Mechanical consequences at the tendon-bone interface of different medial row knotless configurations and lateral row tension in a simulated rotator cuff repair.

PURPOSE: Little is known about the direct influence of different technical options at the rotator cuff tendon-bone interface (TBI) and, more specifically, at the medial bearing row (MBR), regarding local contact force, area and pressure. We evaluated the mechanical repercussions of different medial row anchor configurations for that setting using different values of tension in the lateral row anchors. METHODS: Knotless transosseous equivalent (TOE) rotator cuff repairs with locked versus nonlocked medial anchors and single versus double-hole suture passage were tested in a synthetic rotator cuff mechanical model, using 2 different values of lateral row tension. Contact force, area, pressure, peak force and MBR force were compared at the simulated TBI using a pressure mapping sensor. RESULTS: When compared to locked anchors, medial row sliding configurations generate lower values for all the above-mentioned parameters. The use of double-hole suture passage in the medial cuff generated slightly higher values contact area regardless of lateral row tension. At higher lateral row tension values, lower values of the remaining parameters, including MBR force, were found when compared to single-hole suture passage. Lateral row anchor tension increase induced an increase of all parameters regardless of the medial row configuration and TBI contact force and MBR force were the most susceptible parameters, regardless of the medial row pattern. CONCLUSION: Medial row mechanism, suture configuration and lateral row tension interfere with the mechanical force, area and pressure at by TBI. Lateral row tension increase is a major influencer in those parameters. These results can help surgeons choose the right technique considering its mechanical effect at the TBI.

Total calcanectomy in calcaneal osteomyelitis: An alternative to major amputation.

BACKGROUND: Hindfoot ulcers associated with chronic calcaneus osteomyelitis are very difficult to manage and many patients need a limb amputation for resolution. Total calcanectomy can be a salvage procedure for these patients. The purpose of this study is to present our results of total calcanectomy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of six patients undergoing total calcanectomy at our institution between 2008 and 2019. Patient data and ambulatory status were analyzed. RESULTS: In 4 of the 6 patients, infection control and wound closure was achieved with total calcanectomy with follow-up ranging from 1 to 12 years. The 4 patients maintain walking ability. Two major complications: an early death caused by a respiratory infection and a below the knee amputation due to recurrence of the foot infection. CONCLUSION: Total calcanectomy is an useful procedure for limb salvage in foot ulcers with chronic calcaneus osteomyelitis.

A Technique for a More Accurate Acromioclavicular Joint Reduction in Arthroscopic Coracoclavicular Stabilization of Acromioclavicular Joint Dislocation.

Loss of reduction is the most common complication following acromioclavicular dislocations treatment, with literature showing greater postoperative coracoclavicular distances associated with worse clinical results. We present a surgical gesture that aims to help surgeons achieve and secure an anatomic acromioclavicular reduction during coracoclavicular fixation. This technique has the possibility to improve radiological and functional results of acromioclavicular dislocation treatment.

Glomus Tumor: "A-Not-So-Rare" Cause of Chronic Shoulder Pain-A Case Report and Literature Review.

CASE: A 61-year-old male presented with chronic shoulder pain resistant to conservative treatment. Imaging identified a nodular lesion in the deltoid muscle, which histology after resection identified as a glomus tumor. After surgery, the patient became asymptomatic and at 4-year follow-up has not shown signs of recurrence. CONCLUSION: Glomus tumors around the shoulder should be considered when investigating chronic shoulder pain, as they are more common than thought. Despite being elusive, when diagnosed, excellent outcomes may be expected, with surgery resection being curative.

"Bone-shot fracture" - An unusual iliac wing fracture caused by a projectile of autologous bone fragment. A case report.

CASE: A young adult male sustained a high-energy crash suffering multiple injuries including a comminuted right femoral shaft fracture and an ipsilateral iliac wing fracture. The iliac fracture was caused by a femoral fragment which was projected and pierced the iliac wing. The patient underwent surgery with retrieval of the femoral fragment and fixation of the iliac and femoral fractures. The lesions healed uneventfully. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of an iliac fracture caused by a projectile of autologous bone. High-energy trauma may present unusual or never seen injury patterns to the trauma surgeon.

Why are tapes better than wires in knotless rotator cuff repairs? An evaluation of force, pressure and contact area in a tendon bone unit mechanical model.

PURPOSE: Knotless repairs have demonstrated encouraging performance regarding retear rate reduction, but literature aiming at identifying the specific variables responsible for these results is scarce and conflictive. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effect of the material (tape or wire suture) and medial tendon passage (single or double passage) on the contact force, pressure and area at the tendon bone interface in order to identify the key factors responsible for this repairs´ success. METHODS: A specific knotless transosseous equivalent cuff repair was simulated using 2 tape or suture wire loaded medial anchors and 2 lateral anchors, with controlled lateral suture limb tension. The repair was performed in a previously validated sawbones® mechanical model. Testing analyzed force, pressure and area in a predetermined and constant size "repair box" using a Tekscan® sensor, as well as peak force and pressure, force applied by specific sutures and force variation along the repair box. RESULTS: Tapes generate lower contact force and pressure and double medial passage at the medial tendon is associated with higher contact area. Suture wires generate higher peak force and pressure on the repair and higher mean force in their tendon path and at the medial bearing row. Force values decrease from medial to lateral and from posterior to anterior independently of the material or medial passage. CONCLUSION: Contrary to most biomechanical literature, suture tape use lowers the pressure and force applied at the tendon bone junction, while higher number of suture passage points medially increases the area of contact. These findings may explain the superior clinical results obtained with the use uf suture tapes because its smaller compressive effect over the tendon may create a better perfusion environment healing while maintaining adequate biomechanical stability.

Lateralized versus nonlateralized glenospheres in reverse shoulder arthroplasty: a systematic review with meta-analysis.

HYPOTHESIS/BACKGROUND: Lateralization in reverse shoulder arthroplasty (L-RSA) was proposed to overcome some limitations of the original Grammont-style design (S-RSA). This systematic review aims to compare the clinical and functional outcomes and complications of S-RSA with L-RSA, and to assess the individual results of metallic and bony lateralization implants. METHODS: A systematic search from January 1980 to December 2019 was performed. Studies were selected in 2 phases by 2 independent reviewers; disagreements were solved by discussion. Inclusion criteria were: (1) original studies; (2) written in English or French; (3) adult individuals submitted to RSA surgery; and (4) RSA with a lateralization device in at least one of the groups. Exclusion criteria were: (1) nonoriginal studies or case reports; (2) absence of clinical or radiographic outcomes; and (3) no comparison group using S-RSA. Data were extracted for outcomes of functional status (American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant, visual analog scale, Simple Shoulder Test, Subjective Shoulder Value, Activities of Daily Life that require External Rotation, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand), range of motion (ROM), complications, revisions, and notching. Meta-analyses were performed when possible. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines were followed. RESULTS: Fifteen articles/16 studies were included (865 participants: 440 L-RSA and 425 S-RSA). Most studies found no differences between the L-RSA and S-RSA groups in qualitative and meta-analysis for American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons, Constant, Simple Shoulder Test, Activities of Daily Life that require External Rotation, and Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores. Meta-analysis demonstrated significantly lower visual analog scale (1 point) and higher Subjective Shoulder Value (6 points) in L-RSA than in S-RSA. No significant differences were found in the qualitative analyses of most studies regarding ROM in forward elevation, abduction, and internal/external rotation, but meta-analysis reported a significantly higher external rotation in L-RSA groups and specifically in osseous lateralization. Complication rate was significantly lower in L-RSA (odds ratio = 0.38), but no significant differences were found for revision rates. Notching rate was significantly lower in the L-RSA group (odds ratio = 0.14), both for osseous and metallic lateralization. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: This systematic review focused on studies comparing L-RSA and S-RSA and found significantly lower notching and complication rates in L-RSA groups. This review highlighted similar outcomes in clinical scores and a slight advantage for L-RSA in ROM, especially in external rotation. L-RSA was not associated with increased revision rates, while presenting lower complication and notching rates. Inclusion of studies with metallic and osseous lateralization has helped to provide further evidence on this subject, but heterogeneity and low evidence levels of the included studies may limit our conclusions.

Neuroimmune expression in hip osteoarthritis: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Neuroimmune axis is central in the physiopathology of hip osteoarthritis (OA), but its specific pathways are still unclear. This systematic review aims to assess the nervous and immune system profile of patients with hip osteoarthritis (OA) when compared to healthy controls. METHODS: A systematic review followed PRISMA guidelines was conducted. A two-step selection process was completed, and from 609 references 17 were included. The inclusion criteria were: original articles on adult patients with hip OA, with assessment of neuroimmune expression. Articles with other interventions prior to analysis and those without a control group were excluded. RESULTS: Thirty-nine relevant neuroimmune markers were identified, with assessments in bone, cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, whole blood, serum and/or immune cells. GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-1 and TNF-α presented variable expression among tissues studied when compared between hip OA and controls. VEGFs and TGF-ß isoforms showed similar tendencies among tissues and studies. On nervous expression, CGRP, Tuj-1 and SP were increased in synovial membrane. Overall, patients with hip OA presented a higher number of overexpressed markers. CONCLUSIONS: For the first time a systematic review on neuroimmune expression in patients with hip OA found an upregulation of neuroimmune markers, with deregulated balance between pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, no clear systematic pattern was found, and few information is available on nervous expression. This highlights the importance of future research with clear methodologies to guide the management of these patients.

Reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of nonunions of the surgical neck of the proximal part of the humerus (type-3 fracture sequelae).

BACKGROUND: Fracture sequelae of the proximal part of the humerus are challenging conditions, and various treatment options have been described. The purpose of this multicenter study was to analyze the clinical and radiographic outcomes as well as the complications following semiconstrained reverse total shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of nonunion of a surgical neck fracture of the proximal part of the humerus. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with a mean age of sixty-eight years (range, forty-eight to eighty-three years) managed with a reverse shoulder arthroplasty for the treatment of nonunion of a proximal humeral fracture were analyzed clinically and radiographically. The mean duration of follow-up was four years (range, two to twelve years). The Constant score, active shoulder mobility, all complications, and revision procedures were recorded. RESULTS: The mean Constant score increased from 14.2 points (range, 2 to 35 points) to 46.6 points (range, 6 to 75 points) (p < 0.001). The mean shoulder flexion increased from 42.9° (range, 0° to 160°) to 109.7° (range, 0° to 170°) (p < 0.001), and the mean external rotation increased from 0.5° (range, -40° to 60°) to 13.1° (range, -30° to 60°) (p < 0.005). No component loosening occurred, but 50% (sixteen) of the patients had radiographic evidence of scapular notching. There were thirteen complications (41%) leading to nine revision surgical procedures (28%). The most common complication was a dislocation following reverse shoulder arthroplasty, which occurred in 34% (eleven) of the patients. An intraoperative resection of the humeral head fragment and the tuberosities was associated with increased risk of dislocation (p < 0.007). CONCLUSIONS: Nonunions of the proximal part of the humerus can be treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty. Although clinical outcomes improved significantly, we found an unacceptably high rate of dislocations associated with intraoperative resection of the tuberosities. The tuberosities and the attached rotator cuff should be preserved if possible to reduce the risk of dislocation after reverse total shoulder arthroplasty.

Montagens curtas com instrumentação do nível fracturado e moldagem in situ no tratamento das fracturas tipo burst da coluna toracolombar / Short-segment fixation of thoracolumbar burst fractures using pedicle fixation at the level of the fracture and in situ bending / Montajes cortas con instrumentación del nivel fracturado y molde in situ en el tratamiento de las fracturas tipo burst de la columna toracolumbar

OBJECTIVO: Avaliação dos resultados clínicos e radiográficos do tratamento cirúrgico de fracturas tipo burst da coluna toracolombar por fixação posterior curta, com instrumentação do nível fracturado e moldagem in situ. MÉTODOS: Entre Novembro de 2007 e Janeiro de 2009, foram seleccionados pacientes que sofreram fractura da coluna toracolombar tipo burst a um nível, com presença de instabilidade neurológica ou mecânica, submetidos a fixação posterior curta com instrumentação do nível fracturado e moldagem in situ. Foi realizada avaliação radiográfica e clínica no pré-operatório, no pós-operatório imediato e, pelo menos, um ano após a cirurgia. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 12 pacientes com uma média de idades de 39,1 anos. O seguimento médio foi de 14,5 meses. Um paciente abandonou a consulta aos dois meses, e dois não compareceram à consulta de avaliação clínica. Dois pacientes apresentavam défices neurológicos à entrada (Frankel B). Obtivemos uma melhoria da angulação vertebral de 14,2º, da deformidade cifótica de 11,2º e 27,2 por cento de recuperação da altura vertebral anterior. Ao tempo de seguimento final, verificaram-se perdas de 2,7º, 3,8º e 6,1 por cento, respectivamente. Registou-se um Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) médio de 6,2 e uma Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) de 1,6. Os dois pacientes com lesões neurológicas melhoraram para um nível D de Frankel. Não se observou qualquer caso de desmontagem ou falência do material. CONCLUSÕES: A instrumentação do nível da fractura aumenta a rigidez da montagem, protegendo a vértebra fracturada de cargas anteriores, garantindo um ponto de fixação adicional que permite uma melhor correcção por moldagem in situ. Os resultados obtidos, radiográficos e clínicos, são bons e mantêm-se ao longo do tempo.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluation of clinical and radiographic results of the surgical treatment of thoracolumbar burst fractures with short posterior fixation, including the fractured vertebra and in situ bending. METHODS: From November 2007 to January 2009, the authors reviewed patients with traumatic thoracolumbar burst fractures of a single vertebral level, with neurological or mechanical instability, and surgically treated with short posterior fixation including the fractured level and in situ bending. Clinical and radiographic evaluations were performed before, immediately after surgery, and at least at one year after surgery. RESULTS: Twelve patients were included with an average age of 39.1 years. The average follow-up was 14.5 months. One patient was lost to followup at two months, and two were lost to clinical evaluation. Two patients presented with neurological deficits (Frankel B).We achieved an improvement of 14.2º of vertebral angulation, 11.2º of kyphotic deformity and a restoration of 27.2 percent of anterior vertebral height. At final follow up 2.7º, 3.8º and 6.1 percent were lost, respectively. We obtained an average Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of 6.2 and a Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) of 1.6. The two patients with neurological deficits improved to a level D of Frankel. There was no instrumentation failure. CONCLUSION: Segmental fixation with instrumentation of the level of the fracture increases construct stiffness and gives additional vertebral body protection from anterior loads, achieving an additional point of fixation that allows a better kyphosis correction by in situ bending. Our clinical and radiographic results are good and long-lasting.

OBJETIVO: evaluación de los resultados clínicos y radiológicos del tratamiento quirúrgico de fracturas tipo burst de la columna toracolumbar por fijación posterior corta, con instrumentación del nivel fracturado y molde in situ. MÉTODOS: entre Noviembre de 2007 y Enero de 2009, fueron seleccionados pacientes que sufrieron fractura de la columna toracolumbar tipo burst a un nivel, con presencia de inestabilidad neurológica o mecánica, sometidos a la fijación posterior corta con instrumentación del nivel fracturado y molde in situ. Se realizó evaluación radiográfica y clínica en el pre operatorio, en el postoperatorio inmediato y por lo menos un año después de la cirugía. RESULTADOS: fueron incluidos 12 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 39.1 años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 14.5 meses. Un paciente abandonó la consulta a los dos meses, y dos no comparecieron a la consulta de evaluación clínica. Dos pacientes presentaron déficits neurológicos a la entrada (Frankel B). Obtuvimos una mejoría del ángulo vertebral de 14.2º, de la deformidad cifótica de 11.2º y el 27.2 por ciento de recuperación de la altura vertebral anterior. Al tiempo de seguimiento final, se verificaron pérdidas de 2.7º, 3.8º y el 6.1 por ciento, respectivamente. Se registró un Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) promedio de 6.2 y una Escala Analógica Visual (VAS) de 1.6. Los dos pacientes con lesiones neurológicas mejoraron para un nivel D de Frankel. No se observó cualquier caso de desmontaje o falencia del material. CONCLUSIONES: la instrumentación del nivel de la fractura aumenta la rigidez del molde, protegiendo la vértebra fracturada de cargas anteriores, garantizando un punto de fijación adicional que permite una mejor corrección por molde in situ. Los resultados obtenidos, tanto los radiográficos cuanto los clínicos, son buenos y se mantienen a lo largo del tiempo.

Tratamento cirúrgico por via anterior na mielopatia cervical espondilótica com seguimento mínimo de dez anos / Tratamiento quirúrgico por vía anterior en la mieolopatía cervical espondilótica con seguimiento mínimo de diez años / Anterior decompression and fusion for spondilotic cervical mielopathy with a minimal ten-year follow-up

A mielopatia cervical espondilótica (MEC) é uma causa freqüente de disfunção da medula espinhal na população adulta. O tratamento implica em descompressão cirúrgica precoce. O objetivo foi apresentar um estudo retrospectivo da descompressão anterior e artrodese para MEC com um seguimento mínimo de dez anos. Métodos: pacientes operados entre Janeiro de 1990 e Dezembro de 1994 foram avaliados por sexo, idade, número de níveis operados, avaliação funcional pela escala de Nurick pré-operatória um ano após cirurgia e após a revisão final que ocorreu em 2004, evidência de consolidação e complicações. Resultados: foram avaliados 91 pacientes, 69 do sexo masculino, 22 do sexo feminino, com uma média de idade de 56,6 anos (42-86) e um seguimento médio de 11,9 anos. (...)Verificou-se uma forte correlação entre a idade e o número de níveis operados (r=0,391; p=0,01), idade e estado neurológico inicial (r=0,238; p=0,05), estado neurológico inicial e número de níveis operados (r=0,251; p=0,05) e sexo e número de níveis operados, sendo as mulheres operadas a mais níveis (r=0,208; p=0,05). Verificou-se também uma maior deterioração neurológica entre o primeiro ano e a avaliação final em doentes mais jovens em comparação com os idosos (r=0,25; p=0,05). Há uma forte correlação entre a recuperação obtida ao primeiro ano e a recuperação final (r=0,838; p=0,01). A taxa de consolidação foi de 100 por cento. Conclusão: na MEC, a cirurgia proporciona uma melhoria neurológica significativa e, apesar de uma deterioração clínica entre o primeiro ano e a avaliação final, os benefícios da descompressão são evidentes pelo menos dez anos após a intervenção.

Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of spinal cord dysfunction in the adult population. The treatment implies early surgical decompression. The objective was to present a retrospective study of anterior decompression and arthrodesis for CSM with a minimal ten years follow-up. METHODS: patients operated between January 1990 and December 1994 were evaluated for sex, age, number of levels operated, functional evaluation with Nurick scale preoperatively, one year after surgery and at the final revision that took place in 2004, evidence of consolidation and complications. RESULTS: 91 patients were evaluated, 69 male, 22 female, with a mean age of 56.6 years (42).(...) The degradation between the first year and the final evaluation was statistically significant (p=0.004). There was a strong correlation between age and the number of operated levels (r=0.391; p=0.01), age and initial neurologic status (r=0.238; p=0.05), initial neurological status and number of operated levels (r=0.251; p=0.05) and sex and number of operated levels, with women being operated for more levels (r=0.208; p=0.05). There was also a stronger neurological deterioration between the first year and the final follow-up in young patients when compared to older ones (r=0.25; p=0.05). There is a strong relation between the first year improvement and the final improvement (r=0.838, p=0.01). There was a 100 percent rate of consolidation. CONCLUSION: in CSM, a significant neurological improvement can be expected with surgery, and despite a clinical deterioration between the first year and the final evaluation, the benefits of decompression are evident at least ten years after the intervention.

La mielopatía cervical espondilótica (MEC) es una causa frecuente de disfunción de la médula espinal en la población adulta. El tratamiento implica una descompresión quirúrgica precoz. El objetivo es presentar un estudio retrospectivo de la descompresión anterior y artrodesis para MEC con un seguimiento mínimo de diez años. MÉTODOS: pacientes operados entre Enero de 1990 y Diciembre de 1994 fueron evaluados según el sexo, la edad, el número de niveles operados, la evaluación funcional por la escala de Nurick pre operatoria un año después de la cirugía y después de la revisión final que fue en el 2004, evidencia de consolidación y complicaciones. RESULTADOS: fueron evaluados 91 pacientes, 69 del sexo masculino, 22 del sexo femenino, con un promedio de edades de 56.6 años (42 a 86) y un seguimiento promedio de 11.9 años. El agravamiento entre el primer año y la evaluación final fue estadísticamente significativa (p=0.004). Se verificó una correlación fuerte entre la edad y el número de niveles operados (r=0.391; p=0.01), edad y estado neurológico inicial (r=0.238; p=0.05), estado neurológico inicial y número de niveles operados (r=0.251; p=0.05), y sexo y número de niveles operados, siendo las mujeres operadas con más niveles (r=0.208; p=0.05). Se verificó también un mayor deterioro neurológico entre el primer año y la evaluación final en enfermos más jóvenes al ser comparados con pacientes de edad avanzada (r=0.250; p=0.05). Hay una fuerte correlación entre la recuperación obtenida en el primer año y la recuperación final (r=0.838; p=0.01). La tasa de consolidación fue del 100 por ciento. CONCLUSIÓN: en la MEC, la cirugía proporciona una mejora neurológica significativa y, a pesar de un deterioro clínico entre el primer año y la evaluación final, los beneficios de la descompresión son evidentes por lo menos diez años después de la intervención.

[New perspectives on degenerative disease treatment]. / Novas perspectivas no tratamento da doença degenerativa discal.

The degenerative disc disease (DDD) is a chronic and multifactorial condition of the intervertebral disc that can manifest itself by axial pain, radiculopathy, myelopathy and spinal stenosis. It constitutes an increasing cause of lumbar pain and morbidity in Western Societies, with important socio-economic implications. The available treatment options do not modify the intervertebral disc degeneration process and they are not always capable of relieving symptoms. The loss of proteoglycan content of nucleus pulposus appears to be the main event on DDD pathophysiology. The balance between synthesis and catabolism of the extracellular matrix can be altered by the use of several proteins, including growth factors. The transfer of genes encoding these proteins is an attractive treatment option and has been successfully achieved in animal models. Moreover, the transfer of steam cells in order to repopulate the degenerated disc and to revert the pathologic process might be another promissory strategy. The authors describe the actual knowledge about DDD and the investigation that has been made in gene therapy for DDD. The comprehension of the biological mechanisms of degeneration, as well as genetic manipulation and transfer of steam cells could be decisive and revolutionary in the understanding and treatment of this epidemic condition.