Cultural contributions to adults' self-rated mental health problems and strengths: 7 culture clusters, 28 societies, 16 906 adults.

BACKGROUND: It is unknown how much variation in adult mental health problems is associated with differences between societal/cultural groups, over and above differences between individuals. METHODS: To test these relative contributions, a consortium of indigenous researchers collected Adult Self-Report (ASR) ratings from 16 906 18- to 59-year-olds in 28 societies that represented seven culture clusters identified in the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavioral Effectiveness study (e.g. Confucian, Anglo). The ASR is scored on 17 problem scales, plus a personal strengths scale. Hierarchical linear modeling estimated variance accounted for by individual differences (including measurement error), society, and culture cluster. Multi-level analyses of covariance tested age and gender effects. RESULTS: Across the 17 problem scales, the variance accounted for by individual differences ranged from 80.3% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems to 95.2% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality (mean = 90.7%); by society: 3.2% for DSM-oriented somatic problems to 8.0% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 6.3%); and by culture cluster: 0.0% for DSM-oriented avoidant personality to 11.6% for DSM-oriented anxiety problems (mean = 3.0%). For strengths, individual differences accounted for 80.8% of variance, societal differences 10.5%, and cultural differences 8.7%. Age and gender had very small effects. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, adults' self-ratings of mental health problems and strengths were associated much more with individual differences than societal/cultural differences, although this varied across scales. These findings support cross-cultural use of standardized measures to assess mental health problems, but urge caution in assessment of personal strengths.

Biblioterapia para medos noturnos em crianças: um estudo de caso / Bibliotherapy for nighttime fears in children: a case study / Biblioterapia para miedos nocturnos en niños: un estudio de caso

Medos noturnos na infância estão associados a ansiedade, problemas de sono e problemas de comportamento diurnos. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar um estudo de caso de uma intervenção comportamental breve para o medo noturno severo e comportamento de dormir com os pais em uma menina de oito anos de idade. O tratamento consistiu em uma sessão em que os pais foram orientados a ler o livro Dormindo com Rafi: Boa Noite Filhote para sua criança por um período de quatro semanas e a encorajá-la a conduzir uma série de rotinas pré-sono e dormir sozinha. Medo noturno, padrões de sono e problemas de comportamento foram avaliados com medidas de relato parental. A menina também foi questionada para reportar seus medos noturnos por meio de uma escala visual analógica. Verificou-se aumento no número de noites em que a criança dormiu em sua própria cama e redução dos medos noturnos. Os efeitos positivos no pós-tratamento foram mantidos no seguimento de três meses. O presente estudo fornece suporte inicial para o uso desta breve intervenção, que empregou princípios comportamentais básicos, como modelação, modelagem e dessensibilização sistemática no tratamento de medos noturnos em crianças.(AU)

Nighttime fears in childhood are associated with anxiety, sleeping problems, and daytime behavioral problems. This article presents a case study of a brief intervention for severe nighttime fears and co-sleeping problems in an eight-year-old girl. The treatment consisted of instructing the parents to read the book Dormindo com Rafi: Boa Noite Filhote (Sleeping with Rafi: Good Night, Darling) to their daughter for a four-week period, besides encouraging her to adopt a bedtime routine and to sleep on her own. Nighttime fear, sleep patterns, and behavioral problems were assessed with parent-report measures, and the girl was asked to track her nighttime fears using a visual analogue scale. The results showed an increase in the number of nights the child slept in her own bed and a reduction of nighttime fears, which were maintained at the 3-month follow-up. This study provides initial support for the use of this brief intervention that enlisted basic behavioral principles such as shaping, modeling, systematic desensitization, and reinforcement in the treatment of nighttime fears in children.(AU)

Los miedos nocturnos en la infancia están asociados a la ansiedad, a los problemas de sueño y a los problemas de comportamiento diurno. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un estudio de caso de una intervención conductual breve para el miedo nocturno severo y comportamiento de dormir con los padres de una niña de 8 años de edad. El tratamiento consistió en una sesión en la que se orientó a los padres a leer el libro Dormindo com Rafi, Boa Noite, Filhote! ("Durmiendo con Rafi: buenas noches, mi hijo") para su hija, por un período de cuatro semanas, y la alentasen a conducir una serie de rutinas de presueño y a dormir sola. El miedo nocturno, los patrones de sueño y los problemas de comportamiento fueron evaluados con medidas de relato parental. Los miedos nocturnos de la niña también se evaluaron por una escala visual analógica. Se verificó un incremento de la cantidad de veces en que la niña durmió por las noches en su propia cama y una reducción de sus miedos nocturnos. Los efectos positivos en el postratamiento se mantuvieron tras tres meses. Este estudio proporciona soporte inicial para el uso de esta breve intervención que empleó principios comportamentales básicos, como modelado, desensibilización sistemática y refuerzo en el tratamiento de miedos nocturnos en niños.(AU)

Tratamento multicomponente para insônia infantil e seus efeitos nos padrões, hábitos e rotinas de sono / Multicomponent treatment for child insomnia and its effects on patterns, habits and sleeping routines / Tratamiento multicomponente para el insomnio infantil y sus efectos sobre patrones, hábitos y rutinas para dormir

Problemas de sono são frequentes na infância e estão associados a problemas de comportamento. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um tratamento multicomponente para a insônia infantil nos padrões, rotina e hábitos de sono das crianças. Participaram 57 crianças com problemas comportamentais relacionados ao sono e suas mães. As mães receberam educação sobre o sono infantil e orientações sobre o estabelecimento de horários e rotinas para dormir e sobre o uso de técnicas de extinção e reforço positivo. Os dados foram avaliados antes e após a intervenção por diários de sono e pela Escala UNESP de Hábitos e Higiene do Sono ­ Versão Crianças. Nossos resultados apontaram que crianças com problemas de sono apresentam em sua maioria, hábitos e rotinas inadequadas antes de dormir e que uma intervenção que focasse na modificação destes hábitos, somada a estratégias de extinção para comportamentos inadequados e reforço positivo para comportamentos adequados no momento de dormir podem ter contribuído na melhora do sono. Espera-se que este trabalho possa estimular a produção de pesquisas nacionais sobre o tema, servindo como incentivo para o desenvolvimento de medidas preventivas e interventivas para os problemas de sono na infância.

Sleep problems are common in childhood and are associated with behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a multicomponent treatment for childhood insomnia on children's patterns, routine and sleep habits. 57 children with behavioral problems related to sleep and their mothers participated. The mothers were educated on their child's sleep, received guidance on the establishment of sleeping schedules and routines and on the use of extinction and positive reinforcement techniques. The data were evaluated before and after the intervention by sleep diaries and by the Escala UNESP de Hábitos e Higiene do Sono ­ Versão Crianças. Our results showed that children with sleep problems mostly present inadequate habits and routines before bedtime and that an intervention that focused on changing these habits, added to extinction strategies for inappropriate behaviors and positive reinforcement for adequate behaviors at bedtime may have contributed to improved sleep. It is hoped that this work can stimulate the production of national research on the subject, serving as an incentive for the development of preventive and interventional measures for childhood sleep problems.

Los problemas de sueño son comunes en la infancia y están asociados con problemas de comportamiento. El objetivo de este estúdio fue evaluar el efecto de um tratamiento multicomponente para el insomnio infantil em los patrones, la rutina y los hábitos de sueño de los niños. Participaron 57 niños con problemas de conducta relacionados com el sueño y sus madres. Las madres recibieron educación sobre el sueño infantil y orientación sobre como estabelecer horarios y rutinas de sueño y sobre el uso de técnicas de extinción y refuerzo positivo. Los datos fueron evaluados antes y después de la intervención por diarios de sueño y por la Escala UNESP de Hábitos e Higiene do Sono - Versão Crianças. Nuestros resultados mostraron que los niños con problemas de sueño em su mayoría presentan hábitos y rutinas inadecuados antes de acostarse y que una intervención que se centróen cambiar estos hábitos, se agregó a las estrategias de extinción por conductas inapropiadas y refuerzo positivo para conductas adecuadas antes de acostarse puede haber contribuido a mejorar el sueño. Se espera que este trabajo pueda estimular la producción de investigación nacional sobre el tema, sirviendo como un incentivo para el desarrollo de medidas preventivas e intervencionistas para los problemas del sueño infantil.

Orientação parental para insônia infantil em irmãos gêmeos: um relato de caso / Parental guidance for childhood insomnia in twins: a case report / Orientación parental para el insomnio infantil en hermanos gemelos: un informe de caso

Resumo A intervenção comportamental, por meio da orientação parental, vem alcançando resultados positivos no manejo da insônia em crianças. Contudo, questiona-se a efetividade de tais intervenções em irmãos gêmeos, pelo fato de os pais partilharem os cuidados de duas crianças da mesma idade e nível de desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar um relato de caso de intervenção comportamental para insônia infantil em irmãos gêmeos por meio de um programa dirigido aos pais e verificar o efeito da intervenção no sono e comportamentos diurnos das crianças. A mãe dos gêmeos foi orientada quanto as técnicas de extinção e reforço positivo no manejo do problema de sono infantil. Os resultados demonstraram que depois da intervenção houve melhora nos hábitos de sono, na qualidade do sono e nos comportamentos internalizantes e externalizantes das crianças. Os achados apresentados neste estudo mostraram os efeitos positivos que a intervenção baseada na aprendizagem operante teve sobre o sono e o comportamento infantil. Este aspecto ressalta a importância de uma inserção maior da questão do sono na Psicologia, a partir de práticas preventivas e interventivas.

Abstract Behavioral intervention by means of parental guidance has been achieving positive results in the management of insomnia in children. However, the effectiveness of such interventions in twins is questioned because parents share the care of two children of the same age and level of development. This is a case report of behavioral intervention for childhood insomnia in twins through a program for parents. The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of such intervention on children's sleep and daytime behaviors. The mother of the twins was instructed on the techniques of extinction and positive reinforcement in the management of children's sleep problems. The results showed that after the intervention there was an improvement in the children's sleep habits, sleep quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The findings of this case report show the positive effects that an intervention based on operant learning had on children's sleep and behavior. This highlights the importance of a greater inclusion of issues related to sleep in psychological studies based on preventive and intervention practices.

Resumen La intervención comportamental, por medio de la orientación parental, viene alcanzando resultados positivos en el manejo del insomnio en niños. Sin embargo, se cuestiona la efectividad de tales intervenciones en hermanos gemelos, por el hecho de que los padres comparten los cuidados de dos niños de la misma edad y nivel de desarrollo. El objetivo de este estudio es presentar un relato de caso de intervención comportamental para insomnio infantil en hermanos gemelos por medio de un programa dirigido a los padres y verificar el efecto de la intervención en el sueño y comportamientos diurnos de los niños.. La madre de los gemelos fue orientada en cuanto a las técnicas de extinción y refuerzo positivo en el manejo del problema del sueño infantil. Los resultados demostraron que después de la intervención hubo mejoría en los hábitos de sueño, en la calidad del sueño y en los comportamientos internalizantes y externalizantes de los niños. Los hallazgos presentados en este estudio mostraron los efectos positivos que la intervención basada en el aprendizaje operante tuvo sobre el sueño y el comportamiento infantil. Este aspecto resalta la importancia de una inserción mayor de la cuestión del sueño en la psicología, a partir de prácticas preventivas e interventivas.

Testing Syndromes of Psychopathology in Parent and Youth Ratings Across Societies.

As societies become increasingly diverse, mental health professionals need instruments for assessing emotional, behavioral, and social problems in terms of constructs that are supported within and across societies. Building on decades of research findings, multisample alignment confirmatory factor analyses tested an empirically based 8-syndrome model on parent ratings across 30 societies and youth self-ratings across 19 societies. The Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 6-18 and Youth Self-Report for Ages 11-18 were used to measure syndromes descriptively designated as Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, Somatic Complaints, Social Problems, Thought Problems, Attention Problems, Rule-Breaking Behavior, and Aggressive Behavior. For both parent ratings (N = 61,703) and self-ratings (N = 29,486), results supported aggregation of problem items into 8 first-order syndromes for all societies (configural invariance), plus the invariance of item loadings (metric invariance) across the majority of societies. Supported across many societies in both parent and self-ratings, the 8 syndromes offer a parsimonious phenotypic taxonomy with clearly operationalized assessment criteria. Mental health professionals in many societies can use the 8 syndromes to assess children and youths for clinical, training, and scientific purposes.

Behavioral intervention for sleep problems in childhood: a Brazilian randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Sleep problems are common in children and can have an effect on behavioral and emotional functioning. Despite the importance of sleep for children's health, there is a lack of studies on this topic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral intervention for sleep problems in young children and to investigate the effects on their daytime behavior. METHODS: Sixty-two children (ages 1-5; M = 2.3, SD = 1.3) with bedtime problems and night waking were randomized to a parent-based intervention or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. The intervention was composed of five sessions over 2 months, during which the parents were educated on their child's sleep and received guidance on the establishment of sleeping schedules and routines and on the use of extinction and positive reinforcement techniques. Sleep patterns and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Sleep patterns were also assessed with actigraphy. Assessments were completed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Children who received intervention showed greater baseline to post-treatment improvements in sleep latency, night waking, behavior such as resisting going to bed, the desire to sleep with their parents, and daytime behavior than the control group. These improvements were maintained at follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that behavioral parent-based intervention is effective in improving the quality of sleep and the diurnal behavior of children. This study provides initial support for use of this protocol in psychology clinics/schools. Brazilian clinical trials registration, RBR-4kxxd5. Retrospectively registered on December 13, 2016.

Behavioral intervention for sleep problems in childhood: a Brazilian randomized controlled trial

Abstract Background: Sleep problems are common in children and can have an effect on behavioral and emotional functioning. Despite the importance of sleep for children's health, there is a lack of studies on this topic in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of behavioral intervention for sleep problems in young children and to investigate the effects on their daytime behavior. Methods: Sixty-two children (ages 1-5; M = 2.3, SD= 1.3) with bedtime problems and night waking were randomized to a parent-based intervention or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. The intervention was composed of five sessions over 2 months, during which the parents were educated on their child's sleep and received guidance on the establishment of sleeping schedules and routines and on the use of extinction and positive reinforcement techniques. Sleep patterns and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Sleep patterns were also assessed with actigraphy. Assessments were completed at pre-intervention, post-intervention, 1-month follow-up, and 6-month follow-up. Results: Children who received intervention showed greater baseline to post-treatment improvements in sleep latency, night waking, behavior such as resisting going to bed, the desire to sleep with their parents, and daytime behavior than the control group. These improvements were maintained at follow-up. Conclusions: We concluded that behavioral parent-based intervention is effective in improving the quality of sleep and the diurnal behavior of children. This study provides initial support for use of this protocol in psychology clinics/schools. Brazilian clinical trials registration, RBR-4kxxd5. Retrospectively registered on December 13, 2016.

Brief treatment for nighttime fears and co-sleeping problems: A randomized clinical trial.

Sixty-eight 4-6 year old children who co-slept with their parents and who avoided sleeping alone due to intense nighttime fears were randomized to a brief combined parent-based intervention (CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll) or a wait list control group. After the waiting period, the wait list participants were offered treatment. Co-sleeping patterns, sleep records, anxiety, general fears, and behavior problems were assessed with parent-report measures. Nighttime fears were assessed with parent-report measures and a single item visual analogue scale for the young children. Assessments were completed pre-treatment, post-treatment, and at 3 months following treatment. Results showed that the combined intervention was superior to the wait list control condition and that treatment effects were maintained at 3-month follow-up. This study provides initial support for use of CBT-based bibliotherapy plus doll in the treatment of nighttime fears. Such a treatment might be used to supplement standard CBT approaches in routine clinical practice or in a stepped care approach to treatment.

Comportamentos sexuais na infância e associação com problemas de comportamento / Sexual behavior in childhood and association with behavior problems

Com objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de diferentes comportamentos sexuais na infância, a partir da perspectiva dos pais, e suas relações com a idade da criança, o sexo e a presença de problemas de comportamento, pais de 54 crianças (4 a 8 anos), sem histórico de problemas de saúde mental ou de abuso sexual, responderam ao "Inventário de Comportamentos Sexuais da Criança" (CSBI) e o "Inventário dos Comportamentos de Crianças e Adolescentes" (CBCL/4-18). Foram reportados diferentes tipos de comportamentos sexuais com variada frequência. Pais de meninos relataram, em média, mais comportamentos sexuais que os de meninas (8,04 x 5,12). Não foi encontrada diferença estatística entre o comportamento sexual de pré-escolares e escolares. Os comportamentos sexuais mais e menos frequentemente apresentados pela amostra foram semelhantes aos de estudos internacionais. Correlação positiva moderada foi estabelecida entre comportamentos sexuais (CSBI) e problemas de comportamento (CBCL). Levantamentos como este devem auxiliar a avaliação de problemas na área e facilitar a orientação aos pais e às crianças sobre a sexualidade infantil.

To verify the occurrence of sexual behavior during childhood, from the perspective of the parents, and its relation with child's age, gender, and the presence of behavioral problems, parents of 54 children (4 to 8 years old), with no history of mental health issues or sexual abuse, filled the "Child Sexual Behavior Inventory" (CSBI) and the "Child Behavior Checklist" (CBCL/4-18). A wide variation of the sexual behaviors, with different frequency, was reported. Parents of boys reported, on average, more sexual behaviors than parents of girls (8.04 vs. 5.12). No statistical difference was found between the frequency of sexual behaviors in preschoolers and school age children. Moderated positive correlations were found between sexual behaviors (CSBI) and behavioral problems (CBCL). The most and least frequent sexual behaviors presented by our sample were similar to those found in international studies. Surveys like the one conducted with this sample should assist the evaluation of problems in the area, and facilitate guidance for parents and children on child sexuality.

Monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis in pediatric patients: multidisciplinary assessment and effects of therapeutic intervention.

BACKGROUND: Few studies manage patients with isolated monosymptomatic enuresis (MNE) with multidisciplinary evaluation and pre- and long-term post-intervention monitoring. METHODS: This was a prospective study of MNE patients, aged 6-16 years, diagnosed by multidisciplinary assessment. Of the 140 initial applicants (58.6%) with MNE, 82 were included in the study and randomized for therapeutic intervention in three treatment groups, namely: alarm, desmopressin and alarm + desmopressin. Therapeutic response was evaluated 12 months after treatment withdrawal. RESULTS: Of the 82 patients [mean age 9.5 (SD ± 2.6) years, n = 62 males (75.6%)], 91.1% had a family history of nocturnal enuresis (NE) in first-/second-degree relatives, 81.7% had constipation and 40.7% had mild-to-moderate apnea. Prior to randomization, management of constipation and urotherapy led to remission in seven of the 82 patients; 75 patients were randomized to intervention. There were 14/75 (18.7%) dropouts during the intervention, especially in the alarm group (p = 0.00). Initial complete/partial response was achieved in 56.6% of the alarm group, 70% of the desmopressin group and 64% in the combined group (p = 0.26). Continued success occurred in 70% of the alarm group, 84.2% of the desmopressin group and 100% of the combined group (p = 0.21). Recurrence occurred in 3/20 (15%) patients in the alarm group and 1/19 (5.2 %) patients of the desmopressin group. Post-intervention Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and PedsQL 4.0 scores showed significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: The three therapeutic modalities were effective in managing MNE with low relapse rates; the alarm group showed the highest dropout rate. Therapeutic success was associated with improvement of behavioral problems and quality of life scores.

Efeitos do tratamento com alarme para enurese no autoconceito de crianças / Effects of alarm treatment for enuresis on children's self-concept / Efectos del tratamiento con alarma para enuresis en el autoconcepto de niños

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do tratamento comportamental para enurese com uso de alarme, realizado à distância, e avaliar efeitos da intervenção no autoconceito dos participantes. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico com delineamento quase-experimental de grupos. Trinta e uma crianças com enurese primária monossintomática participaram (M(idade)=8,3; DP=1,3), 15 meninos (48,3%). Para avaliar a enurese, foi utilizado o Formulário de Avaliação da Enurese; para o autoconceito, a Escala de Autoconceito Infantojuvenil; para instruções sobre o tratamento, o Guia de Pais. A taxa de sucesso no tratamento foi de 71%. Houve diferença estatisticamente detectável na variação do autoconceito pessoal pré e pós-intervenção (M=4,8; DP=1,9; vs M=6,1; DP=1,9; p=0,01), independentemente do desfecho, e diferenças no autoconceito social entre as médias de crianças que tiveram sucesso no tratamento (M=9,8; DP=1,9 vs M=0,5; DP=1,5; p=0,03). A proposta de tratamento da enurese apresentada é viável e eficaz e impactou positivamente o autoconceito das crianças avaliadas. (AU)

The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficacy of enuresis alarm therapy, performed at a distance, and to evaluate the effects of the intervention on the participants' self-concept. This is a clinical trial with a quasi-experimental group design. Thirty-one children with mono-symptomatic primary enuresis participated (M(age)=8.3, SD=1.3), 15 boys (48.3%). Assessments were made using the Enuresis Evaluation Form; Child-Juvenile Self-Concept Scale; and the Parents' Guide, for treatment instructions. Treatment success rate was 71%. There was a statistically significant difference in the variation of the personal self-concept before and after intervention (M=4.8, SD=1.9; vs M=6.1, SD=1.9; p=0.01), regardless of the outcome (M=9.8, SD=1.9 vs M=0.5, SD=1.5; p=0.03), and differences in the social self-concept among the means of children who had successful treatment (M=9.8, SD=1.9 vs M=0.5, DP=1.5; p=0.03). The proposed enuresis treatment is feasible and effective, and positively impacted the self-concept of the children evaluated. (AU)

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la eficacia del tratamiento comportamental para Enuresis, con uso de alarma, realizado a distancia, y evaluar también los efectos de la intervención en el autoconcepto de los participantes.Se trata de un ensayo clínico con delineamiento casi experimental de grupos. Participaron 31 niños con enuresis primaria monosintomático (M(edad)=8,3; DP=1,3), 15 varones (48,3%). Para evaluar la enuresis fue utilizado el Formulario de Evaluación de Enuresis, para el autoconcepto; Escala de Autoconcepto Infanto Juvenil, para instrucciones sobre el tratamiento; Guía de Padres. La tasa de éxito del tratamiento fue de 71%. Hubo diferencia estadísticamente detectable en la variación del autoconcepto personal antes y después de la intervención (M=4,8; DP=1,9; vs M=6,1; DP=1,9; p=0,01) independiente de los resultados, y diferencias en el autoconcepto social entre el promedio de los niños que tuvieron un tratamiento exitoso (M=9,8; DP=1,9 vs M=0,5; DP=1,5; p=0,03). La propuesta del tratamiento de enuresis presentada es viable y eficaz e impactó positivamente en el autoconcepto de los niños evaluados. (AU)

Sono e comportamento em crianças atendidas em um serviço de psicologia / Sleep and behavior in children assisted in a psychology service / El sueño y el comportamiento en los niños atendidos en un servicio de psicología

Problemas de sono são frequentes na infância e podem causar prejuízos à criança. Há uma associação possível entre distúrbios de sono infantil e problemas de comportamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar as relações entre problemas internalizantes e externalizantes e problemas de sono em crianças da faixa pré-escolar, avaliadas por suas mães pelo Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1½-5 anos), quando estas buscaram atendimento em uma clínica-escola de psicologia. Participaram do estudo 83 mães de crianças (sendo seus filhos: 58 meninos e 25 meninas) cujas idades variaram entre 2 e 5 anos. Análises indicaram que 29% das crianças apresentavam problemas com o sono, entre os quais, os mais frequentes foram "não querer dormir sozinho" e "resistir a ir para a cama". Os dados sugeriram ainda uma associação entre problemas de sono e comportamentos internalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05) e externalizantes (RP = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Sleep problems are common in childhood and can cause damage in children. There is a possible association between childhood sleep disorders and behavioral problems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between internalizing and externalizing problems and sleep problems in children of pre-school age, assessed by their mothers through the Child Behavior Checklist ( CBCL1 ½ -5 years) when seeking care at a clinic school psychology . The study included 83 mothers of children (and their children were: 58 boys and 25 girls) whose ages ranged between 2 and 5 years. Analysis indicated that 29 % of children had sleep problems among which the most frequent were "not wanting to sleep alone" and "resist the bed". The data also suggested an association between sleep problems and internalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) and externalizing (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) behaviors.

Los problemas del sueño son comunes en la infancia y pueden causar daños en los niños. Existe una posible asociación entre los trastornos del sueño de la infancia y los problemas de comportamiento. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación entre los problemas de internalización y externalización y los trastornos del sueño en niños en edad preescolar, evaluados por sus madres por medio del Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL1 ½ -5 años) cuando buscaban tratamiento en una clínica-escuela de psicología. El estudio incluyó a 83 madres y sus hijos (y sus niños: 58 niños y 25 niñas), con edades comprendidas entre los 2 y 5 años. El análisis indicó que 29% de los hijos tenían problemas de sueño entre los cuales los más frecuentes fueron "no querer dormir solo" y "resistir a la cama". Los datos también sugieren una asociación entre los trastornos del sueño y comportamientos de internalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05) y de externalización (PR = 1,4; p < 0,05).

Impact of a multidisciplinary evaluation in pediatric patients with nocturnal monosymptomatic enuresis.

BACKGROUND: Enuresis (NE) is a clinical condition of multifactorial etiology that leads to difficulties in child/adolescent social interaction. METHODS: This was a prospective study on the impact of multidisciplinary assessment of 6- to 17-year-old patients with monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (MNE), including a structured history, clinical/neurological examination, bladder and bowel diaries, sleep diary and questionnaires, psychological evaluation [Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and PedsQL 4.0 questionnaires], urinary sonography, blood and urine laboratory tests, polysonography (PSG), and balance evaluation. RESULTS: A total of 140 enuretic participants were evaluated, of whom 27 were diagnosed with NE complicated by urinary disorder, four with hypercalciuria, three with nephropathy and one with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Among the 87 participants who underwent PSG, six were diagnosed with severe apnea. Of the 82 MNE patients who underwent full assessment, 62 were male (75.6 %), and the mean age was 9.5 (±2.6) years. A family history of NE was diagnosed in 91.1 % of first- and second-degree relatives, constipation in 89.3 % and mild/moderate apnea in 40.7 %. Balance control alteration was identified by physical therapy evaluation of MNE patients. Participants' quality of life evaluation scores were significantly lower than those of their parents. CONCLUSION: Enuresis is a multifactorial disorder that requires a structured diagnostic approach.

Caracterização da supervisão em um centro formador de psicologia da saúde / Characterization of supervision in a health psychology teaching center

Este estudo tem por objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a formação do psicólogo na área de Psicologia da Saúde, caracterizando o supervisor e a experiência de supervisão, com base em pesquisa desenvolvida em um centro de formação em Psicologia da Saúde localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. Como instrumento, foi utilizado o Inventário de Levantamento de Atividades de Supervisão, em uma versão para os supervisores e outra para os super-visionandos. Participaram do estudo 21 supervisores e 21 aprimorandos. Os supervisores, em sua maioria, eram mulheres com ampla experiência e com titulação de especialização ou mestrado. A análise das respostas indicou que a avaliação do processo de supervisão foi positiva para os participantes nos aspectos: empatia e atenção à experiência afetiva, aprendizagem e autoexpressão, compreensão das dificuldades, e responsividade às necessidades dos aprimorandos.

To deepen the knowledge about the training of psychologists in the field of Health Psychology, the goal of this study is to characterize the supervisor and supervisory experience in a training center in Health Psychology located in São Paulo. The instrument used was the Inventory Survey of Supervisory Activities (one version for supervisors and one for supervisees). A total of 21 supervisors and 21 supervisees participated in the study. Most supervisors were women with a broad experience and a specialization course and a Master's degree in Psychology. The analysis of the responses in the inventories indicated that the evaluation of the supervision process is positive for participants in the following aspects: empathy and attention to affective experience. learning and self-expression, understanding of difficulties and responsiveness to the needs of supervisees by their supervisors.

Caracterização da supervisão em um centro formador de Psicologia da Saúde / Characterization of supervision in a Health Psychology teaching center

Este estudo tem por objetivo aprofundar o conhecimento sobre a formação do psicólogo na área de Psicologia da Saúde, caracterizando o supervisor e a experiência de supervisão, com base em pesquisa desenvolvida em um centro de formação em Psicologia da Saúde localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. Como instrumento, foi utilizado o Inventário de Levantamento de Atividades de Supervisão, em uma versão para os supervisores e outra para os super-visionandos. Participaram do estudo 21 supervisores e 21 aprimorandos. Os supervisores, em sua maioria, eram mulheres com ampla experiência e com titulação de especialização ou mestrado. A análise das respostas indicou que a avaliação do processo de supervisão foi positiva para os participantes nos aspectos: empatia e atenção à experiência afetiva, aprendizagem e autoexpressão, compreensão das dificuldades, e responsividade às necessidades dos aprimorandos.(AU)

To deepen the knowledge about the training of psychologists in the field of Health Psychology, the goal of this study is to characterize the supervisor and supervisory experience in a training center in Health Psychology located in São Paulo. The instrument used was the Inventory Survey of Supervisory Activities (one version for supervisors and one for supervisees). A total of 21 supervisors and 21 supervisees participated in the study. Most supervisors were women with a broad experience and a specialization course and a Master's degree in Psychology. The analysis of the responses in the inventories indicated that the evaluation of the supervision process is positive for participants in the following aspects: empathy and attention to affective experience. learning and self-expression, understanding of difficulties and responsiveness to the needs of supervisees by their supervisors.(AU)

Perfil dos supervisores de psicologia em serviços-escola brasileiros / Profile of psychology supervisors in brazilian universities clinics / Perfil de los supervisores en los servicios de atención psicológica de las facultades de psicología brasileñas

Perfil dos supervisores de psicologia em Serviços-Escola Brasileiros (treino/atendimento) Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o perfil demográfico dos supervisores dos cursos de graduação em Psicologia, obtidos pelo projeto de pesquisa intitulado "Serviços-Escola de Psicologia no Brasil", que tinha entre seus objetivos a caracterização dos serviços-escola de psicologia brasileiros. A pesquisa foi disponibilizada on-line em um site da internet específico para a pesquisa, divulgado através de vários meios de comunicação, no qual, o participante em potencial da pesquisa (supervisor, estagiário ou gestor de uma das clinica escolas de Psicologia do Brasil), depois de acessar a pagina e o seu campo específico, informava dados pessoais (sexo e idade), dados institucionais (vínculo de trabalho, tipo de instituição e localização) e dados profissionais (abordagem teórica e tempo de experiência/área). Do total de 846 participantes potenciais apenas 147 eram supervisores de cursos de Psicologia que haviam completado totalmente o questionário e foram, por isso, considerados para presente análise. Os dados coletados, no período de 2008 a 2010, apontaram que a maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (77,6%), tinha idade entre 38 a 45 anos (45,5%), possuía vínculo formal de trabalho (90%) com instituições de ensino privado (56%), localizadas nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste (78%). A Psicanálise figurou como abordagem mais referida (24%) e aqueles que referiam ter mais de 10 anos de experiência em Psicodiagnóstico/Psicoterapia (64,4%). Apesar do tamanho da amostra não ser representativa do perfil dos supervisores brasileiros, os dados obtidos forneceram informações importantes sobre o perfil dos supervisores, peça chave na formação do aluno de graduação...

Psychology Supervisor Profile on Brazilian Services School (training and attending in Clinical psychology) This study aimed to provide data on the demographic profile of the supervisors of undergraduate courses in psychology obtained from a research project titled "Services School of Psychology (attending and training) in Brazil," which included among its objectives the characterization of services schools of psychology in Brazil. The survey was made available online in a website specific to this research and disseminated through various forms of media communication. Potential participants (supervisors, trainees, or managers of one of the services school of psychology in Brazil), after accessing the site on their specific area, entered their personal data (age and sex), institutional data (employment status and institution type and location) and professional data (theoretical approach and lenght of work in the field). Of the total of 846 potential participants, only 147 were supervisors of psychology courses who had fully completed the questionnaire and were therefore considered for this analysis. The data collected during 2008-2010 revealed that the majority of respondents were female (77.6%) aged 38-45 years (45.5%) with a formal job (90%) within private institutions (56%) and were located in the south and southeast area of the country (78%). The greatest number cited "Psychoanalysis" as their theoretical approach (24%) and had over 10 years of experience in Psycho-assessment/Psychotherapy (64.4%). Although the sample is probably not representative of the profile across Brazil, the data provide important information about supervisors, a key part in the training of undergraduate students...

Perfil de los supervisores en los Servicios de Atención Psicológica de las Facultades de Psicología Brasileñas Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar datos sobre el perfil demográfico de los supervisores de los cursos de licenciatura en psicología, obtenidos del "Proyecto Temático Servicios de Atención Psicológica de las Facultades de Psicología en Brasil", para la caracterización de clínicas escuela brasileñas de psicología. La investigación estuvo disponible en línea. El participante informaba sus datos personales (edad y sexo), datos institucionales (situación laboral, tipo de institución y lugar) y los datos profesionales (referencial teórico y el tiempo de experiencia/área). Del total de 846 participantes, sólo 147, supervisores de cursos de psicología, completaron el cuestionario y fueron considerados para este análisis. Los datos recogidos durante los años 2008 y 2010 mostraron que la mayoría de los encuestados eran mujeres (77,6%), tenían 38-45 años de edad (45,5%), tenían un empleo formal (90%) con las instituciones de enseñanza privadas (56%) y estaban ubicados en el Sur y Sudeste (78%) de Brasil. La mayoría consideran tener el psicoanálisis como enfoque (24%) y tener más de 10 años de experiencia en Psicodiagnosis / Psicoterapia (64,4%). Aunque el tamaño de la muestra no es probablemente representativo del perfil de los supervisores brasileños, los datos proporcionan información importante acerca de los supervisores, una parte fundamental en la formación de los estudiantes de licenciatura...

Perfil dos supervisores de psicologia em serviços-escola brasileiros / Profile of psychology supervisors in brazilian universities clinics / Perfil de los supervisores en los servicios de atención psicológica de las facultades de psicología brasileñas

Perfil dos supervisores de psicologia em Serviços-Escola Brasileiros (treino/atendimento) Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o perfil demográfico dos supervisores dos cursos de graduação em Psicologia, obtidos pelo projeto de pesquisa intitulado "Serviços-Escola de Psicologia no Brasil", que tinha entre seus objetivos a caracterização dos serviços-escola de psicologia brasileiros. A pesquisa foi disponibilizada on-line em um site da internet específico para a pesquisa, divulgado através de vários meios de comunicação, no qual, o participante em potencial da pesquisa (supervisor, estagiário ou gestor de uma das clinica escolas de Psicologia do Brasil), depois de acessar a pagina e o seu campo específico, informava dados pessoais (sexo e idade), dados institucionais (vínculo de trabalho, tipo de instituição e localização) e dados profissionais (abordagem teórica e tempo de experiência/área). Do total de 846 participantes potenciais apenas 147 eram supervisores de cursos de Psicologia que haviam completado totalmente o questionário e foram, por isso, considerados para presente análise. Os dados coletados, no período de 2008 a 2010, apontaram que a maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (77,6%), tinha idade entre 38 a 45 anos (45,5%), possuía vínculo formal de trabalho (90%) com instituições de ensino privado (56%), localizadas nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste (78%). A Psicanálise figurou como abordagem mais referida (24%) e aqueles que referiam ter mais de 10 anos de experiência em Psicodiagnóstico/Psicoterapia (64,4%). Apesar do tamanho da amostra não ser representativa do perfil dos supervisores brasileiros, os dados obtidos forneceram informações importantes sobre o perfil dos supervisores, peça chave na formação do aluno de graduação.(AU)

Psychology Supervisor Profile on Brazilian Services School (training and attending in Clinical psychology) This study aimed to provide data on the demographic profile of the supervisors of undergraduate courses in psychology obtained from a research project titled "Services School of Psychology (attending and training) in Brazil," which included among its objectives the characterization of services schools of psychology in Brazil. The survey was made available online in a website specific to this research and disseminated through various forms of media communication. Potential participants (supervisors, trainees, or managers of one of the services school of psychology in Brazil), after accessing the site on their specific area, entered their personal data (age and sex), institutional data (employment status and institution type and location) and professional data (theoretical approach and lenght of work in the field). Of the total of 846 potential participants, only 147 were supervisors of psychology courses who had fully completed the questionnaire and were therefore considered for this analysis. The data collected during 2008-2010 revealed that the majority of respondents were female (77.6%) aged 38-45 years (45.5%) with a formal job (90%) within private institutions (56%) and were located in the south and southeast area of the country (78%). The greatest number cited "Psychoanalysis" as their theoretical approach (24%) and had over 10 years of experience in Psycho-assessment/Psychotherapy (64.4%). Although the sample is probably not representative of the profile across Brazil, the data provide important information about supervisors, a key part in the training of undergraduate students.(AU)

Perfil de los supervisores en los Servicios de Atención Psicológica de las Facultades de Psicología Brasileñas Este estudio tuvo como objetivo proporcionar datos sobre el perfil demográfico de los supervisores de los cursos de licenciatura en psicología, obtenidos del "Proyecto Temático Servicios de Atención Psicológica de las Facultades de Psicología en Brasil", para la caracterización de clínicas escuela brasileñas de psicología. La investigación estuvo disponible en línea. El participante informaba sus datos personales (edad y sexo), datos institucionales (situación laboral, tipo de institución y lugar) y los datos profesionales (referencial teórico y el tiempo de experiencia/área). Del total de 846 participantes, sólo 147, supervisores de cursos de psicología, completaron el cuestionario y fueron considerados para este análisis. Los datos recogidos durante los años 2008 y 2010 mostraron que la mayoría de los encuestados eran mujeres (77,6%), tenían 38-45 años de edad (45,5%), tenían un empleo formal (90%) con las instituciones de enseñanza privadas (56%) y estaban ubicados en el Sur y Sudeste (78%) de Brasil. La mayoría consideran tener el psicoanálisis como enfoque (24%) y tener más de 10 años de experiencia en Psicodiagnosis / Psicoterapia (64,4%). Aunque el tamaño de la muestra no es probablemente representativo del perfil de los supervisores brasileños, los datos proporcionan información importante acerca de los supervisores, una parte fundamental en la formación de los estudiantes de licenciatura.(AU)

Enurese noturna: associações entre gênero, impacto, intolerância materna e problemas de comportamento / Nocturnal enuresis: associations between gender, impact, maternal intolerance and behavior problems / Enuresis nocturna: asociaciones entre género, impacto, intolerancia materna y problemas de conducta

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar correlações entre as variáveis gênero, problemas de comportamento e impacto apresentados por crianças e adolescentes e nível de intolerância das mães ante a enurese. Nas avaliações, utilizaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: escala de impacto, preenchida pela criança e pelo adolescente, inventário de comportamentos para crianças e adolescentes e escala de tolerância, ambos destinados às mães. Participaram 31 crianças e adolescentes com enurese com idades entre 6 e 15 anos (M = 8,84 e DP = 2,08) e suas respetivas mães. Foram identificadas correlações estatisticamente significativas entre intolerância e impacto, e ainda entre impacto e idade. A média dos problemas de comportamento atingiu nível clínico, sendo os do tipo internalizante mais frequentes. Não foram encontradas associações entre problemas de comportamento e impacto ou intolerância, nem diferenças de gênero para todas variáveis analisadas. Na amostra avaliada, mães mais intolerantes têm filhos mais impactados, e o nível de intolerância delas parece aumentar à medida que a criança ou o adolescente ficam mais velhos.

The aim of the study was to identify correlations between the following variables: gender, behavior problems and impact suffered by children/adolescents and the intolerance of their mothers to enuresis. Assessment was made through: impact scale, responded by the child/adolescent, child behavior checklist and tolerance scale, both answered by the mothers. Participated 31 children and adolescents with enuresis aged between 6 and 15 years (M = 8.84 and SD = 2.08) and their mothers. Statistically significant correlations between intolerance and impact were identified, and also between age and impact. The mean rate of behavior problems reached a clinical level, presenting mostly internalizing problems. No associations between behavior problems and impact or intolerance, or gender differences for all variables analyzed were found. In this sample, the more intolerant mothers have most impacted children, and their mothers' intolerance level seems to increase as the child or adolescent get older.

El objetivo del estudio fue identificar correlaciones entre las variables: género, problemas de comportamiento e impacto presentados por niños/adolescentes y la intolerancia de sus madres frente a la enuresis. Fueron utilizados: escala de impacto, completada por el niño/adolescente, inventario de comportamientos para la infancia y adolescencia y escala de tolerancia, dirigidos a las madres. Participaron 31 niños y adolescentes con enuresis, con edades entre 6 y 15 años (M = 8,84 y DP = 2,08) y sus madres respectivas. Se identificaron correlaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la intolerancia y el impacto, y también entre la edad y el impacto. La media de los problemas de comportamiento llegó a nivel clínico, siendo el tipo más frecuente o de interiorización. No se encontró asociación entre problemas de conducta y impacto o intolerancia, ni diferencias de género en todas las variables analizadas. En la muestra madres más intolerantes tienen niños más impactados y la intolerancia parece aumentar a medida que el niño o adolescente crece.

Syndromes of collateral-reported psychopathology for ages 18-59 in 18 Societies / Síndromes psicopatológicos informados por personas allegadas a adultos de 18 a 59 años de edad en 18 países

The purpose was to advance research and clinical methodology for assessing psychopathology by testing the international generalizability of an 8-syndrome model derived from collateral ratings of adult behavioral, emotional, social, and thought problems. Collateral informants rated 8,582 18-59-year-old residents of 18 societies on the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL). Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of the 8-syndrome model to ratings from each society. The primary model fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) showed good model fit for all societies, while secondary indices (Tucker Lewis Index, Comparative Fit Index) showed acceptable to good fit for 17 societies. Factor loadings were robust across societies and items. Of the 5,007 estimated parameters, 4 (0.08%) were outside the admissible parameter space, but 95% confidence intervals included the admissible space, indicating that the 4 deviant parameters could be due to sampling fluctuations. The findings are consistent with previous evidence for the generalizability of the 8-syndrome model in self-ratings from 29 societies, and support the 8-syndrome model for operationalizing phenotypes of adult psychopathology from multi-informant ratings in diverse societies (AU)

El propósito fue avanzar en la metodología clínica y de investigación de la evaluación psicopatológica mediante el examen de la generalización internacional de un modelo de 8 síndromes derivados de evaluaciones de personas allegadas a adultos, en sus problemas emocionales, sociales y de pensamiento. Informantes allegados a los adultos calificaron a 8.582 residentes de 18 países entre 18 y 59 años de edad con el Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL). Un análisis factorial confirmatorio examinó el ajuste del modelo de 8 síndromes a las puntuaciones provenientes de cada país. El índice primario de ajuste del modelo (RMSEA) mostró un buen ajuste del modelo para todas las sociedades, mientras que índices secundarios (TLI, CFI) mostraron un ajuste de aceptable a bueno para 17 países. Las cargas factoriales fueron robustas a través de los países e ítems. Los hallazgos son consistentes con evidencia previa existente para la generalización del modelo de 8 síndromes en autoinformes de 29 sociedades. Además, los resultados respaldan el modelo de 8 síndromes para operacionalizar fenotipos de psicopatología del adulto provenientes de evaluaciones de múltiples informantes en diversas sociedades (AU)

Syndromes of Self-Reported Psychopathology for Ages 18-59 in 29 Societies.

This study tested the multi-society generalizability of an eight-syndrome assessment model derived from factor analyses of American adults' self-ratings of 120 behavioral, emotional, and social problems. The Adult Self-Report (ASR; Achenbach and Rescorla 2003) was completed by 17,152 18-59-year-olds in 29 societies. Confirmatory factor analyses tested the fit of self-ratings in each sample to the eight-syndrome model. The primary model fit index (Root Mean Square Error of Approximation) showed good model fit for all samples, while secondary indices showed acceptable to good fit. Only 5 (0.06%) of the 8,598 estimated parameters were outside the admissible parameter space. Confidence intervals indicated that sampling fluctuations could account for the deviant parameters. Results thus supported the tested model in societies differing widely in social, political, and economic systems, languages, ethnicities, religions, and geographical regions. Although other items, societies, and analytic methods might yield different results, the findings indicate that adults in very diverse societies were willing and able to rate themselves on the same standardized set of 120 problem items. Moreover, their self-ratings fit an eight-syndrome model previously derived from self-ratings by American adults. The support for the statistically derived syndrome model is consistent with previous findings for parent, teacher, and self-ratings of 1½-18-year-olds in many societies. The ASR and its parallel collateral-report instrument, the Adult Behavior Checklist (ABCL), may offer mental health professionals practical tools for the multi-informant assessment of clinical constructs of adult psychopathology that appear to be meaningful across diverse societies.