Dietary omega-3 LCPUFA intake in the prevention of neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: Purpose: to evaluate the protective effect of omega-3 long-chain unsaturated fatty acids on the progression of wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD). Methods: this meta-analysis was designed, implemented, and analyzed in accordance with the Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) protocol and is reported following PRISMA guidelines. Results: in this study we included 5 observational trials, including 2 cross-sectional studies, 2 case-control studies, and 1 confrontation study. These tests are conducted in the U.S., Europe and Japan, and are of high quality. In general, people with high dietary long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (omega-3 LCPUFAs) have a lower risk of progression to advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (effect size, ES: 0.51, 95 % CI [0.34, 0.75], I2 = 70 %, p = 0.01). When assessing docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) intake and wAMD risk a total of the three above studies were included, which also produced similar results. Conclusions: the highest DHA consumption reduced the risk of disease by 39 % (effect size: 0.61, 95 % CI [0.50, 0.74], I2 = 14 %, p = 0.31); compared with the lowest EPA consumption, the highest EPA consumption reduced the risk of wAMD by 32 % (ES: 0.68, 95 % CI [0.57, 0.82], I2 = 39 %, p = 0.20).

Introducción: Propósito: evaluar el efecto protector de los AGPICL omega-3 sobre la degeneración macular húmeda asociada a la edad (DMAE). Métodos: este metaanálisis fue diseñado, implementado y analizado de acuerdo con el protocolo de Metaanálisis de Estudios Observacionales en Epidemiología (MOOSE) y se informa siguiendo las directrices de PRISMA. Resultados: en este estudio se incluyeron 5 ensayos observacionales, entre ellos 2 estudios transversales, 2 estudios de casos y controles y 1 estudio de confrontación. Estos ensayos se realizan en Estados Unidos, Europa y Japón y son de alta calidad. En general, las personas con una dieta alta en ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga (AGPICL omega-3) tienen un menor riesgo de progresión hacia la degeneración macular avanzada relacionada con la edad (DMAE) (tamaño del efecto, ES: 0,51, IC 95 % [0,34, 0,75], I2 = 70 %, p = 0,01). Al evaluar la ingesta de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) y ácido eicosapentaenoico (EPA) y el riesgo de DMAE se incluyeron en total tres de los estudios anteriores, que también arrojaron resultados similares. Conclusiones: el mayor consumo de DHA redujo el riesgo de enfermedad en un 39 % (tamaño del efecto: 0,61, IC del 95 % [0,50, 0,74], I2 = 14 %, p = 0,31); en comparación con el menor consumo de EPA, el mayor consumo de EPA redujo el riesgo de wAMD en un 32 % (ES: 0,68, IC del 95 % [0,57, 0,82], I2 = 39 %, p = 0,20).

Role of FOXO protein's abnormal activation through PI3K/AKT pathway in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer.

AIM: Platinum-based chemotherapy is the standard treatment for ovarian cancer. However, tumor cells' resistance to platinum drugs often occurs. This paper provides a review of Forkhead box O (FOXO) protein's role in platinum resistance of ovarian cancer which hopefully may provide some further guidance for the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. METHODS: We reviewed a 128 published papers from authoritative and professional journals on FOXO and platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, and adopts qualitative analyses and interpretation based on the literature. RESULTS: Ovarian cancer often has abnormal activation of cellular pathways, the most important of which is the PI3K/AKT pathway. FOXOs act as crucial downstream factor of the PI3K/Akt pathway and are negatively regulated by it. DNA damage response and apoptosis including the relationship between FOXOs and ATM-Chk2-p53 are essential for platinum resistance of ovarian cancer. Through gene expression analysis in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer cell model, it was found that FoxO-1 is decreased in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, so studying the role of FOXO in the pathway on platinum-induced apoptosis may further guide the treatment of platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS: There are many drug resistance mechanisms in ovarian cancer, wherein the decrease in cancer cells apoptosis is one of the important causes. Constituted by a series of transcription factors evolving conservatively and mainly working in inhibiting cancer, FOXO proteins play various roles in cells' antitumor response. More and more evidence suggests that we need to re-understand the role that FOXOs have played in cancer development and treatment.

The Role of Th17 Cells and IL-17 in Th2 Immune Responses of Allergic Conjunctivitis.

Allergic conjunctivitis (AC) is a common allergic disease that is often associated with the onset of rhinitis or asthma. The incidence of AC has increased significantly in recent years possibly due to air pollution and climate warming. AC seriously affects patients' quality of life and work efficiency. Th (T-helper) 2 immune responses and type I hypersensitivity reactions are generally considered the basis of occurrence of AC. It has been found that new subpopulations of T-helper cells, Th17 cells that produce interleukin-17 (IL-17), play an important role in the Th2-mediated pathogenesis of conjunctivitis. Studies have shown that Th17 cells are involved in a variety of immune inflammation, including psoriasis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, and asthma. However, the role of Th17 and IL-17 in AC is unclear. This paper will focus on how T-helper 17 cells and interleukin-17 are activated in the Th2 immune response of allergic conjunctivitis and how they promote the Th2 immune response of AC.