Planos Municipais de Saúde do Estado do Tocantins: uma análise com foco no enfrentamento da obesidade / Municipal Health Plans in Tocantins, Brazil: an analysis focusing on obesity

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a abrangência do enfrentamento da obesidade nos Planos Municipais de Saúde (PMS) do Estado do Tocantins, dado que, diante da crescente prevalência da obesidade no Brasil, seu enfrentamento deveria estar no foco de ação da saúde pública e previsto nos instrumentos de gestão. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo, com análise documental, que analisou os PMS no período de vigência de 2018 a 2021 nos 139 municípios desse estado. Foram selecionados dezessete termos relacionados à obesidade e verificada a frequência e contexto nos PMS. Do total de 139 PMS, foram avaliados 129 (92,8%). Os termos "academia da saúde" e "Sisvan" foram os mais frequentes, e "obesidade" apareceu em apenas 28% dos planos, totalizando 71 citações. Destas, somente 32,4% relacionavam-se diretamente com o enfrentamento da doença, com destaque nas regiões de saúde Bico do Papagaio e Médio Norte Araguaia. Os contextos relevantes de abordagem da obesidade mais frequentes foram a caracterização da situação epidemiológica, quadros de metas de ações e indicadores. Concluiu-se que o enfrentamento da obesidade pactuado nos PMS está ausente em mais de 70% dos municípios do Tocantins, e que ações de direcionamento para inclusão dessa doença dentro dos instrumentos de gestão são urgentes.

Abstract This documentary analysis evaluated the scope of addressing obesity in the Municipal Health Plans (PMS) in the state of Tocantins, Brazil, since the growing prevalence of obesity in Brazil should put its confrontation at the center of public health action and management instruments. To analyze the PMS performance from 2018 to 2021 in the 139 municipalities of this state, 17 terms related to obesity were selected and had their frequency and context in the PMS verified. Of the existing 139 PMS, 129 (92.8%) were evaluated. "Health academy" and "SISVAN" were the most frequent terms used, whereas "obesity" appeared in only 28% of the plans, totaling 71 mentions. Of these, only 32.4% were directly related to combating the disease, mainly in the health regions of Bico do Papagaio and Médio Norte Araguaia. Relevant contexts for addressing obesity included the characterization of the epidemiological profile, tables of action goals, and indicators. PMS's role in combating obesity is absent in more than 70% of municipalities in Tocantins, which points to the urgent inclusion of this disease within the management instruments.

Influence of glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet on the risk of overweight and adiposity in childhood / Influência do índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica da dieta sobre o risco de sobrepeso e adiposidade na infância

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the glycemic index and the glycemic load of the diet with the risk of overweight and high adiposity in children with 5 years of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 232 children born and living in Diamantina (MG, Brazil). Parents and/or guardians provided the food intake data, using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, past history and socioeconomic conditions. Anthropometric and fatness data were collected from the children. The dietary glycemic index and the glycemic load were calculated from the food intake. The glycemic index and glycemic load effect on overweight and adiposity in children was assessed by the Poisson regression (p<0.05). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight by body mass index was 17.3%, and high adiposity was observed in 3.4% and 6.9% by triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold, respectively. No difference was reported between the mean body mass index, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold according to the glycemic index and glycemic load tertiles; however, the overweight group presented a higher carbohydrate intake (p=0.04). No association was found between glycemic index and glycemic load with overweight and adiposity among the children assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet were not identified as risk factors for overweight and adiposity in this cross-sectional study.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre o índice glicêmico e a carga glicêmica da dieta sobre o risco de sobrepeso e adiposidade em crianças de cinco anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de 232 crianças nascidas e residentes em Diamantina (MG, Brasil). Os pais e/ou responsáveis forneceram os dados de consumo alimentar, usando num questionário semiquantitativo de frequência alimentar, histórico do paciente e condições socioeconômicas. Os dados antropométricos e a gordura corporal foram coletados das crianças. O índice glicêmico da dieta e a carga glicêmica foram calculados a partir da ingestão de alimentos. O efeito do índice glicêmico e da carga glicêmica no sobrepeso e na adiposidade das crianças foi avaliado por meio da regressão de Poisson (p<0,05). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de sobrepeso pelo índice de massa corporal foi de 17,3% e adiposidade elevada foi observada em 3,4% e 6,9% por meio da prega cutânea do tríceps e da prega cutânea subescapular, respectivamente. Não houve diferença entre a média de índice de massa corporal, prega cutânea do tríceps e prega cutânea subescapular de acordo com os tercis de índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica; no entanto, o grupo com sobrepeso apresentou maior ingestão de carboidratos (p=0,04). Não foi encontrada associação entre índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica com sobrepeso e adiposidade entre as crianças avaliadas. CONCLUSÕES: O índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica da dieta não foram identificados como fatores de risco para sobrepeso e adiposidade neste estudo transversal.

Influence of glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet on the risk of overweight and adiposity in childhood. / Influência do índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica da dieta sobre o risco de sobrepeso e adiposidade na infância.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between the glycemic index and the glycemic load of the diet with the risk of overweight and high adiposity in children with 5 years of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort of 232 children born and living in Diamantina (MG, Brazil). Parents and/or guardians provided the food intake data, using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire, past history and socioeconomic conditions. Anthropometric and fatness data were collected from the children. The dietary glycemic index and the glycemic load were calculated from the food intake. The glycemic index and glycemic load effect on overweight and adiposity in children was assessed by the Poisson regression (p<0.05). RESULTS: The prevalence of overweight by body mass index was 17.3%, and high adiposity was observed in 3.4% and 6.9% by triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold, respectively. No difference was reported between the mean body mass index, triceps skinfold and subscapular skinfold according to the glycemic index and glycemic load tertiles; however, the overweight group presented a higher carbohydrate intake (p=0.04). No association was found between glycemic index and glycemic load with overweight and adiposity among the children assessed. CONCLUSIONS: The glycemic index and glycemic load of the diet were not identified as risk factors for overweight and adiposity in this cross-sectional study.

Early determinants of overweight and obesity at 5 years old in preschoolers from inner of Minas Gerais, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Brazil is experiencing a nutritional transition characterized by a reduction in the prevalence of nutritional deficits and an increase in overweight and obesity, not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the factors associated with overweight and obesity in Brazilian 5-year-old preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 232 preschoolers born in Diamantina/Minas Gerais, Brazil, was undertaken. The data, including socioeconomic status, anthropometry, diet, previous history of the preschoolers and family history, were collected between July of 2009 and July of 2010. To identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity, a logistic regression and a hierarchical model were undertaken. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity occurred in 17.2% of the preschoolers. After adjusting for mother's obesity, per capita income, protective food intake, weight gain at age 0-4 months and time spent playing, the factors associated with overweight and obesity that reached statistical significance were mother's obesity [OR = 3.12 (95%CI 1.41-6.91), P = 0.01], weight gain of more than 0.85 kg/month in the first four months of life [OR = 2.16 (95%CI 1.01-4.64), P = 0.04] and lower per capita income [OR = 0.32 (95%CI 0.13-0.79), P = 0.01]. CONCLUSION: The results show that more weight gain during the first four months of life and being born of mothers with obesity increased the odds of overweight/ obesity in the preschoolers, while lower per capita income was a protective factor.

Introducción: Brasil está experimentando una transición nutricional caracterizada por una reducción en la prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales y un aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, no sólo en los adultos sino también en los niños y los adolescentes. Objetivos: Este estudio se diseñó para evaluar los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en preescolares brasileños de 5 años de edad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de una cohorte de 232 preescolares nacidos en Diamantina/ Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos, que incluían situación socioeconómica, antropometría, dieta, antecedentes de los preescolares y familiares, se recogieron entre julio de 2009 y julio de 2010. Para identificar los factores asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad, se realizaron una regresión logística y un modelo jerárquico. Resultados: El sobrepeso y la obesidad ocurrieron en el 17,2 % de los preescolares. Tras ajustar para obesidad materna, la renta per cápita, la ingesta de alimentos, la ganancia de peso entre los 0-4 meses de edad y el tiempo dedicado al juego, los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad que alcanzaban una significación estadística fueron la obesidad materna [OR = 3,12 (IC al 95 % 1,41- 6,91), P = 0,01], la ganancia de peso de más de 0,85 kg/mes en los primeros 4 meses de vida [OR = 2,16 (IC al 95 % 1,01-4,64), P = 0,04] y una menor renta per cápita [OR = 0,32 (IC al 95 % 0,13-0,79), P = 0,01]. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que la mayor ganancia de peso durante los 4 primeros meses de vida y tener una madre obesa aumentan las probabilidades de sobrepeso/obesidad en los preescolares, mientras que una menor renta per cápita es un factor de protección.

Early determinants of overweight and obesity at 5 years old in preschoolers from inner of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Los primeros determinantes del sobrepeso y la obesidad a los 5 años de edad en preescolares del interior de Minas Gerais, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: Brazil is experiencing a nutritional transition characterized by a reduction in the prevalence of nutritional deficits and an increase in overweight and obesity, not only in adults but also in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This study was designed to evaluate the factors associated with overweight and obesity in Brazilian 5-year-old preschoolers. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of a cohort of 232 preschoolers born in Diamantina/Minas Gerais, Brazil, was undertaken. The data, including socioeconomic status, anthropometry, diet, previous history of the preschoolers and family history, were collected between July of 2009 and July of 2010. To identify the factors associated with overweight and obesity, a logistic regression and a hierarchical model were undertaken. RESULTS: Overweight and obesity occurred in 17.2% of the preschoolers. After adjusting for mother's obesity, per capita income, protective food intake, weight gain at age 0-4 months and time spent playing, the factors associated with overweight and obesity that reached statistical significance were mother's obesity [OR = 3.12 (95%CI 1.41-6.91), P = 0.01], weight gain of more than 0.85 kg/month in the first four months of life [OR = 2.16 (95%CI 1.01-4.64), P = 0.04] and lower per capita income [OR = 0.32 (95%CI 0.13-0.79), P = 0.01].CONCLUSION:The results show that more weight gain during the first four months of life and being born of mothers with obesity increased the odds of overweight/ obesity in the preschoolers, while lower per capita income was a protective factor (AU)

Introducción: Brasil está experimentando una transición nutricional caracterizada por una reducción en la prevalencia de deficiencias nutricionales y un aumento del sobrepeso y la obesidad, no sólo en los adultos sino también en los niños y los adolescentes. Objetivos: Este estudio se diseñó para evaluar los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad en preescolares brasileños de 5 años de edad. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de una cohorte de 232 preescolares nacidos en Diamantina/ Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los datos, que incluían situación socioeconómica, antropometría, dieta, antecedentes de los preescolares y familiares, se recogieron entre julio de 2009 y julio de 2010. Para identificar los factores asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad, se realizaron una regresión logística y un modelo jerárquico. Resultados: El sobrepeso y la obesidad ocurrieron en el 17,2 % de los preescolares. Tras ajustar para obesidad materna, la renta per cápita, la ingesta de alimentos, la ganancia de peso entre los 0-4 meses de edad y el tiempo dedicado al juego, los factores asociados con el sobrepeso y la obesidad que alcanzaban una significación estadística fueron la obesidad materna [OR = 3,12 (IC al 95 % 1,41- 6,91), P = 0,01], la ganancia de peso de más de 0,85 kg/mes en los primeros 4 meses de vida [OR = 2,16 (IC al 95 % 1,01-4,64), P = 0,04] y una menor renta per cápita [OR = 0,32 (IC al 95 % 0,13-0,79), P = 0,01]. Conclusión: Los resultados muestran que la mayor ganancia de peso durante los 4 primeros meses de vida y tener una madre obesa aumentan las probabilidades de sobrepeso/obesidad en los preescolares, mientras que una menor renta per cápita es un factor de protección (AU)

Efeito de um programa de educação no nível de conhecimento e nas atitudes sobre o diabetes mellitus / The effect of an education program on the knowledge level and attitudes about Diabetes Mellitus

Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto de um programa de educação no conhecimento e nas atitudes sobre o diabetes em pacientes diabéticos. Métodos: Estudo de intervenção do tipo antes e depois, realizado em dois momentos: antes e doze meses após implantação de um Programa de Educação para Diabéticos (PED). Avaliaram-se 23 portadores de diabetes mellitus atendidos por duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da cidade de Diamantina-MG, Brasil. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário semiestruturado contendo questões sobre dados pessoais, grau de escolaridade, definição da doença, duração, causas, tratamento, dificuldades no controle e fonte da informação sobre o diabetes. O efeito do programa sobre o conhecimento e atitudes foi avaliado comparando-se o número de respostas corretas referidas antes e após 12 meses de seu início, assim como mudança de atitude sobre a doença. Resultados: Observou-se um aumento do número de respostas corretas sobre os sintomas e complicações do diabetes. O mesmo ocorreu em relação ao reconhecimento da importância da atividade física (27%) e da autoaplicação de insulina (40%) para os tratamentos. Emambos os momentos, mais de 50% dos indivíduos afirmaram ter dificuldade no tratamento do diabetes, sendo o seguimento da dieta, a mais citada. Apenas 4% responderam de forma correta sobre as causas do diabetes nos dois momentos. Conclusão: Houve melhora das noções conceituais dos pacientes, especialmente sobre a definição da doença, seus sintomas e complicações. Fatores como o grau de escolaridade, a idade e a renda podem ter influenciado na aquisição e incorporação de conhecimento, transformando-o em atitudes concretas.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of an education program on the knowledge level and attitudes about diabetes in diabetic patients. Methods: It was a before-and-after intervention study carried out in two moments: before and twelve months after implementation of the Diabetes Education Program (PED). We evaluated 23 patients with diabetes mellitus followed by two Basic Health Units from Diamantina-MG, Brazil. The data collection instrument was a semi-structured questionnaire with questions about personal data, educational level, disease definition, duration, causes, treatment, and difficulties in controlling it and the source of information on diabetes. The effect of the program on knowledge and attitudes was evaluated by comparing the number of correct answers before and after 12 months of its start, as well as changing attitudes about the disease. Results: We observed an increase in the number of correct answers on the diabetes symptoms and complications. The same occurred on the recognition of the importance of physical activity (27%) and on the self-application of insulin (40%) for treatments. In both moments, more than 50% of subjects reported having difficulty in the treatment of diabetes, and following the diet was the most referred. Only 4% answered correctly on the causes of diabetes in both moments. Conclusion: There was an improvement of the conceptual notions of the patients, especially on the definition of the disease, its symptoms and complications. Factors such as education level, age and income may have influenced the acquisition and incorporation of knowledge, changing it into concrete actions.