Influence of N-methyl pyrrolidone on the activity of the pulp-dentine complex and bone integrity during osteoporosis.

AIM: To analyse the effect of systemic application of N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) on the pulp-dentine complex and on the jawbone of ovariectomized rats. METHOD: Female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into a Sham-operated group (Sham n = 6) and an oestrogen depletion by ovariectomy (OVX n = 12) group. In 6 of the ovariectomized animals, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was administered systemically weekly by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.); the other 6 were injected with PBS (Veh). After 15 weeks of injections, the jaw bones were collected and pulps extracted from the incisors teeth. Histology was used to determine pre-dentine thickness in teeth and radiography to determine alveolar bone mass. Immunohistological staining and RT-PCR were performed to verify the presence and localization of the odontoblast-specific dentine sialoprotein and to quantify its expression in the dentine-pulp complex. Mandibular cortical width and mandibular height were evaluated by means of X-ray analysis. Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance (anova). RESULTS: Both pre-dentine (P = 0.029) and alveolar bone structures (P = 0.049) were significantly reduced due to oestrogen deficiency in OVX Veh and OVX. NMP treatment normalized these parameters to the Sham level. DSPP expression in OVX NMP animals was significantly higher (P = 0.046) than in OVX Veh. X-ray analysis confirmed that ovariectomy significantly reduced the mandibular cortical width in the OVX Veh group compared to the Sham Veh and OVX NMP (P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) had a remarkable anti-osteoporotic ability preserving activity in the pulp-dentine complex and preventing jawbone loss. These effects make NMP a promising candidate for the preservation of the activity of the pulp-dentine complex and jawbone thickness in post-menopausal females.

Intensity modulated proton therapy: a clinical example.

In this paper, we report on the clinical application of fully automated three-dimensional intensity modulated proton therapy, as applied to a 34-year-old patient presenting with a thoracic chordoma. Due to the anatomically challenging position of the lesion, a three-field technique was adopted in which fields incident through the lungs and heart, as well as beams directed directly at the spinal cord, could be avoided. A homogeneous target dose and sparing of the spinal cord was achieved through field patching and computer optimization of the 3D fluence of each field. Sensitivity of the resultant plan to delivery and calculational errors was determined through both the assessment of the potential effects of range and patient setup errors, and by the application of Monte Carlo dose calculation methods. Ionization chamber profile measurements and 2D dosimetry using a scintillator/CCD camera arrangement were performed to verify the calculated fields in water. Modeling of a 10% overshoot of proton range showed that the maximum dose to the spinal cord remained unchanged, but setup error analysis showed that dose homogeneity in the target volume could be sensitive to offsets in the AP direction. No significant difference between the MC and analytic dose calculations was found and the measured dosimetry for all fields was accurate to 3% for all measured points. Over the course of the treatment, a setup accuracy of +/-4 mm (2 s.d.) could be achieved, with a mean offset in the AP direction of 0.1 mm. Inhalation/exhalation CT scans indicated that organ motion in the region of the target volume was negligible. We conclude that 3D IMPT plans can be applied clinically and safely without modification to our existing delivery system. However, analysis of the calculated intensity matrices should be performed to assess the practicality, or otherwise, of the plan.

Free plasma magnesium following glucose loading in healthy humans.

The recognized existence of a circadian pattern in extracellular magnesium balance might mirror either an inherent rhythm in the homeostasis of this ion or dietary factors. Since in vitro insulin enhances cellular magnesium uptake, the circadian rhythm in extracellular magnesium metabolism might be modulated at least in part by carbohydrate intake. To assess this hypothesis, the effects of oral glucose loading on plasma total and ionized magnesium were investigated in lean healthy humans with a negative family history for essential hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Plasma total and ionized magnesium was similar before glucose loading and 30, 60, 90, 180, and 210 min thereafter. It is therefore concluded that in healthy humans the circadian pattern of extracellular magnesium is not modulated by the metabolic and hormonal mechanisms that adjust the concentration of glucose.

The effects of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha on fertility in ewes.

Recombinant bovine interferon-alpha(I)1 (rBolFN-alpha) may be useful for enhancing fertility in sheep because it has extensive sequence homology with ovine trophoblast protein-1. To test the effectiveness of rBolFN-alpha, several experiments were performed in which bred females were given intramuscular injections of rBolFN-alpha around the time of maintenance of the corpus luteum. Treatment with rBolFN-alpha enhanced the fertility of ewes that were bred via natural service or embryo transfer of whole or demi-embryos. Interferon treatment was successful in enhancing lambing rate if injections were given twice daily from Days 11 to 18, 12 to 14, 12 to 15 or 12 to 16. Overall, the lambing rate for ewes bred via natural service was 94/126 (74.6%) for control ewes and 101/126 (80.2%) for rBolFN-alpha treated ewes. Litter size was not affected by treatment. Interferon treatment was not successful in increasing the lambing rate if given as a single injection on Day 12 or as a series of once-daily injections from Days 11 to 16. These results demonstrate that rBolFN-alpha can increase the lambing rate in ewes.

Effect of bovine interferon on acute changes in body temperature and serum progesterone concentrations in heifers.

Bovine interferon-alpha I1 has extensive sequence and functional homology with the antiluteolytic protein, bovine trophoblast protein-1. Because of the possible use of interferon-alpha I1 as a drug that supplements embryonic secretion of bovine trophoblast protein-1, interferon-alpha I1 was tested for other biological actions that might affect its usefulness as a fertility-enhancing treatment. Experiments were performed to evaluate whether interferon-alpha I1 causes hyperthermia and an acute depression in circulating concentrations of progesterone. In four experiments, intramuscular administration of interferon-alpha I1 (range 1.25 to 20 mg) caused hyperthermia; average peak body temperatures of 40 to 40.4 degrees C occurred 2.5 to 6 h after injection. Temperatures returned to baseline 12 to 16 h later. The rise in rectal temperature could be reduced, but not totally alleviated, with concomitant administration of an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis. The maximal hyperthermic response was similar when interferon-alpha I1 was delivered via osmotic minipumps or through a series of intramuscular injections. The hyperthermic response decreased with repeated daily exposure to interferon-alpha I1. The increase in rectal temperatures was associated temporally with a decrease in serum progesterone. Effects of interferon-alpha I1 on body temperature and circulating progesterone could possibly limit its effectiveness in enhancing fertility.

Prophylactic effects of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha I1 on acute Salmonella typhimurium infection in calves.

The in vivo effects of a single prophylactic dose of recombinant bovine interferon (rBoIFN)-alpha I1 in calves with salmonellosis were investigated, using a Salmonella typhimurium infection model. Treatment with rBoIFN-alpha I1 reduced the degree of septicemia compared with that in control groups, and, in one experiment, using disease of reduced severity, body temperature was lower in treated calves than in controls.

Effect of intrauterine and intramuscular administration of recombinant bovine interferon alpha 1 on luteal lifespan in cattle.

Intrauterine and intramuscular administration of interferon was tested for effectiveness in extending luteal lifespan in cattle. Intrauterine infusion of 1 mg of recombinant bovine interferon-alpha I1, twice daily, to lactating dairy cows from d 14 to 21 after estrus extended interestrous interval (30.4 +/- 1.91 d versus 24.8 +/- .58 d) and functional lifespan of the corpus luteum (28.4 +/- 2.01 d versus 23.6 +/- .75 d). In another experiment, twice daily intramuscular injection of 20 mg interferon to Simmental heifers from d 15 to 19 extended interestrous intervals (24.6 +/- 1.36 d versus 20.6 +/- .49 d) and functional lifespan of the corpus luteum (23.2 +/- .37 d versus 20.2 +/- .73 d). In a third experiment, pubertal dairy heifers received twice daily intramuscular injections of 0, 2.5, 5.0, or 10.0 mg/injection of interferon from d 14 to 21 after estrus. The three interferon-treated groups had longer interestrous intervals and functional luteal lifespans than the control group. Interestrous intervals were 22.0 +/- .68, 24.0 +/- 1.14, 24.6 +/- 1.17, and 25.4 +/- .97 d, respectively. The present data strengthen the theory that an interferon-alpha-like molecule can regulate luteal function in cattle. Such a regulatory compound might prove useful in schemes to reduce embryonic mortality caused by aberrant secretion of embryonic interferon.

Facial hair as a factor in speechreading performance.

Eleven hearing-impaired subjects were tested using a speechreading test employing the CID Everyday Sentence Lists read by a male speaker under four different conditions: full beard and moustache, trimmed beard and moustache, moustache only, and clean shaven. The results indicated that varying amounts of facial hair do not have significant effects on speechreading performance. Mean scores for speechreading performance decreased somewhat with reduction of facial hair, however, as confirmed by a test of linear trend (p less than 0.05).

Dichotic listening by brain-injured adults: observation of divergent test responses.

Research on central functions presents difficult problems, including heterogeneity among normals and subjects with central nervous system (CNS) defects. General conclusions are that there is an ear advantage related to cerebral dominance; testing for results of CNS damage requires stimuli of reduced redundancy; and fusion of dichotic stimuli is a brainstem function. Responses to digits presented dichotically were obtained. Data were in agreement with the usual findings that brain injury results in a reduced ability to understand dichotic speech and that injury to the dominant cerebral hemisphere results in lower speech perception via the opposite ear than by the ipsilateral ear. Significantly almost one third of the subjects performed differently than other members of their respective subgroups. A direction for additional research is to consider factors in otherwise apparently homogeneous groups that lead to nonhomogenous responses.

A survey of hearing test rooms.

Octave-band and broad-band sound level measurements were made on 46 hearing test rooms in physicians' and audiologists' offices, hospitals, and audiology clinics. The data were evaluated against the ANSI 1977 ears open and ears covered standards for hearing test rooms. Five of the rooms met the ANSI 1977 ears open standard, and 18 met the ANSI 1977 ears covered standard. Neither dBA or dBC measurements nor difference between dBA and dBC values is a satisfactory way of specifying a room that meets a given standard. A double-wall hearing test room does not assure a test area that meets ANSI 1977 standard. Sound room ventilating fans seem to be a significant source of noise in many rooms.

Monaural vs binaural speech reception threshold and word discrimination scores in the hearing impaired.

Monaural and binaural SRT and speech discrimination scores in a sensorineural hearing-imparied sample (N: 194, aged 3--91 yrs, mn=43 yrs) indicated that while a majority of clients have neither a binaural advantage or disadvantage by these tests, an important minority (5% for SRT, 20% for discrimination) have worse binaural than better-ear scores. Binaural as well as monaural tests of SRT and of speech discrimination should be a standard part of a hearing aid evaluation.

Reliability of the TIP and DIP speech-hearing tests for children.

The reliability of SRT and speech intelligibility tests has been studied on adults. Reliability estimates for SRT are between .60 and .90, with standard error estimates from 1.5 to over five dB. For speech intelligibility tests the reliability estimates range from .50 to 90, with standard error of estimates from 2.5% to over 10%. Little has been reported on test reliability with children. For this study the TIP and DIP tests, for threshold and discrimination, respectively, were given to 295 normal and 138 hypacusic children three through twelve years of age. Subjects were retested within one week. TIP test-retest reliability was .72 for normals, and .89 to .99 for hypacusics. DIP test-retest reliability was .46 to .51 for normals and .60 to .93 for hypacusics. Standard error of estimate was about 3 dB for TIP, and 10% for DIP. These values are about the same as the reliability values for adults.