Obtaining Bioactive Compounds from the Coffee Husk (Coffea arabica L.) Using Different Extraction Methods.

Coffee husks (Coffea arabica L.) are characterized by exhibiting secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, which can be used as raw material for obtaining bioactive compounds of interest in food. The objective of this study is to evaluate different methods for obtaining the raw material and extracting solutions of bioactive compounds from coffee husks. Water bath and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods were used, using water (100%) or ethanol (100%) or a mixture of both (1:1) as extracting solutions and the form of the raw material was in natura and dehydrated. The extracts were evaluated by their antioxidant potential using DPPH radicals, ABTS, and iron reduction (ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)), and later total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and condensed tannins were quantified the phenolic majority compounds were identified. It was verified that the mixture of water and ethanol (1:1) showed better extraction capacity of the compounds with antioxidant activity and that both conventional (water bath) or unconventional (ultrasound) methods showed satisfactory results. Finally, a satisfactory amount of bioactive compounds was observed in evaluating the chemical composition (total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, condensed tannins, as well as the analysis of the phenolic profile) of these extracts. Corroborating with the results of the antioxidant activities, the best extracting solution was generally the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) using a dehydrated husk and water bath as the best method, presenting higher levels of the bioactive compounds in question, with an emphasis on chlorogenic acid. Thus, it can be concluded that the use of coffee husk as raw material to obtain extracts of bioactive compounds is promising. Last, the conventional method (water bath) and the water and ethanol mixture (1:1) stood out among the methods and extracting solutions used for the dehydrated coffee husk.

Trypanosoma cruzi Mexican Strains Differentially Modulate Surface Markers and Cytokine Production in Bone Marrow-Derived Dendritic Cells from C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice.

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a type of antigen-presenting cells that play an important role in the immune response against Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent of Chagas disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the modulation of these cells by this parasite can directly affect the innate and acquired immune response of the host in order to facilitate its biological cycle and the spreading of the species. Many studies show the mechanisms by which T. cruzi modulates DCs, but the interaction of these cells with the Mexican strains of T. cruzi such as Ninoa and INC5 has not yet been properly investigated. Here, we evaluated whether Ninoa and INC5 strains evaded the immunity of their hosts by modulating the biology and function of murine DCs. The CL-Brener strain was used as the reference strain. Herein, it was demonstrated that Ninoa was more infective toward bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) than INC5 and CL-Brener strains in both BMDCs of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. Mexican strains of T. cruzi induced different cytokine patterns. In BMDCs obtained from BALB/c mice, Ninoa strain led to the reduction in IL-6 and increased IL-10 production, while in C57BL/6 mice Ninoa strain considerably increased the productions of TNF-α and IL-10. Also, Ninoa and INC5 differentially modulated BMDC expressions of MHC-II, TLR2, and TLR4 in both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice compared to Brazilian strain CL-Brener. These results indicate that T. cruzi Mexican strains differentially infect and modulate MHC-II, toll-like receptors, and cytokine production in DCs obtained from C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, suggesting that these strains have developed particular modulatory strategies to disrupt DCs and, consequently, the host immune responses.

Desordens no comportamento alimentar antes e após a cirurgia de bypass gástrico em um hospital público / Disorders in eating behavior before and after gastric bypass surgery in a public hospital

A cohort study with 25 patients was carried out in a public hospital unit aiming to identify the prevalence of eating disorders before bariatric surgery; verify their persistence at 6 months postoperatively; and analyze how such disorders influenced the ponderal weight loss in bariatric patients. Through anthropometric comparative analysis and the applica-tion of questionnaires regarding eating behavior, patients were classified as ?presenting? or ?free from? eating disorders before and 6 months after surgery. Significant reduction was observed in the prevalence of nocturnal eating and binge eating among patients at 6 months postoperatively. Lower loss of excess weight was verified among patients classified as ?presenting? eating disorders in the preoperative phase. Patients affected by eating disorders require monitoring by expert staff, which contributes to achieve satisfactory results.

Con el objetivo de determinar la prevalencia de trastornos alimentarios antes de la cirugía bariátrica, de comprobar si éstos persistieron 6 meses después de la intervención y de analizar cómo tales trastornos influyeron en la pérdida de peso de los pacientes bariátricos, se realizó un estudio de cohorte con 25 pacientes en unidad de hospital público, con medición antropométrica y aplicación de un cuestionario relacionado con el comportamiento alimentario, siendo clasificados, los pacientes, como portadores o libres de trastornos alimentarios, antes de la cirugía y 6 meses después. Se encontró una reducción significativa en la prevalencia de comedores compulsivos y nocturnos entre aquellos pacientes evaluados 6 meses después de la intervención. Se evidenció una menor pérdida del exceso de peso entre los pacientes clasificados como portadores de trastornos alimentarios en la fase preoperatoria. Pacientes que sufren de trastornos alimentarios requieren un seguimiento con personal especializado, contribuyendo, así, al logro de resultados satisfactorios.

Objetivando identificar a prevalência de desordens alimentares antes da cirurgia bariátrica, verificar se persistiram aos 6 meses do pós-operatório e analisar como tais desordens influenciaram na perda ponderal de pacientes bariátricos, realizou-se um estudo de coorte com 25 pacientes em unidade pública hospitalar, com aferição antropométrica e aplicação de questionário referente ao comportamento alimentar, sendo classificados como portadores ou livres de desordens alimentares antes e 6 meses após a realização da cirurgia. Foi verificada uma redução significativa na prevalência de comedores compulsivos e comedores noturnos entre os pacientes aos 6 meses do pós-operatório. Foi evidenciada menor perda do excesso de peso entre os pacientes classificados como portadores de desordens alimentares na fase pré-operatória. Pacientes acometidos por desordens alimentares necessitam de acompanhamento com equipe especializada, contribuindo para o alcance de resultados satisfatórios.

Desordem no comportamento alimentar e cirurgia bariátrica: relações e implicações / Food and behavior disorders in bariatric surgery: relation and implications

Introdução: a obesidade possui uma etiologia multifatorial e difícil tratamento,principalmente entre os indivíduos acometidos pela obesidadedo tipo III (mórbida). Neste contexto, a cirurgia bariátrica, dadosos resultados satisfatórios alcançados, atua como meio mais eficaz detratamento para esse grupo. Vale ressaltar, porém, que a realização dacirurgia bariátrica não garante a completa resolução de alguns fatoresdesencadeantes da obesidade, tais como desordens no comportamentoalimentar. Pacientes beliscadores, comedores de doces, comedoresnoturnos e/ou acometidos pela compulsão alimentar devem ser monitoradoscom mais rigor a fim de alcançarem o sucesso pós-cirúrgico,especialmente quanto à perda ponderal.Objetivo: descrever desordens alimentares de maior prevalência entrea população obesa. Além disso, identificar na literatura, quais as implicaçõesocasionadas pela presença de tais desordens na fase pré e pós--operatória da cirurgia bariátrica.Métodos: foi realizada uma revisão na literatura, envolvendo artigosrelacionados ao tema proposto indexados nas seguintes bases de dados:Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Redalyc; e nas bibliotecas virtuais de conteúdocientífico Capes e Scielo, priorizando os publicados dentro dosúltimos dez anos. Sendo a última busca realizada em março de 2012.Resultados e Discussão: entre indivíduos obesos existe maior prevalênciade desordens de cunho alimentar, que contribuem com a manutençãoe agravo da obesidade, gerando ainda influências negativas emassociação à cirurgia bariátrica, aumentando o risco de complicações,prejudicando a perda ponderal e tornando o tratamento mais longo etrabalhoso.Conclusão: candidatos à realização da cirurgia bariátrica, assim como,indivíduos no período pós-operatório devem ser rastreados quanto àpresença de desordens na conduta alimentar para que haja intervençãono momento oportuno; minimizando assim, o risco de complicações epotencializando...

Indroduction: obesity has a multifactorial etiology and difficultto treat, especially among individuals affected by obesity type III (morbid). In this context, bariatric surgery, given the satisfactory results achieved, acts as a more effective treatment of this group.But it is noteworthy that bariatric surgery does not guarantee the full resolution of some triggering factors of obesity, such as eating disorders. Snackers, eating candy, eating at night and / or affected by binge eating should be monitored more rigorously in order toachieve success after surgery, especially regarding weight loss.Objectives: describe eating disorders most prevalent among the obese population. In addition, identify in the literature, the implications arising from the presence of such disorders in the pre-and post-operative bariatric surgery.Methods: we reviewed the literature, involving related articles indexedproposed in the following databases: Lilacs, Medline, PubMed, Redalyc,and the virtual libraries of scientific content and Capes Scielo, prioritizingthose published within the last ten years. Being the last search conducted in March 2012.Results and Discussion: among obese individuals there is a higher prevalence of eating disorders, contributing to the maintenance and aggravation of obesity, generate negative influences in association with bariatric surgery, increasing the risk of complications and damaging weight loss. Making the same treatment, especially long and laborious.Conclusion: candidates for bariatric surgery, as well as individuals in the postoperative period should be screened for the presence of conduct disorders in food so that there is intervention at the appropriate time, aiming to minimize complications and maximize the benefitsbrought about by surgical intervention.