Validity and reliability of My Jump 2® app to measure the vertical jump on elite women beach volleyball players.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the My Jump 2® app in measuring jump height, flight time, and peak power among elite women beach volleyball players on sand surfaces. Methods: Eleven elite female beach volleyball players (aged 23.6 ± 6.2 years; weight 66.3 ± 5.8 kg; height 174.4 ± 5.8 cm; with 8.4 ± 4.8 years of professional experience) participated in this study. Each player performed six countermovement jumps in a wooden box filled with sand on a force platform while simultaneously recording a video for subsequent analysis using the My Jump 2® app. Results: We found excellent agreement for flight time, jump height and peak power between observers (ICC = 0.92, 0.91 and 0.97, respectively). No significant differences between force platform and My Jump 2® app were detected in the values obtained for the three variables (P > 0.05). For the force platform and the My Jump 2® app, we found a good agreement measuring jump height and flight time (ICC = 0.85 and 0.85, respectively). However, we only found a moderate agreement for peak power (ICC = 0.64). The difference in jump height showed a limit of agreement between -4.10 and 4.74 cm in Bland-Altman, indicating a high level of agreement between the two measurement tools. Conclusion: Based on our findings, the My Jump 2® app reveals a valid tool for measuring jump height and flight time of CMJ on sand surfaces. However, more caution is needed when measuring peak power.

Acute Effects of Different Set Configurations on Neuromuscular, Metabolic, and Perceptual Responses in Young Women.

We compared neuromuscular, metabolic, and perceptual responses between different resistance training configurations in young women. In a counterbalanced randomized order, 13 young women performed the following protocols in separate sessions (sets x repetitions): traditional (TRAD): 5x10, 90-s of rest interval between sets; more frequent and shorter total rest (FSR): 10x5, 30-s of rest interval between sets. The sessions were composed of leg press exercise with the same intensity. Force (maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) and metabolic (lactate concentration) responses were measured pre- and post-resistance training sessions. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured after each set. The internal training load was calculated using the session-RPE method. There was a significant reduction in the MVIC only after TRAD configuration (Effect size [ES] = 0.36). The lactate concentration increased in both conditions but was higher after TRAD (ES = 2.81) than FSR (ES = 1.23). The RPE has progressively increased in both configurations. On the other hand, the internal training load was lower in the FSR configuration. From our findings, we suggest that more frequent and shorter total rest is an effective strategy for maintaining the ability to produce force, generating less metabolic stress and lower perceived internal load in young women.

Comparison of Traditional and Advanced Resistance Training Paradigms on Muscle Hypertrophy in Trained Individuals: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Trained individuals may require variations in training stimuli and advanced resistance training paradigms (ADV) to increase skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, no meta-analysis has examined how ADV versus traditional (TRAD) approaches may differentially affect hypertrophic outcomes in trained populations. The aim of this review was to determine whether the skeletal muscle hypertrophy responses induced by TRAD differed from ADV in resistance-trained individuals. Furthermore, we sought to examine potential effects of dietary factors, participants' training status, and training loads. We searched for peer-reviewed, randomized controlled trials (published in English) conducted in healthy resistance-trained adults performing a period of TRAD and ADV with pre-to-post measurement(s) of muscle hypertrophy in PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, and MEDLINE databases up to October 2022. A formal meta-analysis was conducted in Revman5, and risk of bias was assessed by ROB2. Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. Results indicated no difference between ADV and TRAD for muscle thickness (SMD = 0.05, 95% CI: -0.20 0.29, p = 0.70), lean mass (SMD = -0.01, 95% CI: -0.26 0.23, p = 0.92), muscle cross-sectional area (SMD = -0.07, 95% CI: -0.36 0.22, p = 0.64), or all measurements analyzed together (SMD = -0.00, 95% CI: -0.15 0.14, p = 0.95). No heterogeneity or inconsistencies were observed; however, unclear risk of bias was present in most of the studies. Short-term ADV does not induce superior skeletal muscle hypertrophy responses when compared with TRAD in trained individuals. This review was not previously registered.

Percepção dos docentes acerca das TIC em aulas de Educação Física Escolar / Teachers' perception about ictin school Physical Education Classes / Percepción de los profesores sobre las tic en clases de Educación Física Escolar

Objetivo: Analisar a percepção de docentes acerca das possibilidades e limitações das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação(TIC) em aulas de Educação Física Escolar (EFE). Metodologia:Ainvestigação foi de cunho quantitativo/qualitativo,por meio da aplicação de um questionário composto de questões objetivase subjetivas. Participaram do estudo 43 docentes de Educação Física,de ambos os sexos, comidadeentre32a 38 anos, a saber: sexomasculinocom 18participantes (43%)e sexo feminino com 25participantes (57%). Resultados e discussão: Os docentes destacaram como relevante a utilização das TIC na Educação Física, sendo o vídeo, o celular e o videogame as tecnologias mais utilizadas em suas aulas. Sobre os principais desafios, apontaram: infraestrutura inadequada, metodologias de ensino, falta de internet, proibição de recursos tecnológicos e falta de apoio da gestão. No que se refere a como os docentes utilizam as TIC,em suas aulas,a análise dos questionários aponta autilização para pesquisas, ilustração e sensibilização do conteúdo, informação prévia e demonstração dos conteúdos. Percebemos uma diversificação de usos das TIC relatada pelos docentes, por outro lado, identificamos que a forma de utilização ainda necessita de maior contextualização e intencionalidade pedagógica. A necessidade de novas metodologias de ensino foi perceptível nas respostas dos participantes aoquestionário,quanto àforma de utilização das TIC em suas aulas.

Objective: To analyze the perception of teachers about the possibilities and limitations of ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) in School Physical Education (PE) classes. Methodology:The research was of quantitative/qualitative nature, through the application of a questionnaire composed of objective and subjective questions. Forty-three Physical Education teachers of both sexes, aged between 32 and 38 years, participated in the study:males with 18 participants (43%) and females with 25 participants (57%). Results and discussion: The teachers highlighted as relevant the use of ICT in Physical Education, with video, cell phone and videogame as the most used technologies in their classes. Regarding the main challenges, they pointed out: inadequate infrastructure, teaching methodologies, lack of internet, prohibition of technological resources and lack of management support. Regarding how teachers use ICT in their classes, the analysis of the questionnaires points to the use of ICT for research, illustration and awareness of content, prior information and demonstration of content. We noticed a diversification of uses of ICT reported by teachers, on the other hand, we identified that the waythey are used still needs more contextualization and pedagogical intentionality. The need for new teaching methodologies was noticeable in the answers of the participants to the questionnaire, as to how ICT is used in their classes. Conclusion: It is essential that government agencies invest in adequate infrastructure and offer qualified training for the pedagogical use of ICT in PE classes.

Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de losdocentes sobre las posibilidades y limitaciones de las TIC (Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación) en las clases de Educación Física (EFE). Metodología: La investigación fue de carácter cuantitativo/cualitativo, mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario compuesto por preguntas objetivas y subjetivas. En este estudio participaron 43 profesores de Educación Física, 18 del sexo masculino (43%) y 25 del sexo femenino (57%), ambos con edades entre 32 y 38 años. Resultados y discusión: El uso de las TIC en la Educación Física fueron destacadas como relevante, resaltando el video, el móvil y los videos juegos como las tecnologías más utilizadas. En cuanto a los principales desafíos, señalaron: infraestructura inadecuada, metodologías de enseñanza, falta de internet, prohibición de recursos tecnológicos y falta de apoyo de la gestión. Con respecto al empleo de las TIC realizadas en clases, el análisis de los cuestionarios apunta su uso para la investigación, ilustración y conocimiento de contenidos, información previa y demostración de contenidos. Se observó una diversificación del uso de las TIC reportada por los docentes. Sin embargo, fue identificado que la forma de uso aún necesita mayor contextualización e intencionalidad pedagógica. Basado en las respuestas de los participantes al cuestionario, la necesidad de nuevas metodologías de enseñanza es importante en cuanto a la forma de emplear las TIC en sus clases. Conclusión:Es fundamental que los organismos gubernamentales inviertan en infraestructura adecuada y ofrezcan capacitación calificada para el uso pedagógico de las TIC en las clases de EFE

Impacts of home-based physical exercises on the health of people with spinal cord injury: a systematic review / Impactos do exercício físico em ambiente doméstico sobre a saúde de pessoas com lesão medular: uma revisão sistemática

The confinement period caused by the SARS-COV2 pandemic is another barrier to the practice of physical exercise by people with spinal cord injury (SCI). In view of the countless therapies targeted at this public, it is necessary to highlight the benefits of exercises performed at home. Thus, our objective was to determine the main characteristics of physical exercise training modes performed at home and their effects on people with SCI. We searched for intervention studies in five data-bases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, SPORTDiscus, Scopus and Cochrane CENTRAL) by including the terms and descriptors: "spinal cord injury", "home-based", exercise", "video game", "home-based physical activity". The selected studies were described by means of a narrative synthesis. Of 69,843 studies, only 10 met the eligibility criteria, totaling 153 investigated individuals (25 women and 128 men). Regarding the type of injury, 118 participants were paraplegic and 33 tetraplegic. The studies addressed functional electrical stimulation (n = 4), electronic assistive devices (n = 5) and stretching exercises (n = 1). We observed that the focus of the interventions was the morphological, motor neuron, quality of life and functional aspects. The studies showed improvements in muscle strength and morphology, in the ability to perform daily activities, in quality of life and in functional capacities, with no reported adverse situations. Although our review included a low number of randomized studies, we can conclude that several modes of exercise in the home environment promote benefits for people with SCI and can be options for maintaining or developing the health of this population

O período de confinamento ocasionado pela Pandemia do SARS-COV2, constitui-se em mais uma barreira para a prática de exercício físico por pessoas com lesão medular (LM). Diante das inúmeras terapias realizadas para este público, surge a necessidade de se evidenciar os benefícios de exercícios realizadas em casa. Assim, nosso objetivo foi determinar as principais características dos modos de treinamento do exercício físico realizados em casa e seus efeitos em pessoas com LM. Consultas a cinco bases de dados foram realizadas (PubMed, Science Direct, Sport Discus, Scopus e a Cochrane Central), em busca de estudos de intervenção, por meio da inclusão dos termos e descritores: "spinal cord injury", "home-based ", "exercise", "video game", "home-based physical activity". Os selecionados foram descritos realizando uma síntese narrativa. De 69.843 estudos, apenas 10 atenderam os critérios de elegibilidade, que totalizaram 153 indivíduos investigados (25 mulheres e 128 homens). Considerando o tipo de lesão, 118 participantes eram paraplégicos e 33 tetraplégicos. Os estudos estiveram relacionados a estimulação elétrica funcional (n = 4), dispositivos assistidos eletrônicos (n = 5) e exercícios de alongamento (n = 1). Observou-se que o foco das intervenções foram os aspectos morfológicos, neuromotores, de qualidade de vida e funcionais. Os estudos demonstraram melhoras na força e morfologia musculares, nas capacidades de realizar atividades diárias, na qualidade de vida e em capacidades funcionais, sem situações adversas relatadas. Embora com baixa quantidade de estudos randomizados, podemos concluir que diversos modos de exercício em ambiente domiciliar promovem benefícios para pessoas com LM, podendo ser alternativas para manutenção ou desenvolvimento da saúde dessa população

Young soccer players with higher somatic maturation are stronger, more powerful and faster than those with lower maturation / Jovens futebolistas de maior maturação somática são mais fortes, potentes e velozes que os de menor maturação

ABSTRACT The identification of young soccer players' maturation level throughout puberty is crucial to verify the influence of aspects that interfere on sport performance, such as body height and physical capacities. The aim of the present study was to verify the differences in physical performance of young soccer players in maturation stages before and after peak height velocity. This study comprised 49 soccer players (14.49 ± 1.00 yrs) belonging to the youth teams of a club in the city of Fortaleza. Body weight, height and trunk-cephalic height were measured. Somatic maturation was estimated using distance in years from peak height velocity (DPHV). 10 Meters Sprint and 20 Meter Flying Sprint, Modified Illinois, Jump Height (CMJ), RAST and Yo Yo IRT 1 tests were applied. Standardized Mean Difference (SMD) and Confidence Intervals (CI = 90%) were used to compare the study variables (PRE-PHV vs POST-PHV). Our findings showed that POST-PHV group showed higher values in CMJ (3/3/97, Very likely) and RAST (peak, average, minimum power) and lower in the 20 Meter Flying Sprint (100/0/0, Most Likely) when compared to the PRE-PHV group. We concluded that young soccer players with somatic maturation after peak height velocity presented better capacity of lower limb strength, anaerobic power and speed.

RESUMO A identificação do nível maturacional de futebolistas em formação, ao longo da puberdade, é fundamental para verificar a influência de aspectos que interferem no desempenho esportivo, tais como o tamanho corporal e as capacidades físicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar as diferenças de desempenho físico de jovens futebolistas em estágios maturacionais pré e pós pico de velocidade de crescimento. Participaram do estudo 49 futebolistas (14,49 ± 1,00 anos) das categorias de base de um clube da cidade de Fortaleza. Foram aferidas a massa corporal, a estatura e a altura tronco-cefálica. A maturação somática foi estimada por meio da distância ao pico de velocidade de crescimento (DPVC). Foram realizados os testes Sprint 10 metros e 20 metros lançado, Illinois modificado, Altura do salto (CMJ), RAST e o Yo Yo IRT 1. As Diferenças de Média Estandardizada (DME) e Intervalo de Confiança (IC = 90%) foram utilizados para comparar as variáveis do estudo (PRÉ-PVC vs PÓS-PVC). Os nossos achados mostraram que o grupo PÓS-PVC apresentou valores mais elevados no CMJ (0/3/97, Very likely) e no RAST (potência máxima, média, mínima) e inferiores no Sprint 20m L (100/0/0, Most Likely), quando comparado ao grupo PRÉ-PVC. Concluimos que jovens futebolistas com maturação somática pós pico de velocidade de crescimento apresentam melhor capacidade de força de membros inferiores, potência anaeróbia e velocidade.

10 semanas de treinamento de força melhoram quais capacidades físicas em adolescentes fisicamente ativos? / 10 weeks of strength training improve what physical capabilities in physically active adolescents?

o estudo teve como objetivo verificar as adaptações geradas pelo treinamento de força (TF) nos parâmetros neuromusculares e na composição corporal de adolescentes. A amostra foi composta por 10 adolescentes do sexo masculino (16,4 ± 1,0 anos), o protocolo de treinamento de força teve duração de 10 semanas com 3 sessões semanais, divididos em treinos A e B. Para comparação do desempenho, foram avaliadas variáveis antropométricas e composição corporal (estatura, peso, índice de massa corporal e percentual de gordura), bem como, neuromusculares, por meio da resistência muscular de membros superiores (teste de flexão de braços), força explosiva de membros inferiores (teste de salto horizontal), flexibilidade (teste de sentar e alcançar), e força muscular (supino, puxada e leg press 45º). Para comparar os resultados pré e pós intervenção foram utilizadas as diferenças de médias estandardizadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança (IC= 90%) e as probabilidades (maior/similar/menor). Foram encontrados aumentos substanciais entre os períodos pré e pós intervenção, para a resistência muscular localizada de membros superiores (92/7/1, Likely), um impacto benéfico de força no supino (86/11/2, Likely), puxada (82/15/3, Likely) e leg press 45° (84/14/2, Likely), e redução em média de 3% na gordura corporal. Os resultados contribuem para uma reflexão crítica em relação ao incentivo a prática de TF em adolescentes, pois com supervisão adequada, planejamento, individualização das cargas de treino e educação técnica correta de cada exercício, os riscos foram suprimidos e os benefícios amplificados.(AU)

Our aim was to investigate the adaptations caused by strength training (ST) in neuromuscular parameters and body composition of adolescents. The sample consisted of 10 male adolescents (16.4 ± 1.0 years) and the strength training protocol lasted 10 weeks with 3 weekly sessions, divided into training sessions A and B. Anthropometric variables and body composition (height, weight, body mass index and percentage of fat) as well as neuromuscular performance (upper limb endurance strength, horizontal jump height, flexibility and muscle strength in bench-press, lat pull-down and 45º leg press exercises). Pre- and post-intervention results were compared using standardized mean differences and their respective confidence intervals (CI = 90%) and likelihood (greater / similar / lower). Substantial increases were found between the pre- and post-intervention periods for upper-limb muscle endurance (92/7/1, Likely) and bench press (86/11/2, Likely), lat pull-down (82 / 15/3, Likely) and leg press (84/14/2, Likely) strength, while a beneficial reduction of 3% in body fat was observed. The results contribute to a critical reflection regarding the incentive to practice ST in adolescents. With proper supervision, planning, individualization of training loads and correct technical education of each exercise, the potential risks were suppressed and the benefits amplified.(AU)

Does rest interval between sets affect resistance training volume, density, and rating of perceived exertion when adopting the crescent pyramid system in young women?

BACKGROUND: The rest interval between sets can affect the responses to resistance training. Thus, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of different rest intervals (RI) on volume, density, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) when adopting a crescent pyramid (CP) system. METHODS: Twenty young women (21.1±2.6 years, 1.59±0.06 m, 58.5±9.3 kg) participated in this study. All participants performed three experimental sessions of the leg press exercise in 5 sets until voluntary muscular failure at 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, and 80% of one-repetition maximum (1RM). A randomized and crossover design was used so that in each session one of three RI (RI-1 = 1 min, RI-2 = 2 min, and RI-3 = 3 min) was tested. RESULTS: The participants performed a significantly larger volume in the RI-3 (12820±3134 kg) when compared to RI-1 (10367±3053 kg) condition (P<0.05). The volume did not differ between RI-2 and RI-3 (P>0.05). The density was higher (P<0.05) in RI-1 (43.1±12.7 kg/s) when compared RI-2 (25.6±5.8 kg/s) and RI-3 (17.7±4.3 kg/s). The RI-2 presented higher density compared to RI-3 condition (P<0.05). The RPE was not different between the three conditions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The use of 2 minutes of rest between sets allowed the performance of a high volume-load and density of the session in young women. In addition, the three experimental sessions provided a high perception of effort.

Time Course of Recovery for Performance Attributes and Circulating Markers of Muscle Damage Following a Rugby Union Match in Amateur Athletes.

BACKGROUND: We sought to determine the time course of changes in neuromuscular performance and muscle damage following a single rugby union match. METHODS: Fourteen male amateur rugby players (28.9 ± 3.5 yrs; 1.7 ± 5.1 m; 86.1 ± 11.1 kg) participated. Plasma activity of creatine kinase ([CK]) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), L-run test (change of direction) and 30-m sprint (T30; speed) with 10-m lap time (T10; acceleration) were assessed on six occasions: one week before the match (PRE) and immediately, 24, 48, 72, and 96 h post-match. RESULTS: Relative to PRE, LDH was elevated immediately post-match (+33.6% ± 13.6%; p < 0.001) and [CK] was elevated immediately (+64.1% ± 38.8%, p = 0.001) and 24 h post-match (+352% ± 317%; p = 0.024). L-run test time increased 16.0 ± 8.7% relative to PRE at 24 h post (p < 0.001) and remained elevated through 96 h post-match (p < 0.05). T10 and T30 times increased relative to PRE immediately post-match (+12.0% ± 10.4%, p = 0.008; and +6.1% ± 4.9%; p = 0.006, respectively), though T30 times were similar to baseline by 48 h post-match whereas T10 times remained elevated through 72 h post-match. CONCLUSIONS: A single, competitive rugby union match induces significant muscle damage and performance decrements with distinct time courses of recovery in amateur athletes. Notably, change of direction attributes (i.e., L-run) appear to have the longest time course to full recovery.

Duration and quality of sleep in sprint and recovery performances among elite swimmers / Duração e qualidade de sono no desempenho do sprint e na recuperação de nadadores de elite / Duración y calidad del sueño en el desempeño en el sprint y recuperación d nadadores de élite

ABSTRACT Introduction: Circadian rhythms can impact athletes' sports performance, where the plateau occurs between 15 and 21 hours. Swimming is a peculiar case, as athletes perform training and final sessions in competitions at different times, as in the Rio2016 Olympic Games for example, where the semifinal and final competitions took place from ten o'clock at night. Objectives: (1) to present the protocol of an intervention performed with elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team during the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio; (2) to find out whether the time at which the competitions were held affected the swimming performances of these athletes during the competition. Materials and Methods: Fourteen athletes of the Brazilian swimming team (males: n= 10; 71% and females: n= 4; 29%) participated in the study. They were followed up during two preparation periods (baseline and intervention) for the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio during June and July 2016. During the competition, we recorded the Reaction Time (RT) and Competition Time (CT) of each athlete in different modalities. The intervention strategies used were light therapy and sleep hygiene. The values of RT at the starting block and CT were registered and conferred with the official results. Results: The athletes showed a decrease in the total time awake (Δ = −13%; Effect size [ES] = 1.0) and sleep latency (Δ = −33%; ES = 0.7), and an increase in total sleep time (Δ = 13%; ES = 1.1; p = 0.04) between the baseline and the period of the intervention, pre-competition. We identified an improvement in the RT (Δ = −2.2% to −1.0%; ES = 0.2 to 0.5) during the competition only for the athletes who participated in the competition finals. Conclusion: We conclude that the intervention carried out was effective in mitigating any negative influence of competition time on the RT and CT of elite athletes of the Brazilian swimming team. Level of evidence II; Prospective comparative study.

RESUMO Introdução: Os ritmos circadianos podem exercer impacto no desempenho esportivo dos atletas, onde o platô ocorre entre as 15 e 21 horas. A natação é um caso peculiar, uma vez que os nadadores realizam sessões de treinamento e provas finais em competições em diferentes horários, como por exemplo, nos Jogos Olímpicos Rio2016, onde as competições semifinais e finais da natação ocorreram a partir das 22 horas. Objetivos: O presente estudo teve como objetivos: (1) apresentar o protocolo de uma intervenção realizada com atletas de elite da equipe de natação brasileira durante os Jogos Olímpicos Rio 2016; (2) identificar se o desempenho dos atletas de natação foi afetado devido aos horários das provas durante a competição. Materiais e Métodos: Participaram do estudo 14 atletas da equipe de natação brasileira (masculino: n= 10; 71% e feminino: n= 4; 29%). Foi realizado acompanhamento dos atletas durante dois períodos de preparação (baseline e intervenção) para os Jogos Olímpicos Rio2016 nos meses de junho e julho de 2016. Durante a competição, foi realizado o registro do Tempo de Reação (TR) e Tempo de Prova (TP) de cada atleta nas diferentes modalidades. As estratégias de intervenção utilizadas foram: terapia de luz e higiene do sono. Os valores de TR no bloco de partida e TP foram registrados e conferidos com os resultados oficiais. Resultados: Os atletas apresentaram decréscimo no tempo total de vigília (Δ = −13%; Tamanho do Efeito (TE) = 1,0) e latência de sono (Δ = −33%; TE = 0,7), e aumento do tempo total de sono (Δ = 13%; TE = 1,1; p = 0,04) entre o baseline e o período de intervenção pré-competição. Nós identificamos melhorias no TR (Δ = −2,2% à −1,0%; TE = 0,2 a 0,5) ao longo da competição somente para os atletas que participaram da fase final da competição. Conclusão: Concluímos que a intervenção realizada foi efetiva para minimizar qualquer influência negativa do horário da competição sobre o TR e TP dos atletas de elite da natação brasileira. Nível de evidência II; Estudo prospectivo comparativo.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los ritmos circadianos pueden ejercer impacto en el desempeño deportivo de los atletas, donde la meseta ocurre entre las 15h y las 21 horas. La natación es un caso peculiar, ya que los nadadores realizan sesiones de entrenamiento y pruebas finales en competiciones en diferentes horarios, como por ejemplo, en los Juegos Olímpicos Rio 2016, en donde las competiciones semifinales y finales de natación ocurrieron a partir de las 22 horas. Objetivos: El presente estudio tuvo como objetivos: (1) presentar el protocolo de una intervención realizada con atletas de élite del equipo de natación brasileño durante los Juegos Olímpicos Rio 2016; (2) identificar si el desempeño de los atletas de natación fue afectado debido a los horarios de las pruebas durante la competición. Materiales y Métodos: Participaron en el estudio 14 atletas del equipo de natación brasileño (masculino: n = 10; 71% y femenino: n= 4; 29%). Fue realizado acompañamiento de los atletas durante dos períodos de preparación (baseline e intervención) para los Juegos Olímpicos Rio 2016 en los meses de junio y julio de 2016. Durante la competición, se realizó el registro del Tiempo de Reacción (TR) y Tiempo de Prueba (TP) de cada atleta en las diferentes modalidades. Las estrategias de intervención utilizadas fueron: terapia de luz e higiene del sueño. Los valores de TR en el bloque de partida y TP fueron registrados y verificados con los resultados oficiales. Resultados: Los atletas presentaron disminución en el tiempo total de vigilia (Δ = −13%; Tamaño de efecto (TE) = 1,0), y latencia del sueño (Δ = −33%; TE = 0,7), y aumento del tiempo total de sueño (Δ = 13%; TE = 1,1; p = 0,04) entre baseline y el período de intervención precompetición. Identificamos mejoras en el TR (Δ = −2,2% a −1,0%; TE = 0,2 a 0,5) a lo largo de la competición sólo para los atletas que participaron en la fase final de la competición. Conclusión: Concluimos que la intervención realizada fue efectiva para minimizar cualquier influencia negativa del horario de la competición sobre el TR y TP de los atletas de élite de la natación brasileña. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudio prospectivo comparativo.

Effects of Wearing Compression Stockings on Exercise Performance and Associated Indicators: A Systematic Review.

This systematic review investigated the effects of wearing below-knee compression stockings (CS) on exercise performance (or sports activity) and associated physiological and perceived indicators. We searched articles on PubMed using the following terms: "graduated compression stockings"; "compression stockings"; "graduated compression socks"; "compression socks" combined with "performance", "athletes", "exercise", "exercise performance", "fatigue", "sports" and "recovery", resulting in 1067 papers. After checking for inclusion criteria (e.g., original studies, healthy subjects, performance analysis), 21 studies were selected and analyzed. We conclude that wearing CS during exercise improved performance in a small number of studies. However, wearing CS could benefit muscle function indicators and perceived muscle soreness during the recovery period. Future research should investigate the chronic effect of CS on Sports Medicine and athletic performance.

Existe associação entre nível de atividade física e composição corporal em adolescentes? / Is there an association between level physical activity and body composition of adolescents?

Os objetivos do presente estudo foram (i) testar se existe associação e (ii) diferença entre o nível de atividade física (NAF) e composição corporal de adolescentes de escolas públicas e p riv adas. Participaram do presente estudo 84 adolescentes (feminino: n = 52; 61,9% e masculino: n = 3 2 ; 3 8 ,1 %) com idade média de 16,4 ± 0,8 anos (feminino = 16,5±0,8 anos e masculino 16,4 ± 0,8 anos) regularmente matriculados em uma escola pública e uma privada do município de Fortaleza/CE. O NAF foi quantificado por meio da aplicação do o questionário de atividade física para adolescentes. Posteriormente foram obtidos dados (massa corporal e estatura) para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC). O percentual de gordura (%G) foi estimado de acordo com o sexo. O teste de correlação de Pea rso n foi utilizado para verificar associação entre as variáveis. Para comparação entre estudantes de escolas públicas e privadas, utilizamos as diferenças de médias estandardizadas, intervalo de co n fiança (90 %), tamanho do efeito e probabilidades de haver diferenças. Não encontramos associações significantes en tre o NAF e IMC (r = 0,033 à 0,214; p > 0,05) e NAF e %G (r = - 0,199 à 0,310; p > 0,05). Não h ouv eram diferenças substanciais entre estudantes de escolas pública e privada para NAF e variáveis de composição corporal. A falta de associação forte entre NAF e composição corporal aponta para o caráter multifatorial que perpassa a relação entre essas duas variáveis na população jovem. Adicionalmente, estudar em escola pública ou privada parece não afetar o NAF e a composição corporal de adolescentes...(AU)

The objectives of present study were (i) to test if there is an association and (ii) differen ce between the level of physical activity (LPA) and body composition of adolescents from public and private schools. A total of 84 adolescents (female: n = 52, 61.9% and males: n = 32, 38.1%), with a mean age o f .4 ± 0.8 years (female = 16.5 ± 0, 8 years and male 16.4 ± 0.8 years) regularly enrolled in a public an d private school in the municipality of Fortaleza/CE. NAF was quantified through the ap p lication o f t he physical activity questionnaire for adolescents. Subsequently data were obtained (body mass and height) to calculate the body mass index (BMI). The percentage of body fat (% BF) was estimated according to sex . The Pearson correlation test was used to verify association between the variables. For comparison between public and private school students, we used the differences of standardized means, co nfiden ce in terv al (90%), effect size and probability of differences. We did not find significant associations bet ween LPA and BMI (r = 0.033 to 0.214; p> 0.05) and LPA and % BF (r = - 0.19 to 0.310; p> 0.05). There were n o substantial differences between public and private school students for LPA and body co mpo sition. The lack of strong association between NAF and body composition points to the multifactorial character t hat per passes the relationship between these two variables in the young population. Additionally, studying in a public or private school does not seem to affect LPA and the body composition of adolescents...(AU)

Sleep quality monitoring in individual sports athletes: parameters and definitions by systematic review.

In the present review, we identify which instruments and parameters are used for sleep quality monitoring in individual sport athletes and which definitions were used for sleep quality parameters in this literature field. Systematic searches for articles reporting the qualitative markers related to sleep in team sport athletes were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science online databases. The systematic review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews. The initial search returned 3316 articles. After the removal of duplicate articles, eligibility assessment, 75 studies were included in this systematic review. Our main findings were that the most widely used measurement instruments were Actigraphy (25%), Rating Likert Scales (16%) and Sleep Diary (13%). On sleep quality parameters (Sleep duration = 14%; Wake after sleep onset = 14%; Sleep Quality = 12%; Sleep Effciency = 11% and Sleep Latency = 9%), the main point is that there are different definitions for the same parameters in many cases reported in the literature. We conclude that the most widely used instruments for monitoring sleep quality were Actigraphy, Likert scales and Sleep diary. Moreover, the definitions of sleep parameters are inconsistent in the literature, hindering the understanding of the sleep-sport performance relationship.

Is the rating of perceived exertion planned by the personal trainer similar to subject's perception? A pilot study / A percepção subjetiva de esforço planejada pelo treinador personalizado é similar à do aluno? Um estudo piloto

Abstract The present study aimed to compare the intensity planned by the Personal Trainers (PTs) with that perceived by subjects in resistance training. Six male and female practicing resistance training (4 males and 2 females with mean age 33.0 ± 6.16 years, 1.3 ± 0.55 years training with follow-up) and two PTs participated in the study (average 32.0 ± 4.0 years, postgraduates, with a five -year or more experience). The comparison between the intensity planned by the PT and the intensity experienced by the subjects was determined by the Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE). Previously, at the beginning of each training, the PT should respond individually to the RPE estimated for each student in that training session. At the end of each session, 30 minutes after its completion, this same scale was answered by the subjects. To compare the intensity of the sessions perceived by the subjects and that planned by the PTs, we used descriptive statistics, standardized mean differences and their confidence intervals. Results have showed that subjects reported substantially higher intensities (small effect size) when compared to PTs. It has been concluded that the intensity experienced by the subjects was substantially higher than that planned by the PTs.

Resumo Objetivou-se comparar a intensidade planejada pelos treinadores personalizados com a percebida por alunos no treinamento resistido. Participaram do estudo seis praticantes de treinamento resistido (4 homens e 2 mulheres; média de idade 33,0 ± 6,16 anos, 1,3 ± 0,55 anos treinando com acompanhamento) e dois treinadores personalizados (média de 32,0 ± 4,0 anos, pós-graduados, com experiência acima de cinco anos atuando como treinador personalizado. A comparação entre a intensidade planejada pelo treinador personalizado e a intensidade experienciada pelos alunos foi realizada através da aplicação da escala de percepção subjetiva do esforço (PSE). Previamente, ao início de cada treino, o treinador personalizado respondeu individualmente a PSE estimada para cada aluno naquela sessão de treinamento, e ao final de cada sessão, 30 minutos após seu término, esta mesma escala era respondida pelos alunos. Para a comparação entre a intensidade das sessões percebidas pelos alunos e a planejada pelos treinadores utilizamos as diferenças de médias estandardizadas, intervalos de confiança. Houve diferença substancial entre a PSE pretendida pelos treinadores personalizados e a experienciada pelos alunos no treinamento resistido. A intensidade percebida pelos praticantes foi maior do que a planejada pelos treinadores personalizados.

Trajetória profissional de treinadores no contexto do esporte paralímpico / Professional trajectory of coaches in the context of paralympic sports / Trajetoria profesional de entrenadores en el contexto del deporte paralímpico

Treinadores do esporte paralímpico apresentam diferenças na atuação comparados a outros treinadores. Assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a trajetória profissional dos treinadores da Delegação Paralímpica Brasileira dos Jogos Rio 2016. Este estudo contou com 35 treinadores (idade: 39,7±9,4 anos, tempo de atuação: 10,7±5,4 anos) que responderam a um questionário estruturado com perguntas fechadas relacionadas à sua trajetória e formação profissional. Em relação à formação acadêmica, 97,1% dos treinadores apresentaram graduação em Educação Física, 65,7% cursaram pós-graduação lato sensu e 22,9% pós-graduação stricto sensu (mestrado) na área. Além disso, 65,7% dos treinadores realizaram alguma disciplina na universidade relacionada ao esporte paralímpico e 85% realizaram cursos de formação complementar. Concluimos que os treinadores tiveram oportunidades de aprendizado formal durante a graduação em Educação Física e em outros cursos de formação após a conclusão do curso, bem como oportunidades informais para construírem sua carreira no esporte paralímpico

Paralympic sports coaches work differently from other coaches. This study analyzed the professional trajectory of coaches working with the Brazilian Paralympic Delegation to the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. It included 35 coaches (age: 39.7±9.4; working experience: 10.7±5,4 years) who answered a structured questionnaire with closed-ended questions related to their history and professional training. As for academic training, 97.1% held degrees in Physical Education; 65.7% held specialization diplomas; and 22.9% held master's degrees in the area. In addition, 65.7% of the coaches attended some collegelevel course on Paralympic sports and 85% attended complementary training courses. We concluded that coaches had formal learning opportunities during their undergraduate training in Physical Education and other courses after that, as well as informal opportunities to build their career in Paralympic sports

Los entrenadores del deporte paralímpico presentan diferencias en su actuación en comparación a otros entrenadores. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la trayectoria profesional de los entrenadores de la Delegación Paralímpica Brasileña de los Juegos Río 2016. Este estudio contó con 35 entrenadores (edad: 39,7±9,4 años, tiempo de actuación: 10,7±5,4 años) que respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado con preguntas relacionadas a su trayectoria y formación profesional. En lo referente a formación académica, el 97,1% de los entrenadores eran graduados en Educación Física, 65,7% cursó postgrado lato sensu y 22,9% posgrado strito sensu en el área. Además, 65,7% de los entrenadores realizaron alguna disciplina en la universidad relacionada deporte paralímpico y el 85% realizaron cursos de formación complementaria. Concluimos que los entrenadores tuvieron oportunidades de aprendizaje formal durante su graduación en Educación Física y en otros cursos de formación después de la conclusión del curso, así como oportunidades informales para construir su carrera en el deporte paralímpico

Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: shedding light through smallest worthwhile change.

Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested as a potential ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, although controversial findings exist. The controversies may be explained by several factors, including the mode of exercise, the ratio between the magnitude of improvement, or the error of measurement and physiological meaning. However, a relevant aspect has been lacking in the literature: the interpretation of the findings considering statistical tests and adequate effect size (ES) according to the fitness level of individuals. Thus, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to update the effects of IPC on exercise performance and physiological responses, using traditional statistics (P values), ES, and smallest worth change (SWC) approach contextualizing the IPC application to applied Sports and Exercise performance. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results show that IPC has a minimal or nonsignificant effect on performance considering the fitness level of the individuals, using statistical approaches (i.e., tests with P value, ES, and SWC). Therefore, IPC procedures should be revised and refined in future studies to evaluate if IPC promotes positive effects on performance in a real-world scenario with more consistent interpretation.

Relação entre o potencial esportivo de jovens alunos-atletas e coping / Relationship between the sports potential of young student-athletes and coping / Relación entre el potencial deportivo de jóvenes alumnos-atletas y coping

Analisar diferenças nas habilidades de copingentre os sexos e o potencial esportivo de alu-nos-atletas de um colégio militar. Trezentos e oitenta e cinco alunos-atletas responderam o ACSI-28BR. O potencial esportivo foi avaliado pelos treinadores, sendo classificado como baixo e alto. Os meninos apresentaram maiores habilidades de copingdo que as meninas. Os meninos de alto potencial esportivo apresentaram maior confiança/motivação, treinabilidade e recurso total de coping, enquanto que as meninas de alto potencial apresentaram maior me-tas/preparação mental, concentração, confiança/motivação e recurso total de coping. Conclui-se que as habilidades psicológicas de copingsão maiores em alunos-atletas com alto potencial esportivo, variando entre meninos e meninas.

This study analyzes differences in the coping skills between sexes and the sporting potential of student-athletes of a military college. A total of 385student-athletes answered the ACSI-28BR. The sporting potential was evaluated by coaches, being classified as low and high. Males had higher coping skills than females. Males of high sporting potential showed higher confidence/motivation, trainability andtotal coping resources; while females with high potential had higher goals/mental preparation, concentration, confidence/motivation and total cop-ing resources. It is concluded that the coping psychological skills are higher in student-athletes with high sporting potential and vary between males and females.

Analizar diferencias en las habilidades de copingentre lossexos y el potencial deportivo de alumnos-atletas de un colegio militar. 385 alumnos-atletas respondieron el ACSI-28BR. El potencial deportivo fue evaluado por los entrenadores, siendo clasificado como bajo y alto. Los niños presentaron mayores habilidades de copingque las niñas. Los niños de alto poten-cial deportivo presentaron mayor confianza/motivación, capacitación y recurso total de co-ping; mientras que las niñas de alto potencial presentaron mayores metas / preparación men-tal, concentración, confianza/motivación y recurso total de coping. Se concluye que las habi-lidades psicológicas de copingson mayores en alumnos-atletas con alto potencial deportivo, variando entre niños y niñas.