RESUMEN
Background and Objectives: Recently, complementary resources and equipment have emerged to improve prevention of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Our aim is to verify availability and use of different resources/ equipment by infection controllers. Methods: We conducted a survey with infection controllers from the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by invitation using a social media group, in August 2022. Nine different resources and equipment were evaluated. Categorical and continuous variables were evaluated by the chi-square test and MannWhitney U test, respectively. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: One hundred and eight persons answered the questionnaire. The mean age was 42.8 years (SD +/- 8.5 years) and 53 (49.1%) reported most of their workload in public hospitals, 45 (41.7%) in private hospitals and 10 (9.2%) reported the same workload in public and private hospitals. Sixty-there percent reported teaching activities in their institutions. There was no correlation between the existence of teaching activities and hospital profile (p=0.42). The most common resource available was molecular biology (PCR) for microbiological samples research for 73 (67.6%) participants. The second resource most available was applications (Apps) for HAIs prevention and control for 33 (30.6%), 19 (17.6%) reported no availability of resource/equipment technology. Conclusion: Molecular biology (PCR) for microbiological samples research was the most common resource available for infection controllers of an important state of Brazil.(AU)
Justificativas e Objetivos: Recentemente, recursos e equipamentos complementares têm surgido para melhorar a prevenção de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é verificar a disponibilidade e o uso de diferentes recursos e equipamentos pelos controladores de infecção. Métodos: Realizamos uma pesquisa do tipo survey com controladores de infecção do estado do Rio de Janeiro, por meio de convite pela mídia social, em agosto de 2022. Nove diferentes recursos e equipamentos foram avaliados quanto à disponibilidade e ao uso. Variáveis categóricas e contínuas foram avaliadas pelo teste qui-quadrado e Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. Um valor de p menor que 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Resultados: Cento e oito pessoas responderam ao questionário. A média de idade foi de 42,8 anos (DP +/- 8,5 anos), e 53(49,1%) relataram maior carga de trabalho em hospitais públicos, 45 (41,7%) em hospitais privados e 10(9,2%) carga horária similar nos dois tipos de hospitais. Dos 108, 63% relataram a existência de atividades de ensino nas instituições. Não houve correlação entre existência de atividades de ensino e tipo de hospital (p=0,42). O recurso mais disponível foi o uso de biologia molecular (reação em cadeia de polimerase) por 73 (67,6%) participantes. A segunda ferramenta mais encontrada foi o uso de aplicativos para prevenção e controle de infecção para 33 (30,6%) desses participantes. Dezenove deles (17,6%) relataram ausência de todos os recursos/equipamentos. Conclusão: O uso de biologia molecular para pesquisa de amostras biológicas foi o recurso mais disponível para controladores de infecção de um importante estado brasileiro.(AU)
Antecedentes y objetivos: Recientemente han surgido recursos y equipos complementarios para mejorar la prevención de las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud. El objetivo es verificar la disponibilidad y el uso de diferentes recursos/equipos por los controladores de infecciones. Métodos: Realizamos una encuesta entre los controladores de infecciones del estado de Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, por invitación en redes sociales, en agosto de 2022. Se evaluó la disponibilidad y uso de nueve recursos y equipos diferentes. Las variables categóricas y continuas se evaluaron mediante las pruebas de chi-cuadrado y Mann-Whitney, respectivamente. Se consideró estadísticamente significativo un valor de p < 0.05. Resultados: Ciento ocho personas respondieron al cuestionario. La edad media fue de 42,8 años (DE +/- 8,5 años) y 53 (49,1%) reportaron mayor carga de trabajo en hospitales públicos, 45 (41,7%) en privados y 10 (9,2%) reportaron la misma carga en hospitales públicos y privados. De los 108, el 63% reportó actividades docentes en sus instituciones. No hubo correlación entre la existencia de actividades docentes y el tipo de hospital (p=0,42). El recurso más disponible fue el uso de la biología molecular (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa) por 73 (67,6%) participantes. El segundo más común fue el uso de aplicaciones de prevención y control de infecciones por 33 (30,6%) participantes. Diecinueve participantes (17,6%) señalaron la ausencia de todos los recursos/equipos. Conclusiones: El uso de la biología molecular para investigar muestras microbiológicas fue el recurso/equipo más disponible para los controladores de infecciones de un importante estado brasileño.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Infección Hospitalaria , Control de Infecciones , Tecnología Biomédica , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Biología MolecularRESUMEN
O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a influência do isolamento social causado pela pandemia da COVID-19 em pacientes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), atendidos em um serviço especializado. Foi realizado um estudo transversal do tipo observacional e descritivo por meio da aplicação de um formulário de 51 perguntas. Participaram do estudo 45 responsáveis por crianças e adolescentes com TEA, acompanhados na Policlínica Naval de São Pedro da Aldeia (PNSPA), no período de julho a novembro de 2021. Foram abordados aspectos demográficos, sociais, clínicos e comportamentais dos pacientes e familiares. Os resultados indicaram que a maioria dos pacientes era do sexo masculino (86,7%) com média de idade de 10,4 anos, sendo 57,8% TEA nível 1. Observou-se alterações comportamentais em 88,9% dos pacientes, sendo essas alterações consideradas como negativas por 57% dos responsáveis. Foi necessário o ajuste nas medicações em 51,1% dos pacientes que já usavam medicações no período, a maioria deles por causa de modificações no comportamento. Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa quando avaliamos as modificações comportamentais por sexo (p-valor 0,471), nível do TEA (p-valor 0,128), idade (p-valor 0,460), número de irmãos (p-valor 0,903), modificações medicamentosas (p-valor 0,280) e isolamento social (p-valor 0,553). Observou-se que a manutenção das terapias e a participação nas atividades escolares foi fator protetor quando analisamos as modificações de comportamento (RP para ambos = 0,86). Em conclusão, o estudo mostrou o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 em pacientes com TEA, pelo elevado percentual de mudanças comportamentais, especialmente aquelas consideradas negativas, independentemente de os pacientes terem permanecido ou não em isolamento social.
The aim of the study was to assess the influence of social distancing caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in patients with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD), treated at a specialized unit. It was performed a cross-sectional observational and descriptive study with 45 guardians of children and adolescents with ASD, treated at an outpatient clinic, from July to November 2021. Guardians were asked to fill out a 51-question form that addressed demographic, social, clinical, and behavioral aspects of patients and family members. The results showed that the most patients are male (86.7%) with a mean age of 10.4 years; 57.8% had level 1 ASD. There were behavioral changes in 88.9% of patients; such changes were considered negative by 57% of the guardians. Medication adjustment was necessary for 51.1% of the patients who were already using medications in the period, most of them because of changes in behavior. There was no statistically significant difference when behavioral changes were evaluated by gender (p-value 0.471), ASD level (p-value 0.128), age (p-value 0.460), number of siblings (p-value 0.903), changes in medication (p-value 0.280) and social distancing (p-value 0.553). The continuation of therapies and participation in school activities was a protective factor when we analyzed changes in behavior (PR for both = 0.86). In conclusion, the research indicates that the COVID-19 pandemic had an impact on ASD patients, which could be noticed by the high percentage of occurrence of behavioral changes, especially those considered negative, regardless of whether the patients practiced social distancing or not.
El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la influencia del distanciamiento social causado por la pandemia de COVID-19 en pacientes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista (TEA), atendidos en una unidad especializada. Se realizó un estudio transversal observacional y descriptivo con 45 tutores de niños y adolescentes con TEA, atendidos en una consulta externa, de julio a noviembre de 2021. Se pidió a los tutores que rellenaran un formulario de 51 preguntas que abordaba aspectos demográficos, sociales, clínicos y conductuales de los pacientes y sus familiares. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de los pacientes son varones (86,7%) con una edad media de 10,4 años; el 57,8% presentaba un TEA de nivel 1. Hubo cambios conductuales en el 88,9% de los pacientes; dichos cambios fueron considerados negativos por el 57% de los tutores. Fue necesario ajustar la medicación en el 51,1% de los pacientes que ya la utilizaban en ese periodo, la mayoría de ellos debido a cambios en el comportamiento. No hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuando se evaluaron los cambios de comportamiento en función del sexo (p-valor 0,471), el nivel de TEA (p-valor 0,128), la edad (p-valor 0,460), el número de hermanos (p-valor 0,903), los cambios de medicación (p-valor 0,280) y el distanciamiento social (p-valor 0,553). La continuación de las terapias y la participación en actividades escolares fue un factor protector cuando analizamos los cambios en el comportamiento (PR para ambos = 0,86). En conclusión, la investigación indica que la pandemia de COVID-19 tuvo un impacto en los pacientes con TEA, que pudo ser notado por el alto porcentaje de ocurrencia de cambios de comportamiento, especialmente los considerados negativos, independientemente de que los pacientes practicaran o no el distanciamiento social.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Niño , Conducta del Adolescente , Pandemias , Trastorno del Espectro Autista , COVID-19 , Relaciones entre Hermanos , Aislamiento Social , Terapéutica , Adaptación Psicológica , Cuarentena , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Análisis Aplicado de la Conducta , Distanciamiento FísicoRESUMEN
Introduction: Pediatric emergency care is essential for adequate medical treatment of pediatric cancer-associated complications and for increasing the chances of cure. Objective: This study aimed to describe pediatric cancer-associated emergencies and outcomes, and to analyze the factors associated with hospitalization. Method: A retrospective observational cohort study was conducted including patients aged ≤19 years who attended the pediatric emergency of a general cancer hospital from April 17 to October 17, 2019. The variables analyzed were demographics, socioeconomic status, disease and treatment factors, reasons for seeking emergency care, and associated outcomes. Results: This study included 309 patients who required 994 emergency consultations, with a total of 766 reasons for seeking care. The median age was 4.86 years; 50.8% were female and 51.5% were white. The patients had solid tumors (49.8%), central nervous system tumors (27.5%), and hematological neoplasms (15.5%). Most of the patients were home discharged (72.2%) or to support houses (6.7%). Fever was the most frequent symptom (30.8%) and the most common reason for admission. 19.2% of the patients were admitted to the ward and 2.0% to the pediatric intensive care unit (2.0%). Only two of the 309 patients (0.6%) seeking care in the pediatric emergency died in the emergency room, and these patients were in end-of-life care. Conclusion: The availability of a pediatric emergency room with skilled professionals in supportive care of pediatric patients with cancer was essential for the management of disease and treatment-related complications
Introdução: O atendimento de emergência pediátrica é essencial para o tratamento adequado das complicações associadas ao câncer pediátrico e para aumentar as chances de cura. Objetivo: Descrever as emergências associadas ao câncer pediátrico e seus desfechos, e analisar os fatores associados à hospitalização. Método: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo incluindo pacientes com idade ≤ 19 anos que foram atendidos na emergência pediátrica de um hospital oncológico geral no período de 17 de abril a 17 de outubro de 2019. As variáveis analisadas foram demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores relacionados à doença e ao tratamento, razões para procurar atendimento de emergência e resultados associados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 309 pacientes que necessitaram de 994 consultas de emergência, totalizando 766 causas de atendimento. A idade mediana foi de 4,86 anos; 50,8% eram do sexo feminino e 51,5% afirmaram ser da raça branca. Os pacientes apresentavam tumores sólidos (49,8%), tumores do sistema nervoso central (27,5%) e neoplasias hematológicas (15,5%). A maioria dos pacientes foi liberada para a residência (72,2%) ou casa de apoio (6,7%). A febre foi o sintoma mais frequente (30,8%) e o motivo mais comum de admissão. Os pacientes foram internados em enfermaria (19,2%), ou em unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (2,0%). Somente dois dos 309 (0,6%) pacientes atendidos na emergência pediátrica morreram nesse setor, estando estes em cuidados de fim de vida. Conclusão: A disponibilidade de um departamento de emergência pediátrica com profissionais especializados e treinados em cuidados de suporte a pacientes pediátricos com câncer foi essencial para o manejo das complicações relacionadas à doença e ao tratamento
Introducción: La atención de emergencias pediátricas es fundamental para el adecuado tratamiento médico de las complicaciones asociadas al cáncer pediátrico y para aumentar las posibilidades de cura. Objetivo: Describir las emergencias asociadas al cáncer pediátrico y sus desenlaces, y analizar los factores asociados a la hospitalización. Método: Estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes con edad ≤ 19 años que fueron atendidos en el servicio de emergencias pediátricas de un hospital general de oncología del 17 de abril al 17 de octubre de 2019. Las variables analizadas fueron demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores relacionados con la enfermedad y tratamiento, razones para buscar atención de emergencia y resultados asociados. Resultados: Se incluyeron 309 pacientes que requirieron 994 consultas de urgencia, totalizando 766 causas de atención. La mediana de edad fue de 4,86 años; el 50,8% eran mujeres y el 51,5% eran personas blancas. Los pacientes tenían tumores sólidos (49,8%), tumores del sistema nervioso central (27,5%) y neoplasias hematológicas (15,5%). La mayoría de los pacientes fueron dados de alta a su hogar (72,2%) o casa de apoyo (6,7%). La fiebre fue el síntoma más frecuente (30,8%) y el motivo de ingreso más frecuente. Los pacientes fueron admitidos en una sala (19,2%) o en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos (2,0%). Solo 2 de 309 (0,6%) pacientes atendidos en el servicio de emergencias pediátricas fallecieron en este sector, estando estos en cuidados al final de la vida. Conclusión: La disponibilidad de un servicio de emergencias pediátricas con profesionales especializados y capacitados en el cuidado de apoyo al paciente oncológico pediátrico fue fundamental para el manejo de las complicaciones relacionadas con la enfermedad y el tratamiento
Asunto(s)
Niño , Adolescente , Servicios Médicos de Urgencia , Neutropenia Febril , Oncología MédicaRESUMEN
Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of risk stratification protocols for febrile neutropenia specific to the pediatric population. Methods Retrospective study of a cohort of pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment with episodes of neutropenia due to chemotherapy and fever, treated at the emergency department of a tertiary cancer hospital from January 2015 to June 2017. Patients who were bone marrow transplant recipients and patients with neutropenia due to causes other than chemotherapy were excluded. Six protocols were applied to all patients: Rackoff, Alexander, Santolaya, Rondinelli, Ammann 2003, and Ammann 2010. The following outcomes were assessed: microbiological infection, death, ICU admission, and need for more than two antibiotics. The performance of each protocol was analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. Results This study evaluated 199 episodes of febrile neutropenia in 118 patients. Microbiological infection was identified in 70 samples from 45 distinct episodes (22.6%), 30 patients used more than two antibiotics during treatment (15%), eight required ICU admission (4%), and one patient died (0.8%). Three protocols achieved high sensitivity indices and NPV regarding the outcomes of death and ICU admission: Alexander, Rackoff, and Ammann 2010; however, Rackoff showed higher sensitivity (0.82) and NPV (0.9) in relation to the microbiological infection outcome. Conclusion The Rackoff risk rating showed the best performance in relation to microbiological infection, death, and ICU admission, making it eligible for prospective evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Neutropenia Febril , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , AntibacterianosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of risk stratification protocols for febrile neutropenia specific to the pediatric population. METHODS: Retrospective study of a cohort of pediatric patients undergoing cancer treatment with episodes of neutropenia due to chemotherapy and fever, treated at the emergency department of a tertiary cancer hospital from January 2015 to June 2017. Patients who were bone marrow transplant recipients and patients with neutropenia due to causes other than chemotherapy were excluded. Six protocols were applied to all patients: Rackoff, Alexander, Santolaya, Rondinelli, Ammann 2003, and Ammann 2010. The following outcomes were assessed: microbiological infection, death, ICU admission, and need for more than two antibiotics. The performance of each protocol was analyzed for sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and receiver operator characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS: This study evaluated 199 episodes of febrile neutropenia in 118 patients. Microbiological infection was identified in 70 samples from 45 distinct episodes (22.6%), 30 patients used more than two antibiotics during treatment (15%), eight required ICU admission (4%), and one patient died (0.8%). Three protocols achieved high sensitivity indices and NPV regarding the outcomes of death and ICU admission: Alexander, Rackoff, and Ammann 2010; however, Rackoff showed higher sensitivity (0.82) and NPV (0.9) in relation to the microbiological infection outcome. CONCLUSION: The Rackoff risk rating showed the best performance in relation to microbiological infection, death, and ICU admission, making it eligible for prospective evaluation.
Asunto(s)
Neutropenia Febril , Neoplasias , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Niño , Neutropenia Febril/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Neoplasias/complicaciones , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de RiesgoRESUMEN
Justificativa e objetivos. Programas de gestão de antimicrobianos (PGA) podem contribuir para otimizar o uso de antimicrobianos em unidades de tratamento intensivo neonatais (UTINEO). O objetivo deste estudo foi mensurar o consumo de antimicrobianos, dentre eles os carbapenêmicos e infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde (IRAS), especificamente as causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a carbapenêmicos (BGN-CR) em neonatos após a implantação de um PGA. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo descritivo do consumo de antimicrobianos, dentre eles os carbapenêmicos; e das taxas de IRAS em uma UTINEO, durante 1 ano de seguimento. O consumo fo i medido em dias de terapia/1000 pacientes-dia (DOT/1000PD). Resultados: Em setembro de 2017 o PGA foi implementado com os seguintes elementos-chave: auditoria de antibióticos/feedback, restrição de antimicrobianos-alvo, medida do consumo de antimicrobianos e maior rapidez na liberação de resultados de culturas. Entre setembro de 2017 e setembro de 2018 admitimos 308 pacientes, totalizando 2223 pacientes-dia. A mediana de consumo total de antimicrobianos foi de 1580 DOT/1000PD (variação de 1180,7 a 2336,6/mês) sem tendência de aumento e a de carbapenêmicos 12 DOT/1000PD (variação de 0 a 163,2/mês). O consumo de carbapenêmicos foi reduzido entre abril a setembro de 2018 (valor de p =0,07) quando comparado com os primeiros seis meses. Oito IRAS foram registradas, correspondendo a uma densidade de incidência de 3,6/1000 pacientes-dia. Não foram reportadas BGN-CR causando IRAS. Conclusões: O consumo total de antimicrobianos não apresentou aumento ao longo do ano após implantação do PGA. No entanto, houve redução significativa do consumo de carbapenêmicos. Não foram verificadas IRAS por BGN-CR no período do estudo.(AU)
Background and objectives: Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) could contribute to optimize antimicrobial use within neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). The aim of this study was to measure the antimicrobial consumption, including carbapenems and healthcare-associated infections (HAI), specifically infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CR-GNB) in neonates, after implementation of an ASP. Methods: A prospective descriptive study of antimicrobial and carbapenem consumption; and healthcare-associated rate in a NICU, during a one-year follow-up. The consumption was measured in days of therapy /1000 patients-days(DOT/1000PD). Results: In September 2017, the ASP was implemented, with the following core components: antibiotic audit and feedback, restriction of target antimicrobials, measure of antimicrobial consumption and improvement of results from microbiologic laboratory. Between September 2017 and September 2018, we admitted 308 patients, totalizing 2223 patient-days. The median of total antimicrobial consumption was 1580 DOT/1000PD (range from 1180.7 to 2336.6/month and of carbapenems 12 DOT/1000PD (range from 0 to 162.3/month). The carbapenem consumption was reduced between April and September of 2018 (p value=0.07) when we compared the first six months of the study. Eight HAI were detected, corresponding to density of incidence of 3.6/1000 patient-days. No HAI due to CR-GNB was reported. Conclusion: The total antimicrobial consumption did not increase during all the year after the ASP implantation. Although there was a significant reduction of carbapenem consumption. Carbapenem-resistant bacteria was not found in NICU causing HAI.(AU)
Justificación y objetivos: Los programas de optimizatión de uso de antimicrobianos (POA) podrían contribuir a optimizar el uso de antimicrobianos dentro de las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN). El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el consumo de antimicrobianos incluidos los carbapenems y las infecciones asociadas a la atención de la salud (IAAs), especificamente las infecciones causadas por bacterias Gram negativas resistentes a carbapenems (CR-GNB) en neonatos, después de la implementación de un POA. Métodos: Un estudio descriptivo prospectivo del consumo de antimicrobianos y carbapenems; y la tasa de IAAs en una UCIN durante un año de seguimiento. El consumo se midió en días de terapia (DOT) / 1000 pacientes-días. Resultados: En septiembre de 2017, se implementó el POA con los siguientes componentes principales: auditoría y retroalimentación de antibióticos, restricción de antimicrobianos objetivo, medición del consumo de antimicrobianos y mejora de los resultados del laboratorio microbiológico. Entre septiembre de 2017 y septiembre de 2018, admitimos 308 pacientes, totalizando 2223 días-paciente. La mediana del consumo total de antimicrobianos fue de 1580 DOT / 1000PD (rango de 1180.7 a 2336.6 / mes y de carbapenems 12 (rango de 0 a 162.3 / mes). El consumo de carbapenem se redujo entre abril y septiembre de 2018 (valor p = 0.07) cuando comparamos los primeros seis meses del estudio, se detectaron ocho IAAs, lo que corresponde a la densidad de incidencia de 3.6 / 1000 días-paciente No se informó ningún IAA debido a CR-GNB. Conclusiones: El consumo total de antimicrobianos no aumentó durante todo el año posterior a la implantación de POA. Aunque hubo una reducción significativa del consumo de carbapenem. No se encontraron bacterias resistentes a carbapenem en la UCIN que causa IAA.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Recién Nacido , Planes y Programas de Salud , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Atención a la Salud , Programas de Optimización del Uso de los Antimicrobianos , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Factores de Tiempo , Peso al Nacer , Carbapenémicos/uso terapéutico , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The aim of this article is to compare number of attendances to pediatric emergencies and hospital admissions, considering a period time in which measures of social distancing and restriction or urban mobility were in course, with the same period in previous years to the pandemic. We performed a case-series study in two pediatric emergencies and hospital admission between 16th March and 16th April 2020 (first month of social distancing in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil). Data were compared with the same period, in the two previous years, using Analysis of variance (ANOVA). A p value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. The number of attendances in the Unit A and B, respectively, were 6.579 and 1.538 in 2018; 5.750 and 1.430 in 2019 and 1.762 and 375 in 2020. The number of hospital admissions in the Unit A and B, respectively, were 823 and 199 in 2018; of 721 and 188 in 2019; and 325 and 135 in 2020. In both units, there was a statistically significant reduction of attendances and hospitals admissions when 2020 year was compared with the two previous years (p>0.0001). Relative percentage of acute respiratory diseases and influenza-like illness was 36.7%, 36.5% and 29.2%, respectively in 2018, 2019 and 2020 in the Unit A; and 25.9%, 24.2% and 24.5%, respectively for the same years, in the Unit B. We concluded that there was a statistically significant reduction of attendances and hospitals admissions in the pediatric emergencies evaluated, being the results attributed to social distancing and restriction of urban mobility during the period studied.
O objetivo deste artigo foi comparar o número de atendimentos em emergências pediátricas e internações hospitalares, considerando um período de tempo no qual vigoravam medidas de distanciamento social e restrição de mobilidade urbana, com o mesmo período em anos anteriores à pandemia da COVID-19. Realizamos um estudo de uma série de casos de atendimentos em duas emergências pediátricas e internações hospitalares entre 16 de março e 16 de abril de 2020 (primeiro mês de distanciamento social no Estado do Rio de Janeiro). Os dados foram comparados com o mesmo período dos dois anos anteriores, através de análise de variância (ANOVA). Um valor de p <0.05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. O número de atendimentos nas unidades A e B, respectivamente, foi de 6.579 e 1.538 em 2018; de 5.750 e 1.430 em 2019 e 1.762 e 375 em 2020. O número de internações nas unidades A e B, respectivamente, foi de 823 e 199 em 2018; de 721 e 188 em 2019; e 325 e 135 em 2020. Houve redução estatisticamente significativa de atendimentos e internações quando o ano de 2020 foi comparado com os anos anteriores nas duas unidades (p<0.0001). O percentual relativo de atendimentos de doenças respiratórias agudas e síndromes gripais foi de 36,7%, 36,5% e 29,2%, respectivamente em 2018, 2019 e 2020 na Unidade A; e 25,9%, 24,2% e 24,5%, respectivamente aos mesmos anos na Unidade B. Concluímos que houve redução estatisticamente significativa no número de atendimentos e internações nas emergências pediátricas avaliadas, sendo o resultado atribuído ao distanciamento social e restrição de mobilidade urbana no período avaliado.
RESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Multi-drug-resistant bacteria surveillance (MDR) systems are used to identify the epidemiology of MDR bacteria in neonates and children. This study aimed to describe the patterns by which MDR bacteria colonize and infect neonatal (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients in the state of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was performed using electronic data on NICU and PICU patients reported to the Rio de Janeiro State MDR bacteria surveillance system. All healthcare institutions that reported at least one case during the study period were included. RESULTS: Between 2014 and 2017, 10,210 MDR bacteria cases, including 9261 colonizations and 949 infections, were reported. Among the colonizations, 5379 occurred in NICUs and 3882 in PICUs, while 405 infections occurred in NICUs and 544 in PICUs. ESBL producing Klebsiella sp and E. coli were the most reported colonization-causing agents in NICUs (1983/5379, 36.9%) and PICUs (1494/3882; 38.5%). The main causing bacteria reported in catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), ventilator associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infection in NICUs were Klebsiella sp and E.coli (56/156, 35.9%), carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) (22/65, 33.9%), and CRGNB (11/36, 30.6%) respectively, while in PICUs, they were MRSA (53/169, 31.4%), CRGNB (50/87, 57.4%), Klebsiella sp and E.coli (18/52, 34.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: MDR Gram-negative bacteria (ESBL producers and carbapenem-resistant bacteria) were the most reported agents among MDR bacteria reported to Rio de Janeiro surveillance system. Except for CLABSI in children, they caused all device-associated infections in NICUs and PICUs.
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Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/clasificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/clasificación , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo NeonatalRESUMEN
RESUMO Introdução Programas de gestão de antimicrobianos (PGA) são ferramentas importantes para minimizar o problema global da resistência antimicrobiana. As bases destes programas devem começar idealmente na graduação médica. Objetivo Identificar a apresentação dos conceitos dos PGA no currículo de uma escola médica. Material e métodos Estudo transversal realizado com docentes da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). O critério de inclusão utilizado foi ministrar conteúdos relativos a PGA para o curso de Medicina. Foram mensurados apresentação de componentes-chave dos PGA, carga horária destinada, metodologias de ensino e avaliações empregadas. Resultados Estudo realizado entre dezembro de 2017 e janeiro de 2018, sendo incluídos 6 dos 329 (1,8%) docentes que ministravam aulas para o curso de Medicina. A carga horária destinada à apresentação dos PGA totalizou 83 horas, com mediana de 3 h/docente, o que correspondeu a 1,1% da carga horária total do curso inteiro. Cinco dos seis professores (83,3%) apresentaram pelo menos um dos componentes-chave dos PGA. A frequência de apresentação dos componentes-chave dos PGA foi de: especificidade do tratamento (5/6 - 83,3%), duração do tratamento (4/6 - 66,7%), otimização do tempo de administração (4/6 - 66,7%), possibilidade de troca de via de administração (3/6 - 50%) e monitorização de níveis séricos (2/6 - 33,3%). Quatro dos seis docentes (66,7%) utilizaram combinações de metodologia de ensino, as quais foram reportadas nas seguintes frequências: aulas tradicionais (5/6 - 83,3%), estudos de casos clínicos (4/6 - 66,7%) e aprendizado baseado em problemas (4/6 - 66,7%). Cinquenta por cento dos docentes utilizaram combinações de avaliações para assimilação do conteúdo, e as mais utilizadas foram: respostas dissertativas curtas (3/6), casos clínicos (2/6), perguntas de múltipla escolha (2/6), resumos clínicos (1/6), seminários (1/6) e respostas dissertativas longas (1/6). Conclusões Verificamos que os componentes-chave relativos aos PGA foram apresentados em uma escola médica do Rio de Janeiro, sendo a combinação de diferentes metodologias de ensino a principal estratégia para transmissão dos conceitos. Metade dos docentes utilizou combinação de avaliações para mensurar o conteúdo apresentado. Há necessidade de ajustes para que aspectos importantes, como troca de via de administração e monitorização de níveis séricos, sejam mais debatidos na graduação.
ABSTRACT Introduction Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASP) are important tools in the effort to reduce the global issue of antimicrobial resistance. Ideally, the foundations of ASP should start to be conveyed in undergraduate medical training. Aim To identify the presentation of ASP concepts in the curriculum of a medical school. Material and methods A cross-sectional study conducted among medical teachers from the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). The inclusion criterion was teaching ASP-related content in the undergraduate medical course. We analyzed which key-concepts were presented, the number of hours dedicated to presentation, the teaching methodologies and the evaluation methods. Results The study was conducted between December 2017 and January 2018 and included six of the 329 (1.8%) teachers who taught on the Medicine course. The total hours dedicated to ASP teaching was 83; median of 3h/teacher, corresponding to 1.1% of the total class hours for the whole course. Five out of six (83.3%) teachers present at least one key component of ASP. The frequency of key ASP concepts presented was: specificity of treatment (5/6 - 83.3%), duration of treatment (4/6 - 66.7%), optimization of administration time (4/6 - 66.7%), possible switching of administration method (3/6 - 50%) and therapeutic drug level monitoring (2/6 - 33.3%). Four out of six (66.7%) teachers used combinations of teaching methodologies, which were reported in the following frequency: lectures (5/6 - 83.3%), clinical cases (4/6 - 66.7%) and problem-based learning (4/6 - 66.7%). Fifty percent of the teachers employed combined evaluations to measure the concepts presented and the most common used were: short dissertation questions (3/6), clinical cases (2/6), multiple choice questions (2/6), clinical summaries (1/6), seminars (1/6) and long dissertation questions (1/6). Conclusions We verified that key ASP-related concepts were presented in a Rio de Janeiro medical school, with a combination of different methodologies constituting the main strategy to convey the concepts. Combinations of evaluations were used by half of the teachers to measure the contents presented. A requirement is observed to improve the teaching of important aspects such as when it is possible to switch the administration method and monitoring of the therapeutic drug level.
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Abstract INTRODUCTION: Multi-drug-resistant bacteria surveillance (MDR) systems are used to identify the epidemiology of MDR bacteria in neonates and children. This study aimed to describe the patterns by which MDR bacteria colonize and infect neonatal (NICU) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients in the state of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was performed using electronic data on NICU and PICU patients reported to the Rio de Janeiro State MDR bacteria surveillance system. All healthcare institutions that reported at least one case during the study period were included. RESULTS Between 2014 and 2017, 10,210 MDR bacteria cases, including 9261 colonizations and 949 infections, were reported. Among the colonizations, 5379 occurred in NICUs and 3882 in PICUs, while 405 infections occurred in NICUs and 544 in PICUs. ESBL producing Klebsiella sp and E. coli were the most reported colonization-causing agents in NICUs (1983/5379, 36.9%) and PICUs (1494/3882; 38.5%). The main causing bacteria reported in catheter-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), ventilator associated pneumonia, and catheter-associated urinary tract infection in NICUs were Klebsiella sp and E.coli (56/156, 35.9%), carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (CRGNB) (22/65, 33.9%), and CRGNB (11/36, 30.6%) respectively, while in PICUs, they were MRSA (53/169, 31.4%), CRGNB (50/87, 57.4%), Klebsiella sp and E.coli (18/52, 34.6%), respectively. CONCLUSIONS MDR Gram-negative bacteria (ESBL producers and carbapenem-resistant bacteria) were the most reported agents among MDR bacteria reported to Rio de Janeiro surveillance system. Except for CLABSI in children, they caused all device-associated infections in NICUs and PICUs.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Lactante , Preescolar , Niño , Adolescente , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/clasificación , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/clasificación , Monitoreo EpidemiológicoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in neonates admitted in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). METHODS: We did a systematic review using PRISMA methodology to identify the main etiological agents in Brazilian NICUs. Eligible studies published without period restriction were identified in PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS and DOAJ. Studies were included if they were conducted in neonates hospitalized at NICU. Studies done in outpatient care, neonates outside NICU, emergency department, primary care, long-term care facilities or a combination of these were excluded. RESULTS: We identified 6384 articles in the initial search and four papers met the inclusion criteria. In all studies included, rates of device-associated infections were described, including VAP rates. The VAP incidence density, in exclusively Brazilian NICU, ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 per 1000 ventilator-days. Pneumonia was described as the main HAI in NICU in one article, as the second type of HAI in two other articles and as the fourth type of HAI in the last one. The main pathogens causing all HAI types were described in three of four articles, but, none of the articles reported which pathogens were related or associated to VAP. CONCLUSION: Etiological agents causing VAP in Brazilian NICUs are, until the present time, not known.
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Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Neumonía Asociada al Ventilador/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Recién Nacido , Neumonía Asociada al Ventilador/microbiología , Sesgo de Publicación , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como AsuntoRESUMEN
ABSTRACT Introduction Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is one of the most common healthcare-associated infections (HAI) in neonates admitted in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Methods We did a systematic review using PRISMA methodology to identify the main etiological agents in Brazilian NICUs. Eligible studies published without period restriction were identified in PUBMED, SCIELO, LILACS and DOAJ. Studies were included if they were conducted in neonates hospitalized at NICU. Studies done in outpatient care, neonates outside NICU, emergency department, primary care, long-term care facilities or a combination of these were excluded. Results We identified 6384 articles in the initial search and four papers met the inclusion criteria. In all studies included, rates of device-associated infections were described, including VAP rates. The VAP incidence density, in exclusively Brazilian NICU, ranged from 3.2 to 9.2 per 1000 ventilator-days. Pneumonia was described as the main HAI in NICU in one article, as the second type of HAI in two other articles and as the fourth type of HAI in the last one. The main pathogens causing all HAI types were described in three of four articles, but, none of the articles reported which pathogens were related or associated to VAP. Conclusion Etiological agents causing VAP in Brazilian NICUs are, until the present time, not known.
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Humanos , Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal/estadística & datos numéricos , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Neumonía Asociada al Ventilador/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados Aleatorios como Asunto , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Incidencia , Sesgo de Publicación , Neumonía Asociada al Ventilador/microbiologíaRESUMEN
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the predictors and outcomes associated with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial (MDR-GNB) infections in an oncology pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: Data were collected relating to all episodes of GNB infection that occurred in a PICU between January of 2009 and December of 2012. GNB infections were divided into two groups for comparison: (1) infections attributed to MDR-GNB and (2) infections attributed to non-MDR-GNB. Variables of interest included age, gender, presence of solid tumor or hematologic disease, cancer status, central venous catheter use, previous Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, healthcare-associated infection, neutropenia in the preceding 7 days, duration of neutropenia, length of hospital stay before ICU admission, length of ICU stay, and the use of any of the following in the previous 30 days: antimicrobial agents, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Other variables included initial appropriate antimicrobial treatment, definitive inadequate antimicrobial treatment, duration of appropriate antibiotic use, time to initiate adequate antibiotic therapy, and the 7- and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed significant relationships between MDR-GNB and hematologic diseases (odds ratio [OR] 5.262; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.282-21.594; p = 0.021) and healthcare-associated infection (OR 18.360; 95% CI 1.778-189.560; p = 0.015). There were significant differences between MDR-GNB and non-MDR-GNB patients for the following variables: inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy, time to initiate adequate antibiotic treatment, and inappropriate antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Hematologic malignancy and healthcare-associated infection were significantly associated with MDR-GNB infection in this sample of pediatric oncology patients.
RESUMO OBJETIVO: Este estudo visou a avaliar os preditores e resultados associados às infecções por bactérias gram-negativas multirresistentes (BGN-MR) em uma unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica oncológica (UTIP). MÉTODOS: Foram coletados dados com relação a todos os episódios de infecção por BGN que ocorreram em uma UTIP entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2012. As infecções por BGN foram divididas em dois grupos para comparação: 1) infecções atribuídas a BGN-MR e 2) infecções atribuídas a BGN não multirresistente. As variáveis de interesse incluíram idade, sexo, presença de tumor sólido ou malignidade hematológica, câncer, uso de cateter venoso central, infecção anterior por Pseudomonas aeruginosa, infecção hospitalar, neutropenia nos sete dias anteriores, duração da neutropenia, tempo de internação antes da UTI, duração da internação na UTI e uso de quaisquer dos seguintes nos 30 dias anteriores: agentes antimicrobianos, corticosteroides, quimioterapia ou radioterapia. Outras variáveis incluíram: tratamento antimicrobiano inicial adequado, tratamento antimicrobiano definitivo inadequado, duração do uso de antibióticos adequados, tempo de início da terapia antibiótica adequada, mortalidade em sete dias e mortalidade em 30 dias. RESULTADOS: As análises de regressão logística multivariada mostraram relações significativas entre as BGN-MR e as doenças hematológicas (razão de chance (RC) 5,262; intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC de 95%) 1,282-21,594; p = 0,021) e infecções hospitalares (RC 18,360; IC de 95% 1,778-189,560; p = 0,015). Houve diferenças significativas entre os pacientes com BGN-MR e BGN não MR com relação às seguintes variáveis: recebimento de terapia antibiótica empírica inicial inadequada, tempo para início do tratamento antibiótico adequado e recebimento de terapia antibiótica inadequada. CONCLUSÕES: A malignidade hematológica e a infecção hospitalar foram significativamente associadas à infecção por BGN-MR nessa amostra de pacientes pediátricos oncológicos.
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Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Neoplasias Hematológicas/microbiología , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/microbiología , Acinetobacter baumannii/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/mortalidad , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hematológicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidad , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed at evaluating the predictors and outcomes associated with multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial (MDR-GNB) infections in an oncology pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). METHODS: Data were collected relating to all episodes of GNB infection that occurred in a PICU between January of 2009 and December of 2012. GNB infections were divided into two groups for comparison: (1) infections attributed to MDR-GNB and (2) infections attributed to non-MDR-GNB. Variables of interest included age, gender, presence of solid tumor or hematologic disease, cancer status, central venous catheter use, previous Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, healthcare-associated infection, neutropenia in the preceding 7 days, duration of neutropenia, length of hospital stay before ICU admission, length of ICU stay, and the use of any of the following in the previous 30 days: antimicrobial agents, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Other variables included initial appropriate antimicrobial treatment, definitive inadequate antimicrobial treatment, duration of appropriate antibiotic use, time to initiate adequate antibiotic therapy, and the 7- and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analyses showed significant relationships between MDR-GNB and hematologic diseases (odds ratio [OR] 5.262; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.282-21.594; p=0.021) and healthcare-associated infection (OR 18.360; 95% CI 1.778-189.560; p=0.015). There were significant differences between MDR-GNB and non-MDR-GNB patients for the following variables: inadequate initial empirical antibiotic therapy, time to initiate adequate antibiotic treatment, and inappropriate antibiotic therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Hematologic malignancy and healthcare-associated infection were significantly associated with MDR-GNB infection in this sample of pediatric oncology patients.
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Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Neoplasias Hematológicas/microbiología , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/microbiología , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/microbiología , Acinetobacter baumannii/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/mortalidad , Femenino , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hematológicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidad , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/aislamiento & purificación , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Descrevem-se os resultados de treinamentos de estudantes de graduação e profissionais da saúde em prevenção de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde com uso de simuladores. O treinamento foi realizado em cinco módulos: higienização de mãos, prevenção de infecções de corrente sanguínea, prevenção de pneumonia associada a dispositivos respiratórios, prevenção de infecção urinária e biossegurança. Os treinamentos simulados foram aplicados a pequenos grupos de alunos de diferentes períodos da graduação e diversos cursos. Entre maio de 2012 e abril de 2013, 61 estudantes fizeram pelo menos um módulo do curso. O desempenho dos estudantes foi medido por um pré-teste e pós-teste aplicado antes e após cada módulo. O aproveitamento positivo nos módulos de I a V foi de 34,2%, 34%, 40,4%, 28,2% e 42,2%, respectivamente. Não houve diferença estatística significativa, em relação ao aproveitamento positivo, nos cinco módulos, quando analisados os estudantes dos diferentes cursos. Concluiu-se que treinamentos simulados em prevenção de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde foram efetivos para aumentar o conhecimento de alunos de graduação em saúde de diferentes cursos e períodos.
This article describes the results of training undergraduate students and health professionals about preventing healthcare-associated infections, with the use of simulators. The training consisted of five modules: hand washing, prevention of bloodstream infections, prevention of pneumonia associated to respiratory devices, prevention of urinary infection and biosecurity. The simulation training was performed with small groups of students at different stages of their degrees and from various courses. The course was taken from May 2012 to April 2013 by 61 students, each following at least one module of the course, and student performance was measured by tests applied before and after each module. The positive improvement rates reported in modules 1 to 5 were: 34.2%, 34%, 40.4%, 28.2% and 42.2% respectively. No statistical difference was found in relation to the positive improvement achieved in all five modules when analyzed in terms of students from different undergraduate programs. In conclusion, the simulation training proved effective in increasing the undergraduate students’ understanding of prevention of healthcare associated-infections.
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Background: Infection with Gram-negative bacteria is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of 7- and 30-day mortality in pediatric patients in an intensive care unit with cancer and/or hematologic diseases and Gram-negative bacteria infection. Methods: Data were collected relating to all episodes of Gram-negative bacteria infection that occurred in a pediatric intensive care unit between January 2009 and December 2012, and these cases were divided into two groups: those who were deceased seven and 30 days after the date of a positive culture and those who survived the same time frames. Variables of interest included age, gender, presence of solid tumor or hematologic disease, cancer status, central venous catheter use, previous Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, infection by multidrug resistant-Gram-negative bacteria, colonization by multidrug resistant-Gram- negative bacteria, neutropenia in the preceding seven days, neutropenia duration ≥3 days, healthcare-associated infection, length of stay before intensive care unit admission, length of intensive care unit stay >3 days, appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment, definitive inadequate antimicrobial treatment, time to initiate adequate antibiotic therapy, appropriate antibiotic duration ≤3 days, and shock. In addition, use of antimicrobial agents, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy in the previous 30 days was noted. Results: Multivariate logistic regression analysis resulted in significant relationship between shock and both 7-day mortality (odds ratio 12.397; 95% confidence interval 1.291–119.016 p = 0.029) and 30-day mortality (odds ratio 6.174; 95% confidence interval 1.760–21.664 p = 0.004), between antibiotic duration ≤3 days and 7-day mortality (odds ratio 21.328 95% confidence interval 2.834-160.536; p = 0.003), and between colonization by multidrug re...
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Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/mortalidad , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidad , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Neoplasias Hematológicas/microbiología , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Neoplasias/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Infection with Gram-negative bacteria is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of 7- and 30-day mortality in pediatric patients in an intensive care unit with cancer and/or hematologic diseases and Gram-negative bacteria infection. METHODS: Data were collected relating to all episodes of Gram-negative bacteria infection that occurred in a pediatric intensive care unit between January 2009 and December 2012, and these cases were divided into two groups: those who were deceased seven and 30 days after the date of a positive culture and those who survived the same time frames. Variables of interest included age, gender, presence of solid tumor or hematologic disease, cancer status, central venous catheter use, previous Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, infection by multidrug resistant-Gram-negative bacteria, colonization by multidrug resistant-Gram-negative bacteria, neutropenia in the preceding seven days, neutropenia duration ≥3 days, healthcare-associated infection, length of stay before intensive care unit admission, length of intensive care unit stay >3 days, appropriate empirical antimicrobial treatment, definitive inadequate antimicrobial treatment, time to initiate adequate antibiotic therapy, appropriate antibiotic duration ≤3 days, and shock. In addition, use of antimicrobial agents, corticosteroids, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy in the previous 30 days was noted. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression analysis resulted in significant relationship between shock and both 7-day mortality (odds ratio 12.397; 95% confidence interval 1.291-119.016; p=0.029) and 30-day mortality (odds ratio 6.174; 95% confidence interval 1.760-21.664; p=0.004), between antibiotic duration ≤3 days and 7-day mortality (odds ratio 21.328; 95% confidence interval 2.834-160.536; p=0.003), and between colonization by multidrug resistant-Gram-negative bacteria and 30-day mortality (odds ratio 12.002; 95% confidence interval 1.578-91.286; p=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: Shock was a predictor of 7- and 30-day mortality, and colonization by multidrug resistant-Gram-negative bacteria was an important risk factor for 30-day mortality.
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Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hematológicas/mortalidad , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias/mortalidad , Adolescente , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Neoplasias Hematológicas/microbiología , Humanos , Huésped Inmunocomprometido , Lactante , Masculino , Neoplasias/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
OBJETIVO: Avaliar as infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde, em unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal, causadas pelo Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, verificando o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana e possíveis esquemas antibióticos eficazes. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo de uma série de casos de infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde tardias de origem hospitalar atribuída ao Staphylococcus coagulase negativa, avaliando o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana. Foram estudados os recém-nascidos internados entre 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 30 de junho de 2012 em uma unidade de terapia intensiva neonatal da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, sendo todos os pacientes oriundos de outras unidades. RESULTADOS: Foram admitidos 765 pacientes, totalizando 3.051 pacientes-dia e uma densidade de incidência de infecção geral de 18,9 por 1.000 pacientes-dia. A taxa de utilização de cateteres venosos centrais foi de 71,6% e a positividade das culturas de todos os sítios para todas as infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde foi de 68,4%. O Staphylococcus coagulase negativa foi implicado em 11 (19,2%) das 57 infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde e Klebsiela pneumoniae produtor de betalactamase de espectro estendido e Candida sp em 5 ocasiões cada. Das 11 infecções, 10 (90,9%) foram atribuídas a infecções primárias de corrente sanguínea. A sensibilidade dos isolados de Staphylococcus coagulase negativa em relação à vancomicina, clindamicina, ciprofloxacin, oxacilina e gentamicina foi de 100%, 81,8%, 72,7%, 27,2%, 22,2%, respectivamente. Não houve óbito atribuído diretamente à infecção por Staphylococcus coagulase negativa. CONCLUSÃO: O Staphylococcus ...
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to evaluate infections related to health care caused by coagulase-negative Staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit by assessing antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and potentially effective antibiotic regimens. METHODS: This was a retrospective descriptive study performed on a case series of healthcare-associated infections, and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles were evaluated. Newborns from other hospitals who were admitted to a neonatal intensive care unit in Rio de Janeiro between January 1, 2010, and June 30, 2012, were studied. RESULTS: In total, 765 patients were admitted, totaling 3,051 patient-days, and the incidence density of general infection was 18.9 per 1,000 patient-days. The rate of central venous catheter use was 71.6%, and the positive culture rate for all sites and all infections related to health care were 68.4%. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci were identified in 11 (19.2%) of 57 health care-related infections, and infections with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida sp. constituted 5 cases each. Of the 11 cases of coagulase-negative Staphylococci, 10 (90.9%) were primary bloodstream infections. The sensitivity of the coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolates to vancomycin, clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, oxacillin and gentamycin was 100%, 81.8%, 72.7%, 27.2% and 22.2%, respectively. There were no deaths directly attributed to coagulase-negative Staphylococci infection. CONCLUSION: Coagulase-negative Staphylococci was the main agent identified in healthcare-associated infections, with low rates of infections related to central venous catheter. In hospitals with a high oxacillin resistance profile, similar to those included in this study, vancomycin may be used as an initial therapy, although clindamycin represents a viable alternative. .
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Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Infección Hospitalaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Coagulasa , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Estudios Retrospectivos , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/enzimologíaRESUMEN
O crescimento dos serviços de assistência domiciliar (SAD) traz consigo questões importantes como transferência de tecnologias, circulação de profissionais de saúde entre o domicílio de pacientes e o hospital, e utilização de dispositivos invasivos em ambiente domiciliar. Desta forma, o conhecimento da operacionalidade do serviço, da incidência das infecções adquiridas, e taxas de infecção do SAD e da unidade de terapia intensiva pediátrica (UTIP) de referência para internação hospitalar é fundamental para a tomada de decisões de ações preventivas e terapêuticas, diminuindo morbidade e prevenindo re-internações hospitalares. O propósito deste estudo foi identificar as infecções associadas ao SAD (home care) e à UTIP do Prontobaby-Hospital da Criança e mensurar as densidades de incidência de infecções em ambos os setores, no período de janeiro de 2008 a junho de 2009, utilizando o método de vigilância preconizado pela Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) para o home care, e National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN-CDC-USA) para a UTIP .As infecções mais prevalentes em crianças e adolescentes atendidas pelo SAD foram pneumonias (42,6 porcento), doença influenza símile (14,7 porcento) e infecções cutâneas (14 porcento), ao passo que infecção da corrente sanguínea não relacionada à utilização de cateter venoso profundo e pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAV) foram mais freqüentes na UTIP, com 26,9 porcento e 20,9 porcento respectivamente. Houve 3 óbitos, atribuídos à pneumonia, sepse urinária e doença pulmonar progressiva. As densidades de incidência de infecção relacionadas à assistência no período foram de 11,1 por 1.000 pacientes-dia no SAD e 15,3 na UTIP (p=0,2), sendo registradas, no entanto, maiores taxas no SAD entre setembro e dezembro de 2008 (14,4 por 1.000 pacientes-dia), quando comparadas com o ano de 2009 (9,8 por 1.000 pacientes-dia) (p=0,009). As densidades de incidência de PAV foram de 6,8 e 9 por 1.000 ventiladores-dia no SAD e UTIP, respectivamente (p=0,36). Agentes causais foram encontrados em 10,8 porcento das infecções relacionadas à assistência à saúde no SAD e em 76,2 porcento na UTIP (p<0,001), sendo as bactérias Gram-negativas as mais comuns em ambos os setores. Concluímos que os principais tipos de infecções relacionadas à assistência (IRA) domiciliar foram infecções respiratórias. Embora haja a necessidade de padrões de referências para IRA em ambiente de assistência domiciliar pediátrico, a densidade de incidência de PAV apresentou valores considerados elevados para um ambiente de pacientes relativamente mais estáveis. Quanto à UTIP, as densidades de incidência de infecções associadas a todos os dispositivos invasivos se encontraram acima do percentil 50 do sistema NHSN. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade da confecção e revisões periódicas de protocolos específicos para a prevenção, monitoramento e controle de infecções associadas à assistência, especialmente para pneumonias, havendo também a necessidade de melhoria do diagnóstico etiológico de IRA nos pacientes em assistência domiciliar.
The growth of home care services brings important issues such as technology transfer, circulation of healthcare professionals from hospital to patients home, and home use of invasive devices. Thus, knowledge of service operation, incidence of infections and infection rates in a pediatric home health care agency, and its referral center for intensive care, is very important to therapeutic decision and preventive measures, for reducing morbidity and hospital readmission.The purpose of this study was to identify the healthcare associated infections (HAI) in the home care service and intensive care pediatric unit (PICU) of Prontobaby-Children's Hospital between January 2008 and June 2009. We also measured the incidence density rate of HAI in both services, using the surveillance method recommended by the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) for home care, and the National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN, CDC-USA) for PICU. Pneumonia (42.6 percent), influenza-like illness (14.7 percent) and skin infections (14 percent) were the most incident infections in children and adolescents in home care, while bloodstream infections unrelated to central venous catheter (26.9 percent) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) (20.9 percent) were more frequent in PICU. There were three deaths in home care due to pneumonia, urinary sepsis and progressive lung disease in one patient each. The incidence density rate of HAI per 1000 patients-days was 11.1 in home care and 15.3 in PICU (p=0.20). The rates, however, were higher in SAD between September and December 2008 (14.4 per 1,000 patient-days) when compared to 2009 (9.8 per 1000 patient-days) (p = 0.009). The incidence density of VAP was 6.8 per 1000 ventilator-days in home care and 9.0 in the PICU (p=0.36). Etiologic agents were found in 10.8 percent of HAI in home care and 76.2 percent in PICU (p <0.001). Gram-negative bacteria were the most common in both services. We conclude that respiratory infections were the main type of HAI related to the home care. Although there is a need for HAI reference standards in pediatric home care, the incidence density of VAP was considered high for patients with a relatively stable clinical condition. In the PICU the incidence of all the invasive device-associated infections exceeded the 50th percentile of the NHSH system. These results suggest the need for preparation and periodic review of specific protocols for prevention, monitoring and control of HAI, especially pneumonia, in home care services. Additionally, there is a need to improve the etiological diagnosis of HAI in patients in home care.
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Niño , Atención Domiciliaria de Salud , Infecciones , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Pediátrico , NeumoníaRESUMEN
Com o objetivo de medir a prevalência de anticorpos IgG contra o parvovírus B19 em gestantes com até 24 semanas de idade gestacional e detectar a ocorrência de casos de hidropisia fetal não-imune atribuídos a esse vírus, coletamos 249 amostras de soro em uma maternidade de referência na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre junho de 2003 e março de 2005. As gestantes foram acompanhadas até o termo da gestação, sendo detectados 17 casos de hidropisia fetal. Quatro casos foram atribuídos ao parvovírus B19 e dois destes ocorreram em gestantes residentes na zona oeste da cidade, em fevereiro de 2005. Resultados positivos para anticorpos IgG antiparvovírus B19 foram encontrados em 172 (71,6 por cento) gestantes (IC 95 por cento 65,5-77,7 por cento), sendo esta prevalência de anticorpos comparável à encontrada em outras cidades brasileiras. A única variável associada com aquisição prévia de anticorpos IgG foi número de gestações anteriores maior que um(p= 0,02, IC 95 por cento 0,36-0,94).
With the aim of measuring the prevalence of anti-parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies during pregnancy up to 24 weeks of gestation and detecting cases of nonimmune hydrops fetalis, 249 sera from pregnant women attending a reference hospital in Rio de Janeiro city, from June 2003 to November 2004 were collected. They were followed-up until the end of pregnancy, with 17 cases of fetal hydrops detected. Four cases were caused by parvovirus B19 and two of them occurred in pregnant women living in the western zone of the city, during February 2005. Anti-parvovirus B19 IgG antibodies were found in 172 (71.6 percent) pregnant women (CI 95 percent 65.5 percent-77.7 percent); this antibody prevalence is similar to results found for others Brazilian cities. The only variable associated with previous acquisition of IgG antibodies to parvovirus B19 was number of pregnancies greater than one (p= 0.02, CI 95 percent 0.36-0.94).