655 and ß-catenin. Results: LncRNA BE503655 is overexpressed in human osteosarcoma and osteosarcoma cell lines. Knockdown lncRNA BE503655 suppresses cell proliferation, invasion and migration. High expression of BE503655 was significantly related to Enneking stage, distant metastasis and histological grade. Moreover, we also provided evidences that lncRNA BE503655 played its functions dependent on regulation of Wnt/ß-catenin signaling in osteosarcoma. Conclusion: Taken together, we verified the role of lncRNA BE503655 and provided possible mechanism in osteosarcoma. Our study provided new insights into clinical treatment of osteosarcoma and further intervention target.

LncRNA BDNF-AS is associated with the malignant status and regulates cell proliferation and apoptosis in osteosarcoma.

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) brain-derived neurotrophic factor antisense (BDNF-AS) has been found to be down-regulated and function in a tumor suppressive role in human cancers. However, the expression status and function of BDNF-AS is still unknown in osteosarcoma (OS). In our study, BDNF-AS expression was found to be decreased in OS tissues and cells. Moreover, BDNF-AS low expression was correlated with advanced Enneking stage, large tumor size and poor prognosis in OS patients. The multivariate analysis suggested low expression of BDNF-AS was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for overall survival in OS patients. The in vitro studies indicated that BDNF-AS overexpression inhibits OS cell proliferation and promotes cell apoptosis through regulating cleaved caspase-3. In conclusion, BDNF-AS serves as a tumor suppressive lncRNA in OS.

Differential expression of genes and proteins associated with wool follicle cycling.

Sheep are valuable resources for the wool industry. Wool growth of Aohan fine wool sheep has cycled during different seasons in 1 year. Therefore, identifying genes that control wool growth cycling might lead to ways for improving the quality and yield of fine wool. In this study, we employed Agilent sheep gene expression microarray and proteomic technology to compare the gene expression patterns of the body side skins at August and December time points in Aohan fine wool sheep (a Chinese indigenous breed). Microarray study revealed that 2,223 transcripts were differentially expressed, including 1,162 up-regulated and 1,061 down-regulated transcripts, comparing body side skin at the August time point to the December one (A/D) in Aohan fine wool sheep. Then seven differentially expressed genes were selected to validated the reliability of the gene chip data. The majority of the genes possibly related to follicle development and wool growth could be assigned into the categories including regulation of receptor binding, extracellular region, protein binding and extracellular space. Proteomic study revealed that 84 protein spots showed significant differences in expression levels. Of the 84, 63 protein spots were upregulated and 21 were downregulated in A/D. Finally, 55 protein points were determined through MALDI-TOF/MS analyses. Furthermore, the regulation mechanism of hair follicle might resemble that of fetation.