Association of urinary free cortisol with bone formation in patients with mild autonomous cortisol secretion.

CONTEXT: Mild autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) is associated with an increased risk of vertebral fractures (VFx). However, the influence of this condition on bone turnover or its association with mild ACS is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the impact of mild ACS on bone quality among patients living with the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: A retrospective study was conducted using data from 55 mild ACS and 12 nonfunctioning adrenal tumour (NFT) patients who visited Chiba University Hospital, Japan, from 2006 to 2018. PATIENTS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analysed clinical features and bone-related factors, including bone mineral density (BMD) and VFx, performed blood tests to assess bone metabolism markers in patients with mild ACS and NFT, and assessed the associations between bone-related markers and endocrinological parameters in patients with mild ACS. RESULTS: No significant differences between mild ACS and NFT patients were observed with respect to the presence or absence of VFx and BMD. Urinary free cortisol (UFC) was higher in mild ACS patients with VFx than those without (p = .037). The T-score and young adult mean (YAM) of the BMD of the femoral neck in mild ACS patients with a body mass index <25 were positively correlated with dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate levels (ρ: 0.42, p = .017; ρ: 0.40, p = .024, respectively). Pearson's correlation analysis showed that bone-specific alkaline phosphatase was negatively correlated with UFC in the patients with mild ACS (ρ: -0.37, p = .026). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that urinary free cortisol may be useful for predicting bone formation in mild ACS patients.

Steroid metabolites for diagnosing and predicting clinicopathological features in cortisol-producing adrenocortical carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Approximately 60% of adrenocortical carcinomas (ACC) are functional, and Cushing's syndrome is the most frequent diagnosis that has been revealed to have a particularly poor prognosis. Since 30% of ACC present steroid hormone-producing disorganization, measurement of steroid metabolites in suspected ACC is recommended. Previous reports demonstrated that steroid hormone precursors or their urine metabolites, which can be assessed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) respectively, are useful for distinguishing ACC from cortisol-producing adenomas (CPA); however, despite high precision, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS require a highly trained team, are expensive and have limited capacity. METHODS: Here, we examined 12 serum steroid metabolites using an immunoassay, which is a more rapid and less costly method than LC-MS/MS, in cortisol-producing ACC and CPA. Further, the correlation of each steroid metabolite to the classification stage and pathological status in ACC was analyzed. RESULTS: Reflecting disorganized steroidogenesis, the immunoassay revealed that all basal levels of steroid precursors were significantly increased in cortisol-producing ACC compared to CPA; in particular, 17-hydroxypregnenolone (glucocorticoid and androgen precursor) and 11-deoxycorticosterone (mineralocorticoid precursor) showed a large area under the ROC curve with high sensitivity and specificity when setting the cut-off at 1.78 ng/ml and 0.4 mg/ml, respectively. Additionally, a combination of androstenedione and DHEAS also showed high specificity with high accuracy. In cortisol-producing ACC, 11-deoxycortisol (glucocorticoid precursor) showed significant positive correlations with predictive prognostic factors used in ENSAT classification, while testosterone showed significant positive correlations to the Ki67-index in both men and women. CONCLUSION: Less expensive and more widely available RIA and ECLIA may also biochemically distinguish ACC from CPA and may predict the clinicopathological features of ACC.

Tissue-type plasminogen activator-primed human iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells promote motor recovery after severe spinal cord injury.

The goal of stem cell therapy for spinal cord injury (SCI) is to restore motor function without exacerbating pain. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) may be administered by autologous transplantation, avoiding immunologic challenges. Identifying strategies to optimize iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (hiNPC) for cell transplantation is an important objective. Herein, we report a method that takes advantage of the growth factor-like and anti-inflammatory activities of the fibrinolysis protease, tissue plasminogen activator tPA, without effects on hemostasis. We demonstrate that conditioning hiNPC with enzymatically-inactive tissue-type plasminogen activator (EI-tPA), prior to grafting into a T3 lesion site in a clinically relevant severe SCI model, significantly improves motor outcomes. EI-tPA-primed hiNPC grafted into lesion sites survived, differentiated, acquired markers of motor neuron maturation, and extended ßIII-tubulin-positive axons several spinal segments below the lesion. Importantly, only SCI rats that received EI-tPA primed hiNPC demonstrated significantly improved motor function, without exacerbating pain. When hiNPC were treated with EI-tPA in culture, NMDA-R-dependent cell signaling was initiated, expression of genes associated with stemness (Nestin, Sox2) was regulated, and thrombin-induced cell death was prevented. EI-tPA emerges as a novel agent capable of improving the efficacy of stem cell therapy in SCI.

Prednisolone-responsive Postpartum IgG4-related Hypophysitis.

We herein report the case of a 25-year-old woman who presented with severe headache and visual field defects after childbirth. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed marked swelling of the pituitary gland, and an endocrinological examination revealed panhypopituitarism and diabetes insipidus. An immunohistological analysis of a transsphenoidal biopsy sample of the pituitary gland showed the significant accumulation of an immunogloblin G4 (IgG4)-positive population, leading to the diagnosis of IgG4-related hypophysitis. The patient was treated with prednisolone, which markedly reduced the swelling of the pituitary gland, in association with recovery of the pituitary function. This is a rare case of biopsy-proven IgG4-related hypophysitis with a postpartum onset.

Multihormonal pituitary adenoma concomitant with Pit-1 and Tpit lineage cells causing acromegaly associated with subclinical Cushing's disease: a case report.

BACKGROUND: A functional pituitary adenoma can produce multiple anterior-pituitary hormones, such as growth hormone (GH) -producing adenomas (GHoma) with prolactin or thyrotropin stimulating hormone production in the same lineage. However, it is very rare that acromegaly shows subclinical Cushing's disease (SCD) beyond the lineage. Here we describe the involvement of intratumoral coexistence with 2 types of hormone-producing cells associated with different lineage in acromegaly concomitant with SCD. CASE PRESENTATION: In our study, we performed clinical evaluation of the patient showing acromegaly with SCD. To elucidate the mechanisms of this pathology, we analyzed immunohistochemistry and gene expression of anterior-pituitary hormones and transcriptional factors in the resected pituitary tumor. On immunohistochemical staining, most of the tumor cells were strongly stained for GH antibody, while some cells were strongly positive for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Gene expression analysis of a transsphenoidal surgery sample of the pituitary gland revealed that ACTH-related genes, such as POMC, Tpit, and NeuroD1 mRNA, had higher expression in the tumor tissue than the nonfunctional adenoma but lower expression compared to an adenoma of typical Cushing's disease. Further, double-labeling detection methods with a fluorescent stain for ACTH and GH demonstrated the coexistence of ACTH-positive cells (GH-negative) among the GH-positive cells in the tumor. Additionally, Pit-1 expression was reduced in the ACTH-positive cells from tumor tissue primary culture. CONCLUSION: Here we described a case of a pituitary tumor diagnosed with acromegaly associated with SCD. We performed quantitative-expression analyses of transcriptional factors of the tumor tissue and immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor-derived primary culture cells, which suggested that the multihormonal pituitary adenoma concomitant with Pit-1 and Tpit lineage cells caused acromegaly associated with SCD.

SEVEN FAMILIAL DYSALBUMINEMIC HYPERTHYROXINEMIA CASES IN THREE UNRELATED JAPANESE FAMILIES AND HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY ANALYSIS OF THE THYROXINE BINDING PROFILE.

OBJECTIVE: Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia (FDH) is caused by abnormal human serum albumin (HSA) with an increased thyroxine (T4) affinity leading to euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia. One- and 2-step immunoassays of serum samples from FDH patients (e.g., Japanese patients) with the HSA R218P mutation can yield false-positive free thyroxine (FT4) results. Therefore, it is difficult to distinguish FDH from syndrome of inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (e.g., syndrome of resistance to thyroid hormone, TSH-producing pituitary adenoma), even when multiple assays are used. To investigate T4 to HSA binding, we examined serum samples from 7 patients from 3 Japanese families with FDH. Clinically, abnormal thyroid function tests were noted in pregnant Patient 1. Patients 2 and 3 had histories of inappropriate treatment with antithyroid drugs and surgery. METHODS: All patients and affected family members were diagnosed with FDH using direct sequencing analysis. Gel filtration high-performance liquid chromatography was used for the biochemical analyses. RESULTS: The genomic analysis revealed a heterozygous missense mutation in HSA (R218P). In FDH patient sera, the albumin effluent corresponded to the peaks for total T4 (TT4); approximately 60% of the T4 in the effluent was detected as FT4. The results for the albumin effluent from healthy volunteer and TSHoma patient sera showed no corresponding TT4 peak. CONCLUSION: In the FDH patients, a relatively larger quantity of T4 was bound to abnormal HSA. This bound T4 was measured as FT4 during the analysis. ABBREVIATIONS: F = free; FDH = familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia; HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography; HSA = human serum albumin; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; SITSH = syndrome of inappropriate secretion of TSH; T = total; T3 = triiodothyronine; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone; WT = wild-type.

Cushing Syndrome Due to ACTH-Secreting Pheochromocytoma, Aggravated by Glucocorticoid-Driven Positive-Feedback Loop.

CONTEXT: Pheochromocytoma is a catecholamine-producing tumor that originates from adrenal chromaffin cells and is capable of secreting various hormones, including ACTH. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 56-year-old female presented with Cushingoid appearance and diabetic ketoacidosis. Endocrinological examinations demonstrated ectopic ACTH production with hypercortisolemia and excess urinary cortisol accompanied by elevated plasma and urine catecholamines. Computed tomography revealed a large left adrenal tumor with bilateral adrenal enlargement. Metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy revealed abnormal accumulation in the tumor, which was eventually diagnosed as pheochromocytoma with ectopic ACTH secretion with subsequent manifestation of Cushing's syndrome. Ectopic ACTH secretion and catecholamine production were blocked by metyrapone treatment, whereas dexamethasone paradoxically increased ACTH secretion. Left adrenalectomy resulted in complete remission of Cushing's syndrome and pheochromocytoma. IN VITRO STUDIES: Immunohistological analysis revealed that the tumor contained two functionally distinct chromaffin-like cell types. The majority of tumor cells stained positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), whereas a minor population of ACTH-positive tumor cells was negative for TH. Furthermore, gene expression and in vitro functional analyses using primary tumor tissue cultures demonstrated that dexamethasone facilitated ACTH as well as catecholamine secretion with parallel induction of proopiomelanocortin (POMC), TH, and phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase mRNA, supporting a glucocorticoid-dependent positive-feedback loop of ACTH secretion in vivo. DNA methylation analysis revealed that the POMC promoter of this tumor, particularly the E2F binding site, was hypomethylated. CONCLUSION: We present a case of ectopic ACTH syndrome associated with pheochromocytoma. ACTH up-regulation with paradoxical response to glucocorticoid, possibly through the hypomethylation of the POMC promoter, exacerbated the patient's condition.

GERMLINE DELETION OF ARMC5 IN FAMILIAL PRIMARY MACRONODULAR ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA.

OBJECTIVE: Primary macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (PMAH) is considered a predominantly sporadic disease, but familial forms are well recognized. Genetic studies revealed germline mutations in the armadillo repeat containing 5 gene (ARMC5) in the majority of PMAH cases. Furthermore, somatic ARMC5 mutations, as different types of second-hit mutations and loss of heterozygosity have been reported in each adrenal nodule in PMAH. Here, we describe the involvement of ARMC5 alteration in a familial case of PMAH. METHODS: In our study, we performed clinical and genetic evaluations in a mother and her son with familial PMAH. To search for mutations and deletion of ARMC5, we used Sanger sequencing and droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR), respectively. RESULTS: Both patients showed the same phenotype of subclinical Cushing syndrome, with mild excess of mineralocorticoids and vasopressin-responsive cortisol secretion. The ddPCR analysis demonstrated that both mother and son had germline deletions in exons 1 to 5 of the ARMC5 gene locus. Furthermore, Sanger sequencing of DNA from the right and left adrenal nodules as well as peripheral blood of the son revealed the presence of another germline, missense mutation in ARMC5 exon 3 (p.P347S). CONCLUSION: This is the first report demonstrating germline deletion of ARMC5 in familial PMAH. In addition to investigating mutations, germline and somatic deletions of ARMC5 could be examined by ddPCR, which permits rapid and accurate evaluation of the ARMC5 allelic status.