Influence of abrasive dentifrices on polymeric reconstructive material properties after simulated toothbrushing.

To assess the influence of dentifrices with different abrasiveness levels on the properties of dental reconstructive materials. Forty-eight cylinders were obtained from four polymeric materials, being two CAD/CAM acrylic resins (Ivotion-Dent and Ivotion-Base), one injected acrylic resin (IvoBase-Hydrid) and one light-cured resin composite (Empress Direct). Specimens were allocated to four subgroups for toothbrushing simulation according to the dentifrice relative dentin abrasivity (RDA) and silica content: (i) RDA 0 = 0%; (ii) RDA 50 = 3%; (iii) RDA 100 = 10%; and (iv) RDA 120 = 25%. Specimens were then subjected to toothbrushing. Surface analyses [surface roughness Ra (SR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] along with hardness and optical properties [translucency parameter (TP) and contrast ratio (CR)] were evaluated before and after toothbrushing. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey test. A significant increase in SR was observed after toothbrushing with higher RDA toothpastes for Ivotion-Dent (100 and 120) and IvoBase-Hybrid (120). Ivotion-Base and Empress Direct presented no significant differences in SR when analyzed as a function of timepoint and RDA levels. Hardness was not influenced by toothbrushing with different RDA dentifrices, except for Empress Direct with RDA 0 toothpaste, where a decrease in the hardness was observed. TP of Ivotion-Dent and Empress Direct significantly decreased after toothbrushing with higher RDA dentifrices and CR of Ivotion-Dent, Empress Direct and IvoBase-Hybrid significantly increased with higher RDA dentifrices. The levels of dentifrice abrasiveness affected differently the SR, hardness and optical properties of polymeric reconstructive materials after toothbrushing.

Seven years of external control of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.

UNLABELLED: Fluoridation of the public water supplies is recognized as among the top ten public health achievements of the twentieth century. However, the positive aspects of this measure depend on the maintenance of fluoride concentrations within adequate levels. OBJECTIVE: To report the results of seven years of external control of the fluoride (F) concentrations in the public water supply in Bauru, SP, Brazil in an attempt to verify, on the basis of risk/benefit balance, whether the levels are appropriate. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From March 2004 to February 2011, 60 samples were collected every month from the 19 supply sectors of the city, totaling 4,641 samples. F concentrations in water samples were determined in duplicate, using an ion-specific electrode (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer after buffering with TISAB II. After the analysis, the samples were classified according to the best risk-benefit adjustment. RESULTS: Means (±standard deviation) of F concentrations ranged between 0.73±0.06 and 0.81±0.10 mg/L for the different sectors during the seven years. The individual values ranged between 0.03 and 2.63 mg/L. The percentages of the samples considered "low risk" for dental fluorosis development and of "maximum benefit" for dental caries prevention (0.55-0.84 mg F/L) in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh years of the study were 82.0, 58.5, 37.4, 61.0, 89.9, 77.3, and 72.4%, respectively, and 69.0% for the entire period. CONCLUSIONS: Fluctuations of F levels were found in the public water supply in Bauru during the seven years of evaluation. These results suggest that external monitoring of water fluoridation by an independent assessor should be implemented in cities where there is adjusted fluoridation. This measure should be continued in order to verify that fluoride levels are suitable and, if not, to provide support for the appropriate adjustments.

Seven years of external control of fluoride levels in the public water supply in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil

Fluoridation of the public water supplies is recognized as among the top ten public health achievements of the twentieth century. However, the positive aspects of this measure depend on the maintenance of fluoride concentrations within adequate levels. Objective: To report the results of seven years of external control of the fluoride (F) concentrations in the public water supply in Bauru, SP, Brazil in an attempt to verify, on the basis of risk/benefit balance, whether the levels are appropriate. Material and Methods: From March 2004 to February 2011, 60 samples were collected every month from the 19 supply sectors of the city, totaling 4,641 samples. F concentrations in water samples were determined in duplicate, using an ion-specific electrode (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer after buffering with TISAB II. After the analysis, the samples were classified according to the best risk-benefit adjustment. Results: Means (±standard deviation) of F concentrations ranged between 0.73±0.06 and 0.81±0.10 mg/L for the different sectors during the seven years. The individual values ranged between 0.03 and 2.63 mg/L. The percentages of the samples considered “low risk” for dental fluorosis development and of “maximum benefit” for dental caries prevention (0.55-0.84 mg F/L) in the first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh years of the study were 82.0, 58.5, 37.4, 61.0, 89.9, 77.3, and 72.4%, respectively, and 69.0% for the entire period. Conclusions: Fluctuations of F levels were found in the public water supply in Bauru during the seven years of evaluation. These results suggest that external monitoring of water fluoridation by an independent assessor should be implemented in cities where there is adjusted fluoridation. This measure should be continued in order to verify that fluoride levels are suitable and, if not, to provide support for the appropriate adjustments.

Xylitol concentrations in artificial saliva after application of different xylitol dental varnishes.

OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzed xylitol concentrations in artificial saliva over time after application of varnishes containing 10% and 20% xylitol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen bovine enamel specimens (8x4 mm) were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n=5/group), according to the type of varnish used: 10% xylitol, 20% xylitol and no xylitol (control). After varnish application (4 mg), specimens were immersed in vials containing 500 µL of artificial saliva. Saliva samples were collected in different times (1, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h) and xylitol concentrations were analyzed. Data were assessed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (p<0.05). RESULTS: Colorimetric analysis was not able to detect xylitol in saliva samples of the control group. Salivary xylitol concentrations were significantly higher up to 8 h after application of the 20% xylitol varnish. Thereafter, the 10% xylitol varnish released larger amounts of that polyol in artificial saliva. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the results in short-term, sustained xylitol releases could be obtained when the 10% xylitol varnish was used. These varnishes seem to be viable alternatives to increase salivary xylitol levels, and therefore, should be clinically tested to confirm their effectiveness.

Xylitol concentrations in artificial saliva after application of different xylitol dental varnishes

OBJECTIVE: The present study analyzed xylitol concentrations in artificial saliva over time after application of varnishes containing 10% and 20% xylitol. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen bovine enamel specimens (8x4 mm) were randomly allocated to 3 groups (n=5/group), according to the type of varnish used: 10% xylitol, 20% xylitol and no xylitol (control). After varnish application (4 mg), specimens were immersed in vials containing 500 µL of artificial saliva. Saliva samples were collected in different times (1, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h) and xylitol concentrations were analyzed. Data were assessed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA (p<0.05). RESULTS: Colorimetric analysis was not able to detect xylitol in saliva samples of the control group. Salivary xylitol concentrations were significantly higher up to 8 h after application of the 20% xylitol varnish. Thereafter, the 10% xylitol varnish released larger amounts of that polyol in artificial saliva. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the results in short-term, sustained xylitol releases could be obtained when the 10% xylitol varnish was used. These varnishes seem to be viable alternatives to increase salivary xylitol levels, and therefore, should be clinically tested to confirm their effectiveness.

Sealing Capability and SEM Observation of the Implant-Abutment Interface.

To evaluate the sealing capability of external hexagon implant systems and assess the marginal fit, two groups (n = 10 each) were employed: SIN (Sistema de Implantes Nacional, Brazil) and Osseotite, (Biomet 3i, USA). Sealing capability was determined by placing 0.7 µL of 1% acid-red solution in the implant wells before the torque of their respective abutments. Specimens were then placed into 2.5 mL vials filled with 1.3 mL of distilled water with the implant-abutment interface submerged. Three samples of 100 µL water were collected at previously determinate times. The absorbance was measured with a spectrophotometer, and the data were analyzed by Two-way ANOVA (P < .05) and Tukey's test. Marginal fit was determined using SEM. Leakage was observed for both groups at all times and was significantly higher at 144 hrs. SEM analysis depicted gaps in the implant-abutment interface of both groups. Gaps in the implant-abutment interface were observed along with leakage increased at the 144 hrs evaluation period.

Proteomic analysis of urine in rats chronically exposed to fluoride.

Urine is an ideal source of materials to search for potential disease-related biomarkers as it is produced by the affected tissues and can be easily obtained by noninvasive methods. 2-DE-based proteomic approach was used to better understand the molecular mechanisms of injury induced by fluoride (F(-)) and define potential biomarkers of dental fluorosis. Three groups of weanling male Wistar rats were treated with drinking water containing 0 (control), 5, or 50 ppm F(-) for 60 days (n = 15/group). During the experimental period, the animals were kept individually in metabolic cages, to analyze the water and food consumption, as well as fecal and urinary F(-) excretion. Urinary proteome profiles were examined using 2-DE and Colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue staining. A dose-response regarding F(-) intake and excretion was detected. Quantitative intensity analysis revealed 8, 11, and 8 significantly altered proteins between control vs. 5 ppm F(-), control vs. 50 ppm F(-) and 5 ppm F(-) vs. 50 ppm F(-) groups, respectively. Two proteins regulated by androgens (androgen-regulated 20-KDa protein and α-2µ-globulin) and one related to detoxification (aflatoxin-B1-aldehyde-reductase) were identified by MALDI-TOF-TOF MS/MS. Thus, proteomic analysis can help to better understand the mechanisms underlying F(-) toxicity, even in low doses.

Recovery of silver residues from dental amalgam.

UNLABELLED: Dental amalgam residues are probably the most important chemical residues generated from clinical dental practice because of the presence of heavy metals among its constituents, mainly mercury and silver. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method for the recovery of silver residues from dental amalgam. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The residue generated after vacuum distillation of dental amalgam for the separation of mercury was initially diluted with 32.5% HNO3, followed by precipitation with 20% NaCl. Sequentially, under constant heating and agitation with NaOH and sucrose, the sample was reduced to metallic silver. However, the processing time was too long, which turned this procedure not viable. In another sequence of experiments, the dilution was accomplished with concentrated HNO3 at 90 degrees C, followed by precipitation with 20% NaCl. After washing, the pellet was diluted with concentrated NH4OH, water and more NaCl in order to facilitate the reaction with the reducer. RESULTS: Ascorbic acid was efficiently used as reducer, allowing a fast reduction, thus making the procedure viable. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology is of easy application and does not require sophisticated equipment or expensive reagents.

Recovery of silver residues from dental amalgam

Dental amalgam residues are probably the most important chemical residues generated from clinical dental practice because of the presence of heavy metals among its constituents, mainly mercury and silver. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method for the recovery of silver residues from dental amalgam. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The residue generated after vacuum distillation of dental amalgam for the separation of mercury was initially diluted with 32.5 percent HNO3, followed by precipitation with 20 percent NaCl. Sequentially, under constant heating and agitation with NaOH and sucrose, the sample was reduced to metallic silver. However, the processing time was too long, which turned this procedure not viable. In another sequence of experiments, the dilution was accomplished with concentrated HNO3 at 90ºC, followed by precipitation with 20 percent NaCl. After washing, the pellet was diluted with concentrated NH4OH, water and more NaCl in order to facilitate the reaction with the reducer. RESULTS: Ascorbic acid was efficiently used as reducer, allowing a fast reduction, thus making the procedure viable. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed methodology is of easy application and does not require sophisticated equipment or expensive reagents.

Associação de tetraciclina à membrana de osso cortical bovino desmineralizado aumenta atividade de enzimas lisossomais / Association of tetracycline and membrane of demineralized bovine cortical bone increase lysosomal enzyme activity

A regeneração tecidual e óssea guiadas utilizando membranas (M) à base de colágeno é usual. A tetraciclina é utilizada algumas vezes para auxiliar a regeneração tecidual na forma tópica ou associada às barreiras absorvíveis, contudo acelerando a degradação da membrana. Enzimas lisossomais estão envolvidas na resposta celular a biomateriais. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar o efeito da associação da tetraciclina à membrana derivada do osso cortical bovino desmineralizado (MT) na atividade de enzimas lisossomais. As membranas (M e MT) foram implantadas no tecido subcutâneo de ratos (n = 120) e 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 e 60 dias após a cirurgia os animais foram mortos e os respectivos tecidos reacionais coletados para análise bioquímica. O lisado do tecido foi obtido em tampão acetato 0,1 M, pH 5, contendo EDTA e β-mercaptoetanol 1 mM para a determinação da atividade das isoformas da fosfatase ácida, fosfatase alcalina de membrana e arilsultase e β-hexosamidase. No grupo MT observou-se maior atividade das enzimas lisossomais nos períodos de 1, 3 e 7 dias (p < 0,05). Os resultados obtidos permitem concluir que a associação de tetraciclina à membrana aumenta a atividade específica das enzimas analisadas, concorrendo para a aceleração da degradação da membrana + tetraciclina.

Guided bone and tissue regeneration using collagen-derived membranes (M) is a common practice. Topical application of tetracycline or its association to membranes intends to complement guided tissue regeneration, however, accelerated degradation was observed. Lysosomal enzymes are involved in the cell response to biomaterials. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of tetracycline association to the membrane (MT) obtained from demineralized bovine cortical bone to lysosomal enzymes. Membranes (M and MT) were implanted in the subcutaneous tissue of rats (n=120) 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 60 days after implantation the animals were killed and the granuloma removed for enzymatic analysis. Tissue lyses was obtained using 0.1M acetate buffer, pH 5.0, plus 1 mM of EDTA and β-mercaptoethanol for determination of acid phosphatase isoforms, cell membrane alkaline phosphatase, arilsulfatase and β-hexosaminadase activities. MT group showed higher lysosomal activity at 1, 3 and 7 days (p<0.05) than M group. Based on the results it could be concluded that the treatment of membranes with tetracycline significantly altered the specific activity of the enzymes, increasing MT degradation in the tissue.

Marcadores bioquímicos e microscópicos como ferramentas investigativas da resposta tecidual envolvidas com a associação de osso cortical bovino/colágeno em subcutâneo de ratos / Biochemical and microscopic analyses as investigative tool of tissue response involved with the association of bovine cortical bone/collagen in subcutaneous of rats

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a reposta tecidual à associação de osso bovino inorgânico e colágeno bovino liofilizado, implantados em subcutâneo de ratos. O composto (osso bovino + colágeno) foi acondicionado em cápsulas de colágeno transparente e posteriormente implantado no tecido conjuntivo subcutâneo de ratos. Os animais foram mortos após 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias da cirurgia e as peças recolhidas para análise microscópica e enzimática. Foram analisados os aspectos microscópicos da resposta tecidual, bem como a atividade específica da fosfatase ácida total, fosfatase ácida lisossomal, fosfatase ácida de baixa massa molecular, fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartarato (marcador de osteoclastos e alguns tipos de células gigantes multinucleadas) e da fosfatase alcalina. A análise enzimática mostrou que a atividade da fosfatase ácida lisossomal coincidiu com os períodos de maior presença de células gigantes multinucleadas inflamatórias. A análise microscópica revelou um moderado infiltrado inflamatório apenas no período de 10 dias, desaparecendo nos períodos seguintes. A presença de linfócitos e plasmócitos foi leve, sendo notada apenas no período de 10 dias. O grau de fibrosamento tendeu de moderado a intenso até o final do experimento. Dentro dos limites deste trabalho pode-se concluir que a combinação de osso cortical bovino + colágeno bovino liofilizado é biocompatível não exibindo sinais de resposta imunogênica, além disso, a atividade das fosfatases ácidas pode ser modulada em função do tempo, durante a resposta tecidual ao composto implantado em subcutâneo de ratos. O exato papel de cada uma dessas enzimas nesta complexa cadeia de eventos deve, ainda, ser investigado.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the rat tissue response under association of inorganic bovine bone and bovine collagen. Before experimentation, the association (bovine bone + collagen) was conditioned in collagen capsules and after implanted in rats subcutaneous tissue. Afterwards, the animals were killed as follows: 10, 20, 30 and 60 days after surgery. Immediately, the biopsies were collected and appropriately conditioned for both microscopic and biochemical analysis. The biochemical parameters evaluated were: specific activity of total acid phosphatase, lisossomal acid phosphatase, low molecular weight phosphatase, tartarateresistant acid phosphatase and of alkaline phosphatase. These results showed that lisossomal acid phosphatase activity coincided with the periods of bigger incidence of inflammatory multinucleated giant cells. Results from microscopic analysis showed a moderate infiltrated inflammatory at 10 days, decreasing at the following periods. Also, the presence of lymphocytes and plasmocytes was scored as light at 10 days. We found that fibrosis degrees were between moderate to intense at the final periods. Taken together, our results showed that association of cortical bovine bone plus bovine collagen is biocompatible by not showing signals of immune response. On the other hand, both acid and alkaline and phosphatase activities were modulated along the periods evaluated as responsive events.

Optimizing the procedure for mercury recovery from dental amalgam.

Mercury, as any other heavy metal, may cause environmental damages due to its accumulation and biotransformation. Dental offices, whether private or institutional, use dental amalgam as a restorative material on a daily basis. Dental amalgam is composed of mercury (50%), silver (30%) and other metals. Approximately 30% of the amalgam prepared in dental offices (0.6 g per capsule) are wasted and inadequately discarded without any treatment. Methods for mercury recovery have been proposed previously, using high temperatures through exposure to direct flame (650 degrees C), long processing time, and hazardous reagents as potassium cyanide. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to replace the direct flame by an electrical mantle in the process of mercury recovery. Results showed an average mercury recovery of 90% from 2 kg of amalgam after 30 minutes of processing time, thus optimizing the procedure. The proposed modifications allowed a significant reduction in processing time and a mercury recovery with high purity. The modified process also provided minimization of operator exposure to physical, chemical and ergonomic hazards, representing a technological advance compared to the risks inherent to the original method. It also provided environmental health and economy of energy resources by replacing a finite energy source (fossil and organic) by a more environmentally appropriate electric source, resulting in significant improvement of the procedure for mercury recovery from dental amalgam.

Optimizing the procedure for mercury recovery from dental amalgam

Mercury, as any other heavy metal, may cause environmental damages due to its accumulation and biotransformation. Dental offices, whether private or institutional, use dental amalgam as a restorative material on a daily basis. Dental amalgam is composed of mercury (50 percent), silver (30 percent) and other metals. Approximately 30 percent of the amalgam prepared in dental offices (0.6 g per capsule) are wasted and inadequately discarded without any treatment. Methods for mercury recovery have been proposed previously, using high temperatures through exposure to direct flame (650°C), long processing time, and hazardous reagents as potassium cyanide. The purpose of this study was to develop a method to replace the direct flame by an electrical mantle in the process of mercury recovery. Results showed an average mercury recovery of 90 percent from 2 kg of amalgam after 30 minutes of processing time, thus optimizing the procedure. The proposed modifications allowed a significant reduction in processing time and a mercury recovery with high purity. The modified process also provided minimization of operator exposure to physical, chemical and ergonomic hazards, representing a technological advance compared to the risks inherent to the original method. It also provided environmental health and economy of energy resources by replacing a finite energy source (fossil and organic) by a more environmentally appropriate electric source, resulting in significant improvement of the procedure for mercury recovery from dental amalgam.

Avaliação bioquímica de xenoimplantes em subcutâneo de rato / Biochemical analysis of xenografts implants in rat subcutaneous

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial das fosfatases ácidas como biomarcadores da resposta tecidual ao implante de osso medular inorgânico bovino. Cápsulas de colágeno foram utilizadas como carreadores de partículas macro (1000 a 2000 µm) e microgranulares (200 a 600 µm) e implantados em subcutâneo de 60 ratos Wistar, divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Grupo I (cápsula de colágeno vazia), Grupo II (macrogranular) e Grupo III (microgranular). Decorridos 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias pós-cirúrgico, os animais foram mortos para a remoção do tecido reacional de onde se obteve o extrato. As atividades específi cas (AE) das fosfatases ácidas total (FAT), lisossomal (FAL) e a de baixo peso (FABMr)foram realizadas no pH 5,0 utilizando o p-nitrofenilfosfato como substrato, na presença de inibidores específi cos para cada enzima; a atividade tirosina (Tyr-P) fosfatase foi obtida nas mesmas condições utilizando a tirosina fosfato comosubstrato. No Grupo I observou-se que a atividade da FAT e FAL não variaram signifi cativamente ao longo dos períodos experimentais, entretanto ambas as enzimas apresentaram atividades signifi cativamente maior (p<0,05) no grupo II que no grupo III na maioria dos períodos avaliados. A FABMr no grupo I foi menor (p<0,001) que nos grupos II (aos 10 e 30 dias) e III (aos 10 dias), mas nos períodos de 20 e 60 dias a FABMr foi maior (p<0,001). A Tyr-P detectada nos períodosde 20 e 60 dias era cerca de 18 vezes maior que aos 10 e 30 dias. Concluiu-se que a atividade da fosfatase ácida total, e suas isoformas FAL, FABMr e Tyr-P é signifi cativamente modulada durante a resposta tecidual ao implante de osso medular inorgânico bovino, tanto em função do período como do tamanho da partícula.

Demineralization effect of EDTA, EGTA, CDTA and citric acid on root dentin: a comparative study.

The purpose of this study was to biochemically compare the decalcifying effects of 1% EDTA (pH 7.4), 1% EGTA (pH 7.4), 1% CDTA (pH 7.4), 1% citric acid solutions (pH 1.0 and 7.4) and saline solution (control) on root dentin. Forty-eight single-rooted teeth were used in this study. The canals were instrumented by the step-back technique and the roots were randomly divided into six equal experimental groups (n = 8) according to the irrigating agent tested. A total of 30 microL of each solution was pipetted into the root canal and allowed to set undisturbed for 5 minutes. After this time, 15 microL of the solutions were removed from each canal using a Hamilton syringe and placed in a container with 5 mL of deionised water. The microg/mL concentration of calcium ion (Ca2+) extracted from the root canal samples was determined using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Data were analysed by means of the Kruskal-Wallis and Mood's median tests. Citric acid solution at pH 1.0 removed more calcium than at pH 7.4 and than the other chelating solutions tested (p < 0.05). No differences were observed between EDTA and EGTA. Both EDTA and EGTA removed significantly more calcium than CDTA and citric acid at pH 7.4 (p < 0.05). There were no differences between citric acid at pH 7.4 and saline solution, which had the least efficacy for Ca2+ extraction (p > 0.05). These results indicate that citric acid at pH 1.0 is a good alternative as an irrigating solution to remove the smear layer and facilitate the biomechanical procedures.

Demineralization effect of EDTA, EGTA, CDTA and citric acid on root dentin: a comparative study / Efeito do EDTA, EGTA, CDTA e ácido cítrico na desmineralização da dentina radicular: estudo comparativo

Este trabalho teve como objetivo comparar o efeito desmineralizante do EDTA (pH 7,4), EGTA (pH 7,4), CDTA (pH 7,4), ácido cítrico (pH 1,0 e 7,4) e da solução salina (controle) sobre a dentina radicular. Todas as soluções teste foram preparadas na concentração de 1%. Quarenta e oito dentes unirradiculares recém-extraídos foram utilizados neste experimento. Após a instrumentação dos canais radiculares pela técnica "step-back", as raízes foram aleatoriamente divididas em 6 grupos experimentais (n = 8) de acordo com a solução teste utilizada na irrigação final. Em cada grupo, 30 µL da solução teste foram pipetados no interior de cada canal radicular e mantidos estáveis por 5 minutos. Decorrido esse período, 15 µL da solução foram removidos do canal e depositados em frasco contendo 5 mL de água deionizada. A concentração de Ca2+ (µg/mL) extraída dos espécimes foi determinada pela espectrometria de absorção de massa (ICP-AES); e os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e de mediana de Mood. O ácido cítrico em pH 1,0 foi a solução mais efetiva na remoção de Ca2+ comparativamente às demais soluções-teste (p < 0,05). Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada entre a ação do EDTA e a do EGTA. Ambos os quelantes removeram significantemente mais Ca2+ que o CDTA e o ácido cítrico em pH 7,4 (p < 0,05). Não houve diferença significante entre ácido cítrico em pH 7,4 e solução salina (p > 0,05). Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o ácido cítrico em solução de pH 1,0 apresenta-se como uma boa opção para remover a "smear layer" e facilitar o preparo biomecânico do sistema de canal radicular.

Reação tecidual e perfil de fosfatases após o implante de matriz óssea desmineralizada xenogênica em músculo de ratos / Tissue reaction and phosphatases profile after implant of xenogenic demineralized bone matrix in rat muscle

Neste estudo correlacionou-se o perfil da atividade das fosfatases ácidas com os aspectos histológicos do tecido reacional em resposta à implantação subcutânea de biomaterial de enxerto preparado com matriz óssea desmineralizada bovina. Cinqüenta ratos Wistar machos foram submetidos a implantação do enxerto e sacrificados após 7, 14, 21, 30 e 67 dias. As biópsias obtidas foram fixadas em formalina 10% em tampão fosfato e cortes histológicos de 6 µm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina e eosina. As atividades enzimáticas específicas (AE) das fosfatases ácidas foram determinadas utilizando-se o p-nitrofenilfosfato (pNFF) como substrato em tampão acetato, pH 5,0, e inibidores específicos. Para a fosfatase alcalina (FALc) foi utilizado o pNFF em tampão glicina, pH 9,2, contendo CaCl2. A análise histológica mostrou infiltrado inflamatório crônico com predomínio de macrófagos e linfócitos e presença de células gigantes multinucleadas,reabsorção do enxerto ao longo do tempo, estando ausente aos 67 dias; não pode ser observada formação óssea heterotópica. A atividade da fosfatase ácida total foi elevada e constante entre 7 e 30 dias, cerca de 30,0 nmol min-1mg-1, decaindo, em seguida, para 6,9 nmol min-1mg-1, enquanto a atividade da fosfatase alcalina foi baixa, com valor máximo de 6,0 nmol min-1mg-1 aos 30 dias. As atividades PTP, FAL e TRAP corresponderam, respectivamente, a cerca de 70, 25 e 10% da FAT. Concluímos que o enxerto de matriz óssea bovina desmineralizada não induziu a osteogênese heterotópica e que as fosfatases ácida e alcalina participaram da resposta tecidual, sendo moduladas em função do tempo

Fluorine content of several brands of chocolate bars and chocolate cookies found in Brazil

Chocolate bars and chocolate cookies are foodstuffs highly appreciated by children. The possibility of having fluorine (F) among their components, associated with an excessive consumption, may make them decisive contributors to the total daily F intake. Thus, they could participate in the establishment of dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the fluorine concentration [F] of the chocolates bars (CB) Baton, Confeti, Garoto Ball, Kinder Ovo, M&MÆs, Milkybar, Nescau, Nescau Ball, Surpresa, Surpresa Bichos, Tortuguita; and of the chocolate cookies (CC) DanytÆs, Hipopó, Nescau, Passatempo, Pokémon, Sítio do Pica-Pau Amarelo and Trakinas. Samples were purchased in Bauru, Säo Paulo, Brazil. Three grams of each product were previously ashed at 525°C (CB and cookies fillings) and at 550°C (cookies dough), during 4 hours. Fluorine was separated from the ash by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion. Fluorine analysis was carried out with the specific electrode. Mean [F]s ± SD and amplitude (unit mg/g) were: CB = 0.30 ± 0.45 (0.07 - 1.60, n = 12) and CC = 1.08 ± 2.64 (0.04 - 7.10, n = 7). It was concluded that some of the analyzed foods may be important contributors to the total daily F intake. As for the product that had the highest [F] (DanytÆs), when only 3 units are consumed just once a day, they may supply up to 40 percent of the maximum recommended daily F intake (0.07 mg/kg body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). The [F] in these products should be informed on their labels

Avaliação histológica e bioquímica da resposta celular ao enxerto de osso cortical bovino previamente submetido a altas temperaturas. Efeito da temperatura no preparo de enxerto xenógeno / Histological and biochemical analysis od cell responses to bovine cortical bone grafting previously submitted to high temperatures. Effect of the temperature on xenograft preparation

A despeito do sucesso no uso clínico de vários materiais para enxertos ósseos, os seus efeitos biológicos não são ainda completamente conhecidos. Este trabalho teve o propósito de avaliar a biocompatibilidade de dois materiais para enxerto ósseo, preparados a partir de osso cortical bovino, um desproteinizado a 100°C e outro a 1.000°C. Esses materiais em partículas com 1000-2000 mA,m foram implantados no tecido subcutâneo de 60 ratos. Os animais foram sacrificados após 10, 20, 30 e 60 dias, e as biópsias removidas para análise microscópica e perfil de fosfatases ácidas. A análise microscópica apresentou para ambos os materiais reação granulomatosa tipo corpo estranho de baixa renovação contendo macrófagos e células gigantes multinucleadas (presentes em maior número no osso tratado a 1000°C) em contato com o material, reação semelhante ao descrito na literatura para implantação subcutânea de osso alógeno mineralizado. Os níveis de fosfatase ácida lisossomal confirmaram um período de maior inflamação nos primeiros 10 dias pós-implantação, em resposta a cada um dos materiais. No tecido reacional ao osso desmineralizado a 1000°C notou-se fibrosamento maior e as células gigantes não exibiam indícios de atuarem na degradação do material. Por outro lado, a resposta celular ao osso 100°C indicou que ocorreu interação maior com as células gigantes e sinais de reabsorção. Os autores concluem que a temperatura de desproteinização modificou a respostá biológica, provavelmente devido a material orgânico no osso desproteinizado a 100°C. Esses materiais, ambos biocompatíveis, podem ser usados como de preenchimento ósseo-substitutos ou potenciais carreadores de proteínas morfogenéticas do osso.

Fluorine content of several brands of chocolate bars and chocolate cookies found in Brazil.

Chocolate bars and chocolate cookies are foodstuffs highly appreciated by children. The possibility of having fluorine (F) among their components, associated with an excessive consumption, may make them decisive contributors to the total daily F intake. Thus, they could participate in the establishment of dental fluorosis. The aim of this study was to analyze the fluorine concentration [F] of the chocolates bars (CB) Baton, Confeti, Garoto Ball, Kinder Ovo, M&M s, Milkybar, Nescau, Nescau Ball, Surpresa, Surpresa Bichos, Tortuguita; and of the chocolate cookies (CC) Danyt s, Hipop , Nescau, Passatempo, Pokémon, S tio do Pica-Pau Amarelo and Trakinas. Samples were purchased in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. Three grams of each product were previously ashed at 525 C (CB and cookies fillings) and at 550 C (cookies dough), during 4 hours. Fluorine was separated from the ash by hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS)-facilitated diffusion. Fluorine analysis was carried out with the specific electrode. Mean [F]s SD and amplitude (unit mg/g) were: CB = 0.30 0.45 (0.07 - 1.60, n = 12) and CC = 1.08 2.64 (0.04 - 7.10, n = 7). It was concluded that some of the analyzed foods may be important contributors to the total daily F intake. As for the product that had the highest [F] (Danyt s), when only 3 units are consumed just once a day, they may supply up to 40% of the maximum recommended daily F intake (0.07 mg/kg body weight) for a 2-year-old child (12 kg). The [F] in these products should be informed on their labels.