Pathological changes by spirorchiid eggs in hawksbill sea turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) stranded off brazilian coast.

Eretmochelys imbricata (hawksbill turtle) is classified as a critically endangered species at world level; in Brazil, it is listed among the threatened species. Spirorchiids are parasites of the circulatory system of chelonians which may cause serious lesions in the various tissues of the host due to deposition of eggs in the bloodstream. In this context, the aim of the present study was to describe the pathology caused by spirorchiid eggs in E. imbricata from the Brazilian over a five year period. A total of 29 animals were analyzed, of which nine (31%) presented lesions associated to spirorchiids eggs. The lesions were: granulomatous enteritis in six (66.66%), granulomatous splenitis in five (55.55%), granulomatous hepatitis in three (33.33%), granulomatous pneumonia in three (33.33%), granulomatous pancreatitis in two (22.22%), and granulomatous adrenalitis in one specimen (11.11%). Concluded the main lesion in Eretmochelys imbricata was giant-cell granulomatous inflammatory reaction to the parasite's eggs. Animals exhibiting poor physical health were more susceptible to presenting such lesions.

The approach to the environmental issues in postgraduate nursing in Brazil.

OBJECTIVES: to analyze the insertion of environmental issues in the postgraduate stricto sensu in nursing in Brazil. METHODS: quali-quantitative research, of exploratory approach, with documental research in the Sucupira Platform and in sites of the 112 courses stricto sensu in Nursing in Brazil, in 2018. We analyzed the curricular matrixes; course menus; teaching profile; dissertations and thesis (2004-2016); and bibliographic productions of the four-year evaluation 2013-2016. The analysis of quantitative data was performed by statistical methods; and qualitative data, by the Content Analysis Technique, outlined by Bardin. RESULTS: the results demonstrate incipiency in the treatment of environmental issues. Regarding the theme, we highlight those that refer to socio-historical-cultural aspects in relation to the more direct environmental approach and facilitator of environmental conservation and consequent promotion of health. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: The analysis allows identifying the fragility of the environmental approach in the analyzed programs, being necessary to improve the cross-sectionality of environmental issues.

The approach to the environmental issues in postgraduate nursing in Brazil / El enfoque de los problemas ambientales en la enfermería de posgrado en Brasil / A abordagem das questões ambientais na pósgraduação em enfermagem no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the insertion of environmental issues in the postgraduate stricto sensu in nursing in Brazil. Methods: quali-quantitative research, of exploratory approach, with documental research in the Sucupira Platform and in sites of the 112 courses stricto sensu in Nursing in Brazil, in 2018. We analyzed the curricular matrixes; course menus; teaching profile; dissertations and thesis (2004-2016); and bibliographic productions of the four-year evaluation 2013-2016. The analysis of quantitative data was performed by statistical methods; and qualitative data, by the Content Analysis Technique, outlined by Bardin. Results: the results demonstrate incipiency in the treatment of environmental issues. Regarding the theme, we highlight those that refer to socio-historical-cultural aspects in relation to the more direct environmental approach and facilitator of environmental conservation and consequent promotion of health. Final Considerations: The analysis allows identifying the fragility of the environmental approach in the analyzed programs, being necessary to improve the cross-sectionality of environmental issues.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar inserción de temática ambiental en posgrado stricto sensu en enfermería en Brasil. Métodos: investigación cuali-cuantitativa, abordaje exploratorio, investigación documental en Plataforma Sucupira y en sitios de 112 cursos stricto sensu en Enfermería en Brasil, en 2018. Analizadas matrices curriculares; sumarios de los cursos; perfil docente; tesis (2004-2016); y producciones bibliográficas de la evaluación cuatrienal 2013-2016. El análisis de los datos cuantitativos realizados por métodos estadísticos; y los datos cualitativos, por Técnica de Análisis de Contenido, delineada por Bardin. Resultados: resultados muestran el inicio del tratamiento de cuestiones ambientales. Acerca de la temática, se destacan las que se refieren a los aspectos socio-histórico-culturales en relación a las temáticas de abordaje ambiental más directa y facilitadora de la conservación ambiental y consecuente promoción a la salud. Consideraciones Finales: el análisis permite identificar la fragilidad del abordaje ambiental en los programas analizados, siendo necesario perfeccionar la transversalidad de cuestiones ambientales.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a inserção da temática ambiental na pós-graduação stricto sensu em enfermagem no Brasil. Métodos: pesquisa qualiquantitativa, de abordagem exploratória, com pesquisa documental na Plataforma Sucupira e em sites dos 112 cursos stricto sensu em Enfermagem no Brasil, em 2018. Foram analisadas as matrizes curriculares; ementas dos cursos; perfil docente; dissertações e teses (2004-2016); e produções bibliográficas da avaliação quadrienal 2013-2016. A análise dos dados quantitativos foi realizada por métodos estatísticos; e os dados qualitativos, pela Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, delineada por Bardin. Resultados: os resultados demonstram a incipiência no tratamento das questões ambientais. Acerca da temática, destacam-se as que se referem aos aspectos sócio-histórico-culturais em relação às temáticas de abordagem ambiental mais direta e facilitadora da conservação ambiental e consequente promoção da saúde. Considerações Finais: a análise permite identificar a fragilidade da abordagem ambiental nos programas analisados, sendo necessário aprimorar a transversalidade das questões ambientais.

Study of skin neoplasms in a university hospital: integration of anatomopathological records and its interface with the literature.

BACKGROUND: Skin cancer is a highly prevalent condition with a multifactorial etiology resulting from genetic alterations, environmental and lifestyle factors. In Brazil, among all malignant tumors, skin cancers have the highest incidences. OBJECTIVE: To retrospectively evaluate the incidence, prevalence and profile of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma in Campos dos Goytacazes and region. METHODS: In total, 2,207 histopathological reports of a local reference hospital were analyzed between January 2013 and December 2015, of which 306 corresponded to the neoplasms studied. RESULTS: Of the 306 reports evaluated, 232 basal cell carcinomas (75.9%), 55 squamous cell carcinomas (18%) and 19 cutaneous melanomas (6.5%) were identified. The face was the most involved anatomical site (58.8%) and women (51%) were the most affected gender. The temporal analysis revealed a decrease in the overall incidence of 3.4% from 2013 to 2014 and 5.4% from 2014 to 2015. There was a 10.1% increase in basal cell carcinomas and 38% in melanomas in this period; however, there was a decrease in the number of squamous cell carcinomas of 14.8% during the studied years. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Some samples of cutaneous fragments had no identification of the anatomical site of origin. CONCLUSION: Research that generates statistical data on cutaneous tumors produces epidemiological tools useful in the identification of risk groups and allows the adoption of more targeted and efficient future prevention measures.

Study of skin neoplasms in a university hospital: integration of anatomopathological records and its interface with the literature

Abstract: Background: Skin cancer is a highly prevalent condition with a multifactorial etiology resulting from genetic alterations, environmental and lifestyle factors. In Brazil, among all malignant tumors, skin cancers have the highest incidences. Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the incidence, prevalence and profile of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma in Campos dos Goytacazes and region. Methods: In total, 2,207 histopathological reports of a local reference hospital were analyzed between January 2013 and December 2015, of which 306 corresponded to the neoplasms studied. Results: Of the 306 reports evaluated, 232 basal cell carcinomas (75.9%), 55 squamous cell carcinomas (18%) and 19 cutaneous melanomas (6.5%) were identified. The face was the most involved anatomical site (58.8%) and women (51%) were the most affected gender. The temporal analysis revealed a decrease in the overall incidence of 3.4% from 2013 to 2014 and 5.4% from 2014 to 2015. There was a 10.1% increase in basal cell carcinomas and 38% in melanomas in this period; however, there was a decrease in the number of squamous cell carcinomas of 14.8% during the studied years. Study limitations: Some samples of cutaneous fragments had no identification of the anatomical site of origin. Conclusion: Research that generates statistical data on cutaneous tumors produces epidemiological tools useful in the identification of risk groups and allows the adoption of more targeted and efficient future prevention measures.

Grooves surrounding the micropyle decrease the inseminating dose in fish.

In fish with external fertilization, sperm must reach the oocyte through the micropyle to enter the cytoplasm. Fertilization success is then influenced by characteristics of oocytes or sperm. In this study, we evaluated oocyte morphology and sperm motility parameters and their effects on the inseminating dose in a teleost fish Astyanax altiparanae. Interestingly, we found one of the lowest yet described inseminating doses in teleosts (2390 spermatozoa oocyte-1 ml-1). Such a fertilization efficacy may be explained by the long duration of sperm motility (>75 s), the small oocyte diameter (695.119 µm), large micropyle diameter (7.57 µm), and the presence of grooves on the oocyte surface that guides spermatozoon to the fertilization area. Additionally, we have described for the first time a structure that combines grooves on the chorion surface and a ridge in the micropylar area.

A Flow Cytometry Protocol to Estimate DNA Content in the Yellowtail Tetra Astyanax altiparanae.

The production of triploid yellowtail tetra Astyanax altiparanae is a key factor to obtain permanently sterile individuals by chromosome set manipulation. Flow cytometric analysis is the main tool for confirmation of the resultant triploids individuals, but very few protocols are specific for A. altiparanae species. The current study has developed a protocol to estimate DNA content in this species. Furthermore, a protocol for long-term storage of dorsal fins used for flow cytometry analysis was established. The combination of five solutions with three detergents (Nonidet P-40 Substitute, Tween 20, and Triton X-100) at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4% concentration was evaluated. Using the best solution from this first experiment, the addition of trypsin (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5%) and sucrose (74 mM) and the effects of increased concentrations of the detergents at 0.6 and 1.2% concentration were also evaluated. After adjustment of the protocol for flow cytometry, preservation of somatic tissue or isolated nuclei was also evaluated by freezing (at -20°C) and fixation in saturated NaCl solution, acetic methanol (1:3), ethanol, and formalin at 10% for 30 or 60 days of storage at 25°C. Flow cytometry analysis in yellowtail tetra species was optimized using the following conditions: lysis solution: 9.53 mM MgCl2.7H20; 47.67 mM KCl; 15 mM Tris; 74 mM sucrose, 0.6% Triton X-100, pH 8.0; staining solution: Dulbecco's PBS with DAPI 1 µg mL-1; preservation procedure: somatic cells (dorsal fin samples) frozen at -20°C. Using this protocol, samples may be stored up to 60 days with good accuracy for flow cytometry analysis.

Pathologies of the digestive system caused by marine debris in Chelonia mydas.

The growth of human population and deficient pollution control measures pose significant challenge to the environment. Despite conservation efforts, all sea turtle species are at some risk of extinction. The present study investigated the effect of marine debris on the gastrointestinal tract of green turtles in southeastern Brazil. Of the 777 animals evaluated, 290 showed marine debris in one segment of the gastrointestinal tract. The presence of these materials in the gastrointestinal tract may be harmful, independent of the segment involved, and increases the risk of impaction. Marine debris has become a significant hazard to Chelonia mydas in the region surveyed, causing perforation, rupture, or fecal impaction that, when not treated, is potentially fatal, exposing the intestine to bacterial infection.

Farinha de folha de leucena (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. de wit) como fonte de proteína para juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum CUVIER, 1818) / Leucaena leaf flour (Leucaena leucocephala Lam. of wit) as a protein source for juveniles of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818)

The tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) is an omnivorous fish native to the Amazon basin, which has high commercial value. Characteristics of rusticity and desirable growth in farming highlight this species for breeding in captivity. However, in commercial fish breeding, feed costs may represent 60-80% of total costs of production, being the protein the most expensive nutrient in the diet. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth of juvenile tambaqui fed with diets containing leucaena leaf flour as protein source. A total of 240 juveniles were distributed in 12 experimental aquaria (350 L) in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0%, 8%, 16%, 24% of inclusion of leucaena leaf flour in diet) and three replications. Weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate, protein efficiency rate and cost of production per kilogram of live weight gained were calculated. For the studied variables, there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) among treatments, indicating that it is possible to include up to 24% of leucaena leaf flour in diets for juveniles of tambaqui, without compromising the variables studied, although the replacement has not represented reduction in cost of production per kilogram of fish.

O tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) é um peixe onívoro, natural da bacia amazônica, que possui elevado valor comercial. Características de rusticidade e desempenho produtivo destacam esta espécie para criação em cativeiro. Contudo, em criações comerciais de peixes, os custos com alimentação podem corresponder de 60 a 80% dos custos totais de produção, sendo a proteína o nutriente mais caro da dieta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tambaqui alimentados com rações contendo farinha de folha de leucena como fonte protéica. 240 juvenis foram distribuídos em 12 aquários experimentais (350 L), em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 8%, 16%, 24% de inclusão de farinha de folha de leucena na ração) e três repetições. Foram determinados o ganho de peso, conversão alimentar aparente, taxa de crescimento específico, taxa de eficiência protéica e custo de produção do quilograma de peso vivo ganho. Para as variáveis estudadas, não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) entre os tratamentos, indicando que é possível incluir até 24% de farinha de folha de leucena em rações para juvenis de tambaqui, sem comprometimento das variáveis estudadas, embora a substituição não tenha representado redução no custo de produção do quilograma de peixe.

Desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) alimentados com rações contendo farinha de crueira de mandioca (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) em substituição ao milho (Zea mays) / Performance of juvenile tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) fed diets containing crueira manioc flour (Manihot esculenta, Crantz) in replacement of corn (Zea mays)

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of young tambaqui (Colossoma macropum), fed with increasing levels of cassava flour, Manihot esculenta (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), as corn (Zea mays) replacement. Fish (initial body weight 6.6 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed in 24 groups (20 fish/group) with four replications. They were fed with the experimental diets for evaluation of growth performances, feed utilization, body composition and production costs. Growth performances were not affected by the dietary treatments. Lipid content in muscle were significant different in fish fed 40% and 100% substitution when compared to the other treatments. The production cost decreased linearly with corn substitution. Diet decreased from R$ 1.43 kg-1 to R$ 1.21 kg-1 and fish production cost from R$ 1.54 kg-1 to R$ 1.30 kg-1 fish. It was concluded that the corn can be totally replaced by cassava flour in juvenile tambaqui diet without adversely affecting the performance of tambaqui.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo de juvenis de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum), alimentados com níveis crescentes de farinha de crueira de mandioca, Manihot esculenta (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, 100%), como substituto do milho (Zea mays). Os peixes (peso médio inicial de 6,6 ± 0,1 g) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 24 grupos (20 peixes/grupo) e alimentados com as dietas experimentais em quatro repetições para avaliação da performance de crescimento, eficiência alimentar, composição corporal e os custos de produção. As performances de crescimento não foram afetados pelos tratamentos. O teor de lipídio no músculo foi diferentemente significativo em peixes alimentados com 40% e 100% em relação aos outros tratamentos. O custo de produção de milho diminuiu linearmente com a substituição. O valor da dieta diminuiu de R $ 1,43 kg-1 a R $ 1,21 kg-1 e o peixe de R $ 1,54 kg-1 a R $ 1,30 peixe kg-1. Concluiu-se que o milho pode ser totalmente substituído por farinha de crueira de mandioca na dieta de juvenil de tambaqui, sem prejudicar o seu desempenho.

Concentration of anesthetic for long-term exposure and the effects of inter-suture distance in the goldfish Carassius auratus - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i2.802 / Concentration of anesthetic for long-term exposure and the effects of inter-suture distance in the goldfish Carassius auratus - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v31i2.802

This study aimed to determine the minimum concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol for long-term exposure and evaluate the effect of inter-suture distance on wound healing in the goldfish Carassius auratus. Twenty adult goldfish (standard length = 12.4 ± 1.1 cm; weight = 58.7 ± 17.2 g) were anesthetized in 2-phenoxiethanol at 1.2 and placed in an anesthesia delivery system at the following concentrations of 2-phenoxiethanol: 0.0 (control); 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4, and the duration of sedation was measured. Fifteen days later, fishes were anesthetized using the same procedure, and a 36 mm incision was performed in the ventro-lateral region. The incision was sutured using a simple-interrupted pattern with 3, 6 or 9 mm as inter-suture distances. Results demonstrated that 2-phenoxiethanol at 0.4 maintain the sedation for surgical procedures up to 60 minutes, and 9 mm as inter-suture distance optimized the wound healing in goldfish.

This study aimed to determine the minimum concentration of 2-phenoxyethanol for long-term exposure and evaluate the effect of inter-suture distance on wound healing in the goldfish Carassius auratus. Twenty adult goldfish (standard length = 12.4 ± 1.1 cm; weight = 58.7 ± 17.2 g) were anesthetized in 2-phenoxiethanol at 1.2 and placed in an anesthesia delivery system at the following concentrations of 2-phenoxiethanol: 0.0 (control); 0.1; 0.2; 0.3 and 0.4, and the duration of sedation was measured. Fifteen days later, fishes were anesthetized using the same procedure, and a 36 mm incision was performed in the ventro-lateral region. The incision was sutured using a simple-interrupted pattern with 3, 6 or 9 mm as inter-suture distances. Results demonstrated that 2-phenoxiethanol at 0.4 maintain the sedation for surgical procedures up to 60 minutes, and 9 mm as inter-suture distance optimized the wound healing in goldfish.

Utilização do espermatócrito para estimar aconcentração espermática no sêmen da piabanha(Brycon insignis) / Use of spermatocrit to estimate sperm concentration of semen from piabanha (Brycon insignis)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade da utilização doespermatócrito para estimar a concentração espermática do sêmen depiabanha. Os exemplares (n=29) de piabanha Brycon insignis foramhipofisados, sendo posteriormente realizada a coleta de sêmen. Oespermatócrito foi determinado utilizando-se micro-centrífuga detubos capilares. A concentração espermática foi verificada por contagemem câmara de Neubauer, após diluição. A concentração espermáticaverificada (média±desvio padrão) foi de 24,38 ± 3,84 x 109espermatozóides / mL, e o espermatócrito foi de 16,14±5,20 %. Aequação de regressão: = 14,01.109 + 0,6428.109.X foi significativa(P<0,01) e apresentou R2 ajustado = 0,75. Deste modo, é possívelestimar a concentração através da determinação do espermatócrito.

Biologia reprodutiva da tabarana Salminus hilarii (osteichthyes, characidae) na represa de Três Marias

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a biologia reprodutiva da tabarana Salminus hilarii, na represa de Três Marias (MG).Foram determinados, a partir de exemplares capturados durante 20 meses, os seguintes parâmetros: comprimento padrão(CP), peso corporal (PC), índices gonadossomático (IGS), hepatossomático (IHS), de gordura abdominal (IGA) e estágio dematuração (em repouso, em maturação, maduro ou esgotado). Verificou-se que o período de reprodução da tabarana seconcentra nos meses finais e iniciais do ano, podendo ser classificada como de desova total. Foi avaliado, ainda, o grau deaspereza ao tato das espículas na nadadeira anal dos machos, sendo observados incrementos crescentes conforme avançavao grau de maturação dos exemplares.

Influência da presença da fêmea sobre as características seminais do curimbatá (Prochilodus marggravii Walbaum, 1972) / lnfluence of female presence on seminal characteristics of curimbatá (Prochilodus marggravii)

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de se verificar a influência da fêmea sobre a produção seminal nos curimbatás. Foram selecionados nove machos (com alta produção seminal) e uma fêmea (com elevado grau de maturação gonadal) que foram acondicionados nos tanques A (cinco machos com peso médio de 142 ± 27,1 g e 19,4 ± 1,64 cm de comprimento) e B (quatro machos de 22,8 ± 3,42 cm de comprimento e 245 ± 97 g de peso médio e uma fêmea). Decorridas 250 horas.graus, procedeu-se à coleta e à análise do sêmen, seguindo-se a hipofisação. Após outro período de 250 horas.grau, o sêmen foi novamente coletado e analisado. Foi verificada significativa e positiva influência da fêmea (ao nível de 5% de probabilidade) sobre a concentração espermática e sobre o número de espermatozóides vivos por kg de peso vivo. Turbilhonamento, percentual de espermatozóides vivos e volume seminal por peso de peixe não foram estatisticamente influenciados pela presença da fêmea.

This researeh was earried out to verify the influenee of female presenee on the seminal produetion on eurimbatá fish. Nine males with high seminal produetion, and one female with high degree of gonadal maturity, were seleeted. Five males (average body weight of 142 ± 27.1 g and average body length of 22.8 ± 3.42 cm) were plaeed in tank A and four males (average body weight of 245 ± 97 g and average body length of 22.8 ± 3.42 cm) and the female were placed in tank B. Two-hundred fifty hours-degree later, the semen was collected and analyzed. After that, the males received crude pituitary extract injection. After 250 hours-degree, a new seminal collection and analysis were performed. The female presence influenced (p < 0.05) sperm concentration and number of alive spermatozoa per kg of fish weight. Swirling, percent alive sperm and seminal volume per kg of fish weight were not significantly influenced by the presence of the female.