[SARS CoV-2 related disease features in a population of chronic hemodialysis patients].

Patients on chronic dialysis have an increased risk for SARS CoV-2 virus disease and its complications because of multiple comorbidities and alterations in the immune response caused by renal disease. In this retrospective observational study we describe the clinical features and the evolution of SARS CoV-2-related disease in 19 patients of our Pesaro and Fano facilities, where incidence and mortality of the epidemic were among the highest in Italy. A total of 176 patients were undergoing chronic treatment, 153 hemodialysis and 23 peritoneal dialysis. The incidence of infection was 10,8%, with 84% needing hospitalization and mortality amounting to 53%. The most frequent onset symptom was fever (84,2%) and the most used therapy was an association of low molecular weight heparin and hydroxychloroquine (57,9%). Comparing the deceased and survivor populations we noticed significant differences in age and presence of cardiopathy for what concerns anamnestic data and in fatigue and dyspnea in terms of clinical presentation. LDH and CPK resulted highest among deceased patients, while the use of enoxaparin was more frequent in survivors. By observing contagions over time, we also noticed that most of the cases, and the ones with worse clinical condition and outcome, all occurred in the early stage of the epidemic and in particular within the first 20 days from the implementation and codification of the measures to prevent its spread, the only modifiable factor that had an unmistakable effect on the evolution of events.

[Retrospective assessment of childhood trauma: review of the instruments]. / La valutazione retrospettiva del trauma infantile: una revisione degli strumenti.

AIM: Childhood trauma has a crucial and proved role for the development of psychopathology during adulthood. The results of a systematic review on the instruments for the retrospective assessment of childhood trauma are reported in order to compare their reliability, validity, comprehensiveness and use. METHODS: A literature search on this argument was conducted on Medline electronic archives and by canvassing English-language and other European languages publications. Eligible instruments were restricted to the ones with: available publications, retrospective assessment on adult population, independence from specific diagnostic categories, sufficient data regarding the main features. RESULTS: Of the 19 eligible instruments, the Familial Experiences Interview (FEI) and the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report (ETI-SR) evaluate the highest number of "trauma areas" considered in this review. The reliability and validity data provided by Authors, when available, are reported to be good to excellent. The four most used instruments in the clinical and epidemiological practice appear to be the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Adult Attachment Interview (AAI), the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse (CECA.Q) and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). DISCUSSION: Our review on the currently available instruments has pointed out some weaknesses that narrow their actual use and evaluation capability. Such issues should be taken in consideration and further discussed especially considering the increasing consent of research on the role of childhood trauma for the development of adult psychopathology.