The influence of biological maturation and neuromuscular performance on peak bone mineral density in children.

BACKGROUND: The growth and development cycle of the adult is characterized by substantial changes in physical size and maturity, and is controlled by the simultaneous influence of genetic components and the environment. Changes in the development of bones, muscles and adipose tissue are among the most important aspects of adolescent physical development. The aim of this research was to examine the correlation between bone mineral density (BMD) and neuromuscular performance in children at different stages of maturation. METHODS: The study included 31 participants of both sexes (11.7±1.89 years). Body composition was assessed through bone densitometry using an energy duo X-ray source. The neuromuscular performance of the upper limbs was analyzed by the medicine ball hand grip and throwing tests. The lower limbs by the vertical counter-motion jump test, and skeletal maturation was analyzed by bone age. Maturation was used as an effect control between the association of BMD and neuromuscular performance. RESULTS: The results demonstrated significant associations between the performance of upper (P<0.0001) and lower (P=0.01) limbs and BMD. On inter-group comparison for only the accelerated maturational stage, male participants had greater BMD than female participants (P=0.001; effect size 3.13). Regarding the maturational stages, male participants in the accelerated maturational stage demonstrated higher BMD than those in the normal and delayed maturational stages (P=0.04; effect size 3.10), whereas female participants did not demonstrate significant differences in BMD accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: BMD has a strong correlation with the neuromuscular performance of upper and lower limbs of children of both sexes.

[The relationship between the human development index and nutritional variables in Brazilian children]. / Relação do Indice de Desenvolvimento Humano e as Variáveis Nutricionais em Crianças do Brasil.

OBJECTIVE: This study was aimed at showing the relationship of the Human Development Index (HDI) in different areas of Brazil to body composition variable patterns, thereby indicating these variables' nutritional status and the suitability of their use. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study. The sample consisted of male and female state school students aged 8 to 10 years old from 3 regions of Brazil . They were randomised according to region: south, n=(262 male, 251 female), northeast, n=(45 male, 35 female) and north, n=(96 male, 38 female). The protocols used were mass, stature, total skin-folding and body mass index (BMI). The HDI was taken from the United Nations' Development Programme. One-way ANOVA (parametric data) and the Kurskal-Wallis test (non-parametric data) were used for comparative, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. A p<0.05 significance level was adopted (i.e. 95 % probability of affirmatives and/or negatives denoted during the investigation). RESULTS: The results revealed a p<0.0001 significant difference regarding the variables being investigated. CONCLUSIONS: Using anthropometry as an auxiliary tool for ascertaining infants' body composition can help in the early treatment and prevention of nutritional disorders such as malnutrition and obesity. It can form part of public policy linked to infant assistance, using efficient and simple means for preventing public health problems.

Relação do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano e as Varißveis Nutricionais em Crianças do Brasil / The relationship between the human development index and nutritional variables in Brazilian children

Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é demonstrar a relação do Indice de desenvolvimento humano (IDH) de diferentes regiões brasileiras no comportamento das variáveis de composicão corporal-indicadores do estado nutricional, assim como, a adequação da utilização destas variáveis. Materiais e Método: Estudo descritivo, de corte transversal de topología comparativa. A amostra foi composta por alunos de escolas públicas, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 8 e 10 anos, de 3 regiões brasileiras, escolhidas de maneira aleatória, sendo: Sul n= 262 masculino e n=251 feminino; Nordeste n=45 masculino y n=35 feminino; Norte n=96 masculino y n=38 feminino. Os protocolos utilizados foram de estatura, massa, somatória de dobras cutáneas e IMC. O IDH foi retirado do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento.A estatística utilizada foi a descritiva e inferencial, através do método comparativo Anova one-way para os dados paramétricos e o teste Kurskal-Wallis para os dados não paramétricos, sendo adotado um nível de significância de p <0,05, ou seja, 95 por cento de probabilidade para as afirmativas e/ou negativas, denotadas durante as investigações. Resultados: Foi demostrada a existência de uma diferencia significativa p<0.0001 nas variáveis estudadas. Conclusiones: A utilização de antropometria como uma ferramenta auxiliar para conhecer a composição corporal das crianças podem ajudar na prevenção ou tratamento precoce dos distúrbios alimentares, como desnutrição e obesidade. Ela pode ser parte das intervenções das políticas públicas ligadas à assistência infantil, na utilização de formas simples e eficiente para evitar problemas de saúde pública.

Objective: This study was aimed at showing the relationship of the Human Development Index (HDI) in different areas of Brazil to body composition variable patterns, thereby indicating these variables' nutritional status and the suitability of their use. Material and Methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, comparative study. The sample consisted of male and female state school students aged 8 to 10 years old from 3 regions of Brazil . They were randomised according to region: south, n=(262 male, 251 female), northeast, n=(45 male, 35 female) and north, n=(96 male, 38 female). The protocols used were mass, stature, total skin-folding and body mass index (BMI). The HDI was taken from the United Nations' Development Programme. One-way ANOVA (parametric data) and the Kurskal-Wallis test (non-parametric data) were used for comparative, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. A p<0.05 significance level was adopted (i.e. 95 percent probability of affirmatives and/or negatives denoted during the investigation). Results The results revealed a p<0.0001 significant difference regarding the variables being investigated. Conclusions Using anthropometry as an auxiliary tool for ascertaining infants' body composition can help in the early treatment and prevention of nutritional disorders such as malnutrition and obesity. It can form part of public policy linked to infant assistance, using efficient and simple means for preventing public health problems.

Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio es demostrar la relación del Índice de Desarrollo Humano (IDH) de diferentes regiones brasileras en el comportamiento de las variables de composición corporal-indicadoras del estado nutricional, así como, la adecuación de la utilización de estas variables. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal de topología comparativa. La muestra estuvo compuesta por alumnos de escuelas públicas, de ambos sexos, con edad entre 8 y 10 años, de 3 regiones brasileñas, escogidos de manera aleatoria, que son: Sur n=262 masculino y n=251 femenino; Nordeste n=45 masculino y n=35 femenino; Norte n=96 masculino y n=38 femenino. Los protocolos utilizados fueron de estatura; masa; sumatoria de pliegues cutáneos e IMC. El IDH fue retirado del Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo. La estadística utilizada fue descriptiva y de inferencia, la comparación a través del Anova one-way para los datos paramétricos y Kurskal-Wallis test para los datos no paramétricos, de significancia p<0,05, esto es, 95 por ciento de probabilidad para las afirmativas y/o negativas, encontradas en la investigación. Resultados: Fue demostrada la existencia de una diferencia significativa p<0.0001 en las variables estudiadas. Conclusiones: La utilización de la antropometría como herramienta coadyuvante para conocer la composición corporal de los infantes, puede auxiliar para la prevención o tratamiento precoz de casos con disturbios nutricionales, como desnutrición y obesidad. Puede ser parte de las intervenciones de las políticas públicas unidas a la asistencia infantil, a la utilización de medios simples y eficaces para prevenir problemas de salud pública.