Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate Reduces the Severity of COVID-19 in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis B.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HIV-positive patients on tenofovir hydroxyl fumarate (TDF)/emtricitabine have a lower risk of COVID-19 and hospitalization than those given other treatments. Our aim was to analyze the severity of COVID-19 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) on TDF or entecavir (ETV). METHODS: Spanish hospital databases (n = 28) including information regarding adult CHB patients on TDF or ETV for the period February 1st to November 30th 2020 were searched for COVID-19, defined as a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction, and for severe COVID-19. RESULTS: Of 4736 patients, 117 had COVID-19 (2.5%), 67 on TDF and 50 on ETV. Compared to patients on TDF, those on ETV showed (p < 0.05) greater rates of obesity, diabetes, ischemic cardiopathy, and hypertension. COVID-19 incidence was similar in both groups (2.3 vs. 2.6%). Compared to TDF, patients on ETV more often (p < 0.01) had severe COVID-19 (36 vs. 6%), required intensive care unit (ICU) (10% vs. 0) or ventilatory support (20 vs. 3%), were hospitalized for longer (10.8 ± 19 vs. 3.1 ± 7 days) or died (10 vs. 1.5%, p = 0.08). In an IPTW propensity score analysis adjusted for age, sex, obesity, comorbidities, and fibrosis stage, TDF was associated with a sixfold reduction in severe COVID-19 risk (adjusted-IPTW-OR 0.17, 95%CI 0.04-0.67, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Compared to ETV, TDF seems to play a protective role in CHB patients with SARS-CoV-2 whereby the risk of severe COVID-19 is lowered.

Late presentation of chronic HBV and HCV patients seeking first time specialist care in Spain: a 2-year registry review.

Chronic viral hepatitis infection affects an estimated 325 million people globally. People who initiate treatment after significant disease progression face increased risk of severe liver complications and death. Data are scarce on the characteristics and risk factors of people who present late to care in Spain and globally. Data were collected from January 2018 to December 2019 to report late presentation (LP) to specialist care at 11 large university hospitals in Spain to assess related risk factors using a multivariable logistic regression model. 2290 (CHB = 505, CHC = 1785) patients were analysed, with 581 (25.2%) presenting late. Hepatitis C patients more frequently reported LP compared to hepatitis B patients (28.1% vs 15.0%; p < 0.001). Older age (p < 0.001), being male (p < 0.001), being Spanish-born (p < 0.001), and having an unknown origin of referral (p = 0.08) were associated with a higher likelihood of LP. Advanced liver disease was identified in 533 (23%) patients and late-stage liver disease in 124 (5.4%). LP, including with irreversible liver damage, to viral hepatitis specialist care is frequent in Spain, despite being a country with unrestricted treatment access. Initiatives to reduce LP should specifically target men, older individuals, foreign-born populations for CHB, and Spanish nationals for CHC.

Prediction of liver stiffness by serum indexes in HCV-infected patients with or without HIV coinfection.

ABSTRACT: Identification of advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients should be a mainstay before starting treatment; however, the limited access of many centres to transient elastography (TE) is often a barrier for early assessments. We aimed to investigate the diagnostic accuracy of serum indexes for predicting liver stiffness.Retrospective analysis of HCV patients (with or without HIV coinfection) routinely assessed in 7 centres in Spain. The diagnostic accuracy of aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), fibrosis-4 (FIB-4), and their combinations was evaluated using a recent TE examination as a reference test (liver stiffness ≥ 9.5 kPa and ≥12.5 kPa for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis, respectively). In addition to area under the receiving operating characteristic curves, sensitivity, specificity, and negative predictive value (NPV) and positive predictive value were estimated.The analysis included 1391 patients: 346 (25%) HIV-positive, 732 (53%) people who inject drugs, and 178 (13%) incarcerated. Advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis were found in 557 (40%) and 351 (25%) patients, respectively. APRI < 0.5 (n = 595; 43%) had an NPV of 95% for excluding cirrhosis. Combined FIB-4 < 1.45 with APRI < 0.5 (n = 467; 34%) had an NPV of 87% for excluding advanced fibrosis. Combined APRI > 2 and FIB-4 > 3.25 (n = 134; 10%) had a positive predictive value of 89% for advanced fibrosis. Globally, this approach would avoid the need for TE in 53% of patients. HIV coinfection did not influence diagnostic accuracy.Inexpensive and simple serum indexes confidently allowed identifying the absence of cirrhosis and the presence of advanced fibrosis in 53% of a heterogeneous series of real-world HCV patients with or without HIV infection.

Flexible endoscopy assisted by Ligasure™ for treatment of Zenker's diverticulum: an effective and safe procedure.

BACKGROUND: Flexible endoscopy allows use of the vessel-tissue sealer Ligasure™ (Covidien, Massachusetts, USA) to perform diverticulotomy. Few studies have used this endoscopic approach in the uncommon disorder Zenker's diverticulum. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of flexible endoscopy treatment assisted by Ligasure™. METHODS: The single-center prospective and descriptive study included patients treated by flexible endoscopy using Ligasure™ for resection of Zenker's diverticulum. Consecutive patients were included from March 2009 to April 2018. Patients were censored until the end of follow-up or death. Complications, symptoms before treatment, type of sedation, and number of interventions needed to resolve Zenker's diverticulum were analyzed. Bleeding complications were considered when a case required a second endoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 46 symptomatic patients with Zenker's diverticulum were included in the final analysis (41.3% women, median age of 73.7 ± 11 years). The median follow-up period was 37.21 ± 28 months. Of all cases, 58.7% were considered small (< 3 cm). Solid or semi-solid food-related dysphagia was present in 55.6% of patients previously to the procedure. The technique was successful in a single procedure in 78.3% of cases. However, the success rate increased to 89.1% with a second procedure, and we had a complication rate of 4.3% with this technique. Most patients (79.66%) were managed as out-patients or with short (< 24 h) admission. CONCLUSION: In this large case series, treatment of Zenker's diverticulum based on flexible endoscopy assisted by Ligasure™ was a safe and effective procedure with a high success rate in a few endoscopy sessions and low complication rate.

Effectiveness and safety of obeticholic acid in a Southern European multicentre cohort of patients with primary biliary cholangitis and suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid.

BACKGROUND: Obeticholic acid (OCA) was recently approved as the only on-label alternative for patients with primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) with intolerance or suboptimal response to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA). However, few data are available outside clinical trials. AIM: To assess the effectiveness and safety of OCA in a real-world cohort of patients with non-effective UDCA therapy. METHODS: Open-label, prospective, real-world, multicentre study, enrolling consecutive patients who did not meet Paris II criteria, from 18 institutions in Spain and Portugal. Effectiveness was assessed by the changes in GLOBE and UK-PBC scores from baseline. POISE and Paris II criteria were evaluated after 12 months of OCA . Liver fibrosis was evaluated by FIB-4 and AST to platelet ratio index (APRI). RESULTS: One hundred and twenty patients were eligible, median time since PBC diagnosis 9.3 (4.0-13.8) years, 21.7% had cirrhosis, and 26.7% received had previous or concomitant treatment with fibrates. Seventy-eight patients completed at least 1 year of OCA. The Globe-PBC score decreased to 0.17 (95% CI 0.05 to 0.28; P = 0.005) and the UK-PBC score decreased to 0.81 (95% CI -0.19 to 1.80; P = 0.11). There was a significant decrease in alkaline phosphatase of 81.3 U/L (95% CI 42.5 to 120; P < 0.001), ALT 22.1 U/L (95% CI 10.4 to 33.8; P < 0.001) and bilirubin 0.12 mg/dL (95% CI 0 to 0.24; P = 0.044). FIB-4 and APRI remained stable. According to the POISE criteria, 29.5% (23 out of 78) achieved response. The adverse events rate was 35%; 11.67% discontinued (8.3% due to pruritus). CONCLUSIONS: This study supports data from phase III trials with significant improvement of PBC-Globe continuous prognostic marker score among OCA-treated patients with good tolerability.

Insuficiencia cardiaca la epidemia en el medio rural: características y manejo en un centro de salud rural de Albacete / Heart failure the epidemic in the rural area: characteristics andmanagement in a rural health center of Albacete

INTRODUCCIÓN Y OBJETIVO: El adecuado manejo en los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica (ICC) reduce su morbimortalidad y por tanto el número de reingresos hospitalarios. Numerosos estudios informan sobre su manejo en el ámbito hospitalario, mientras que en atención primaria son escasos. El objetivo es evaluar el grado de adecuación a la guía clínica de la Sociedad Europea de Cardiología en la ICC en los pacientes de atención primaria. MÉTODOS: Diseño observacional descriptivo, de manejo, de utilización de medicamentos, tipo indicación-prescripción. Población y muestra: equipos de atención primaria de la zona básica de Casas Ibañez (Albacete). La población de estudio está formada por los pacientes con un diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardíaca crónica en grado II-IV de la New York Heart Association (NYHA), de un registro de 224 con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica, pertenecientes a 10 médicos de atención primaria. Se seleccionaron todos los pacientes diagnosticados de Insuficiencia Cardiaca Crónica 223 enfermos con afijación al estratos rural. Mediciones principales: se evalúa la adherencia a los fármacos recomendados en la guía clínica mediante 2 indicadores, uno global y otro para fármacos con mayor grado de evidencia (A1: inhibidores de la enzima conversora de angiotensina/antagonistas de los receptores de angiotensina II [IECA/ARA-II], beta-bloqueantes [BB] y espironolactona). RESULTADOS: Se estudian 223 enfermos, con una edad promedio de 78,4 años, de los cuales son mujeres el 53,1%. La hipertensión arterial (HTA) y la isquemia cardíaca causan el 64,7%. La comorbilidad promedio, excluyendo la ICC, fue de 2,9. El 40,4% están en grado III-IV de la NYHA. El Índice de Adherencia Global (diuréticos, IECA/ARA-II, beta-bloqueantes, espironolactona, digoxina y anticoagulantes orales) y el de Adherencia a la Evidencia A1 (IECA/ARA-II, BB y espironolactona) fueron del 55,2 y del 44,6%, respectivamente. El 39,5% tiene una baja adherencia, solo el 12,9% de los pacientes exhiben una perfecta adherencia a los medicamentos con el mejor grado de evidencia, mientras que tener menos de 70 años, los antecedentes de isquemia, HTA e ingreso hospitalario son variables asociadas a mejor adherencia. CONCLUSIÓN: Existe una infrautilización de medicamentos recomendados por la guía clínica para la insuficiencia cardíaca, sobre todo de aquellos con mejores evidencias para reducir la morbimortalidad

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Proper management in chronic heart failure (CHF) patients reduces their morbidity as well as the mortality and therefore the number of hospital readmissions. Numerous studies report about their management in the hospital setting, while in primary care they are scarce. The objective is to evaluate the application of European Society of Cardiology clinical guidelines in the chronic heart failure patients in primary care setting. METHODS: Observational descriptive design focusing on management, use of medications and indication-prescription. Population and sample: Primary care teams in the area of ​​Casas Ibañez (Albacete). The study population consists of patients with chronic heart failure diagnosis classes from II to V according to the New York Heart Association (NYHA). Data were collected from a registry of 224 patients with chronic heart failure belonging to 10 primary care physicians. All patients diagnosed with Chronic Heart Failure (223 patients) belonging to the rural strata were selected. MAIN MEASUREMENTS: adherence to the drugs recommended in the clinical guideline is evaluated using 2 indicators, one global and the other for drugs with a higher degree of evidence (A1: angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors / angiotensin II receptor blockers [ACE Inhibitors/ ARBs], Beta-blockers [BB] and spironolactone). RESULTS: 223 patients are studied, with an average age of 78.4 years, of which 53.1% are women. Arterial hypertension (AHT) and cardiac ischemia cause 64.7%. The average comorbidity, excluding CHF, was 2.9. 40.4% were class III-IV of the NYHA. The Global Adherence Index (diuretics, ACE Inhibitors / ARBs, Beta-blockers, spironolactone, digoxin and oral anticoagulants) and the Adherence to Evidence A1 (ACE Inhibitors / ARBs, β-blockers and spironolactone) were 55.2 and of 44.6% respectively. Only 12.9% of patients showed perfect adherence to medications with the higher degree of evidence while 39.5% had low adherence. Having less than 70 years, the history of ischemic heart diseases, AHT and hospital admissions are variables associated with better adhesion. CONCLUSION: There is an underutilization of medications recommended by the clinical guideline for congestive heart failure management, especially those with better evidence to reduce morbidity and mortality

Short- and long-term clinical outcomes of self-expandable metal stents inserted for colorectal obstruction and efficacy of different insertion techniques / Resultados a corto y largo plazo de la colocación de prótesis metálicas autoexpandibles en la obstrucción colorrectal y eficacia de las diferentes técnicas de inserción

Objectives: (1) To evaluate the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of patients after colorectal stent placement and (2) to assess the safety and efficacy of the stents for the resolution of colorectal obstruction according to the insertion technique. Methods: Retrospective cohort study which included 177 patients with colonic obstruction who underwent insertion of a stent. Results: A total of 196 stents were implanted in 177 patients. Overall, the most common cause of obstruction was colorectal cancer (89.3%). Ninety-two stents (47%) were placed by radiologic technique and 104 (53%) by endoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance. Technical success rates were 95% in both groups. Clinical success rates were 77% in the radiological group and 81% in the endoscopic group (p>0.05). The rate of complications was higher in the radiologic group compared with the endoscopic group (38% vs 20%, respectively; p=0.006). Among patients with colorectal cancer (158), 65 stents were placed for palliation but 30% eventually required surgery. The multivariate analysis identified three factors associated with poorer long-term survival: tumor stage IV, comorbidity and onset of complications. Conclusions: Stents may be an alternative to emergency surgery in colorectal obstruction, but the clinical outcome depends on the tumor stage, comorbidity and stent complications. The rate of definitive palliative stent placement was high; although surgery was eventually required in 30%. Our study suggests that the endoscopic method of stent placement is safer than the radiologic method

Objetivos: 1) Evaluar los resultados clínicos a corto y largo plazo de los pacientes después de la colocación de una prótesis a nivel colorrectal y 2) Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de las prótesis en la resolución de la obstrucción en función de la técnica de inserción. Métodos: Estudio de cohortes retrospectivo que incluyó 177 pacientes con obstrucción cólica que fueron tratados incialmente con colocación de prótesis. Resultados: Se colocaron 196 prótesis en 177 pacientes. La causa más frecuente de obstrucción fue el cáncer colorrectal (89,3%). Noventa y dos prótesis (47%) se colocaron mediante técnica radiológica y 104 (53%) mediante endoscopia bajo guía fluoroscópica. Las tasas de éxito técnico fueron del 95% en ambos grupos. Las tasas de éxito clínico fueron del 77% en el grupo radiológico y del 81% en el grupo endoscópico (p>0,05). La tasa de complicaciones fue mayor en el grupo radiológico en comparación con el grupo endoscópico (38 vs. 20%, respectivamente; p=0,006). Entre los pacientes con cáncer colorrectal (158), 65 prótesis se colocaron con un fin paliativo, pero el 30% requirió finalmente cirugía. El análisis multivariante identificó 3 factores asociados a una peor supervivencia: estadio tumoral IV, comorbilidad y aparición de complicaciones. Conclusiones: Las prótesis pueden ser una alternativa a la cirugía urgente en la obstrucción colorrectal, pero el resultado clínico depende del estadio tumoral, de la comorbilidad y de las complicaciones de la prótesis. La tasa de colocación de prótesis paliativa definitiva fue alta; aunque en un 30% se requirió cirugía, finalmente. Nuestro estudio sugiere que el método de implantación con visión endoscópica es más seguro que el método radiológico

Short- and long-term clinical outcomes of self-expandable metal stents inserted for colorectal obstruction and efficacy of different insertion techniques.

OBJECTIVES: (1) To evaluate the short- and long-term clinical outcomes of patients after colorectal stent placement and (2) to assess the safety and efficacy of the stents for the resolution of colorectal obstruction according to the insertion technique. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study which included 177 patients with colonic obstruction who underwent insertion of a stent. RESULTS: A total of 196 stents were implanted in 177 patients. Overall, the most common cause of obstruction was colorectal cancer (89.3%). Ninety-two stents (47%) were placed by radiologic technique and 104 (53%) by endoscopy under fluoroscopic guidance. Technical success rates were 95% in both groups. Clinical success rates were 77% in the radiological group and 81% in the endoscopic group (p>0.05). The rate of complications was higher in the radiologic group compared with the endoscopic group (38% vs 20%, respectively; p=0.006). Among patients with colorectal cancer (158), 65 stents were placed for palliation but 30% eventually required surgery. The multivariate analysis identified three factors associated with poorer long-term survival: tumor stage IV, comorbidity and onset of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Stents may be an alternative to emergency surgery in colorectal obstruction, but the clinical outcome depends on the tumor stage, comorbidity and stent complications. The rate of definitive palliative stent placement was high; although surgery was eventually required in 30%. Our study suggests that the endoscopic method of stent placement is safer than the radiologic method.

Interferon-Free Therapy in Elderly Patients With Advanced Liver Disease.

OBJECTIVES: Interferon-free therapies have an improved safety and efficacy profile. However, data in elderly patients, who have frequently advanced liver disease, associated comorbidities, and use concomitant medications are scarce. The im of this study was to assess the effectiveness and tolerability of all-oral regimens in elderly patients in real-life clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients aged ≥65 years receiving interferon-free regimens within the Spanish National Registry (Hepa-C). RESULTS: Data of 1,252 patients were recorded. Of these, 955 (76%) were aged 65-74 years, 211 (17%) were aged 75-79 years, and 86 (7%) were aged ≥80 years at the start of antiviral therapy. HCV genotype-1b was predominant (88%) and 48% were previous non-responders. A significant proportion of patients had cirrhosis (922; 74%), of whom 11% presented decompensated liver disease. The most used regimens were SOF/LDV (33%), 3D (28%), and SOF/SMV (26%). Ribavirin was added in 49% of patients. Overall, the sustained virological response (SVR12) rate was 94% without differences among the three age categories. Albumin ≤3.5 g/dl was the only independent negative predictor of response (0.25 (0.15-0.41); P<0.01). Regarding tolerability, the rate of severe adverse events increased with age category (8.8, 13, and 14%; P=0.04). In addition, the main predictors of mortality (2.3%) were age ≥75 years (2.59 (1.16-5.83); P =0.02) and albumin ≤3.5 (17 (6.3-47); P <0.01). CONCLUSIONS: SVR rates with interferon-free regimens in elderly patients are high and comparable to the general population. Baseline low albumin levels (≤3.5 g/dl) was the only predictor of treatment failure. Importantly, the rate of severe adverse events and death increased with age. Elderly patients (≥75 years) or those with advanced liver disease (albumin ≤3.5) presented higher mortality. Thus a careful selection of patients for antiviral treatment is recommended.

Eliminación de la hepatitis C en España: adaptación de un modelo matemático de salud pública partiendo del plan estratégico para el abordaje de la hepatitis C en el Sistema Nacional de Salud / Elimination of hepatitis C in Spain: Adaptation of a mathematical model based on the public health strategic plan for addressing hepatitis C in the National Health System

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Disease-mediated bottom-up regulation: An emergent virus affects a keystone prey, and alters the dynamics of trophic webs.

Emergent diseases may alter the structure and functioning of ecosystems by creating new biotic interactions and modifying existing ones, producing cascading processes along trophic webs. Recently, a new variant of the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV2 or RHDVb) arguably caused widespread declines in a keystone prey in Mediterranean ecosystems - the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). We quantitatively assess the impact of RHDV2 on natural rabbit populations and in two endangered apex predator populations: the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and the Spanish Imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). We found 60-70% declines in rabbit populations, followed by decreases of 65.7% in Iberian lynx and 45.5% in Spanish Imperial eagle fecundities. A revision of the web of trophic interactions among rabbits and their dependent predators suggests that RHDV2 acts as a keystone species, and may steer Mediterranean ecosystems to management-dependent alternative states, dominated by simplified mesopredator communities. This model system stresses the importance of diseases as functional players in the dynamics of trophic webs.

Sofosbuvir plus simeprevir for the treatment of genotype 1 chronic hepatitis C: a review of evidence.

INTRODUCTION: Sofosbuvir (SOF) with simeprevir (SIM) combination was the first interferon-free regimen that reached optimal results in terms of sustained viral response (SVR). Areas covered: A systematic review of the scientific literature concerning the effects that the SOF/SIM combination had on hepatitis C genotype 1 patients yielded 771 references. After the revision process, four clinical trials and 15 observational studies met the inclusion criteria; in total, these studies involved 5,766 patients. The SVR ranged from 67% to 100% depending on the patients' viral subtype and cirrhosis status. Adverse effects were common, but treatment discontinuation related to drug toxicity occurred in less than 5% of cases. Expert commentary: The SOF/SIM combination exhibits efficacy and tolerability profiles that are similar to those of the other available interferon-free combinations used for non-cirrhotic genotype 1b patients. Meanwhile, for patients with advanced cirrhosis or genotype 1a, this approach cannot be considered a routine treatment option due to the unsatisfactory results.

TIPS treatment in a patient with severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding with a misdiagnosis of cirrhotic portal hypertension.

Abernethy malformation is a rare abnormal embryological development of splanchnic venous system characterised by the presence of a congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunt. We present a rare case of an adult male patient that was admitted with severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding, requiring multiple blood transfusions. The patient's medical history and the laboratory tests performed led to the misdiagnosis of a congenital Abernethy malformation. We present a rare case, discussing the reasons for the misdiagnosis and we conclude that management of clinical data and imaging are highly important to discard these types of congenital malformations that can mimic a portal hypertension condition.

TIPS treatment in a patient with severe lower gastrointestinal bleeding with a misdiagnosis of cirrhotic portal hypertension

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[Treatment hepatitis B reactivation in the transplant]. / Tratamiento de la reactivación del virus de la hepatitis B en el trasplante.

The indication for liver transplantation for those with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents some 5%-10%, with a declining trend, due in large measure to the efficacy of antiviral drugs. Similarly, the use of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, with or without specific gamma globulin, has helped prevent HBV infection recurrence. The posttransplantation recurrence of HBV infection can be defined as the reappearance of circulating HBsAg and HBV DNA detectable in 2 measurements. Treatment is based on the use of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, as with patients who have not been transplanted, and is based on the same principles. Profound immunosuppression of patients with liver transplants causes the HBV DNA levels to be very high and requires rapid and effective viral replication suppression. Entecavir and tenofovir are the first-line treatments. Tenofovir is effective for treatment-naïve patients and those with lamivudine-resistance. Entecavir is highly effective for treatment-naïve patients but should be restricted in cases of prior treatment with lamivudine.

Tratamiento de la reactivación del virus de la hepatitis B en el trasplante / Treatment hepatitis B reactivation in the transplant

La indicación de trasplante hepático (TH) por infección por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) representa un 5-10%, con tendencia a la disminución, en gran medida por la eficacia de los fármacos antivirales. De igual forma, el uso de análogos de nucleót(s)idos, con o sin gammaglobulina específica, ha evitado la recurrencia del VHB. La recurrencia post-TH del VHB la podemos definir por la reaparición de HBsAg circulante y ADN VHB detectable en dos determinaciones. El tratamiento se basa en el uso de análogos de nucleót(s) idos, igual que en pacientes no trasplantados, y está basado en los mismos principios. La inmunosupresión profunda de los pacientes con TH sometidos hace que los niveles de ADN VHB estén muy elevados y requieran una rápida y eficaz supresión de la replicación viral. Entecavir y tenofovir son los tratamientos de primera línea. Tenofovir es eficaz frente a pacientes naïve y con resistencias a lamivudina. Entecavir es muy eficaz frente a pacientes naïve pero debe restringirse en los casos de tratamiento previo con lamivudina

The indication for liver transplantation for those with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection represents some 5%-10%, with a declining trend, due in large measure to the efficacy of antiviral drugs. Similarly, the use of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, with or without specific gamma globulin, has helped prevent HBV infection recurrence. The posttransplantation recurrence of HBV infection can be defined as the reappearance of circulating HBsAg and HBV DNA detectable in 2 measurements. Treatment is based on the use of nucleoside/nucleotide analogues, as with patients who have not been transplanted, and is based on the same principles. Profound immunosuppression of patients with liver transplants causes the HBV DNA levels to be very high and requires rapid and effective viral replication suppression. Entecavir and tenofovir are the first-line treatments. Tenofovir is effective for treatment-naïve patients and those with lamivudine-resistance. Entecavir is highly effective for treatment-naïve patients but should be restricted in cases of prior treatment with lamivudine

Hepatitis crónica por virus C: pacientes con enfermedad leve / Chronic hepatitis C: patients with mild disease

La infección crónica por el virus de la hepatitis C cursa habitualmente de forma asintomática. El grado de lesión hepática observado en estos pacientes en el momento de su diagnóstico es variable, y la mayoría de ellos presenta una enfermedad leve desde el punto de vista histopatológico. Se han descrito una serie de factores que se correlacionan con la progresión de la fibrosis en los pacientes con fibrosis leve: la edad en el momento del diagnóstico, la duración de la infección, el sexo masculino, la coinfección con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana, los niveles de transaminasas durante el seguimiento, el consumo de alcohol, factores metabólicos como la diabetes y el sobrepeso, la actividad necroinflamatoria en la biopsia inicial y el grado de esteatosis. En los pacientes con genotipo 1, el tratamiento con interferón pegilado y ribavirina ha sido el tratamiento estándar de los pacientes con infección por virus de la hepatitis C. Sin embargo, la asociación con inhibidores de la proteasa de primera generación, boceprevir o telaprevir, aumenta de forma notable la tasa de respuesta. En el caso de los pacientes con fibrosis moderada cabe destacar, además de su eficacia, la buena tolerancia. Actualmente, el tratamiento con biterapia debe reservarse para aquellos pacientes con buenos predictivos basales de respuesta y/o contraindicación para el tratamiento con telaprevir o boceprevir. En los pacientes con genotipos diferentes al 1, el tratamiento estándar sigue siendo la combinación de interferón pegilado y ribavirina, si bien el desarrollo de nuevos antivirales de acción directa como el sofosbuvir y el simeprevir cambiarán las estrategias en estos pacientes. La decisión de esperar a los nuevos tratamientos es compleja por cuanto desconocemos la fecha en la que estarán disponibles; asimismo, debemos tener en cuenta que el precio elevado limitará las posibilidades de su uso

Chronic hepatitis C virus infection is usually asymptomatic. The severity of the hepatic lesion in these patients at diagnosis varies and, from the histopathologic point of view, most have mild disease. A series of factors have been described that correlate with the progression of fibrosis in patients with mild fibrosis: age at diagnosis, the duration of the infection, male sex, HIV coinfection, transaminase levels during follow-up, alcohol consumption, metabolic factors such as diabetes and overweight, necroinflammatory activity in the initial biopsy, and the degree of steatosis. In patients with genotype 1 hepatitis C infection, the standard treatment has been pegylated interferon and ribavirin. However, response rates are markedly increased by concomitant use of first-generation protease inhibitors, boceprevir or telaprevir. In patients with moderate fibrosis, these drugs are well tolerated, in addition to being effective. Currently, dual therapy should be reserved for patients with good baseline predictive factors of response and/or contraindications for treatment with telaprevir or boceprevir. In patients with genotypes other than genotype 1, the standard treatment continues to be the combination of pegylated interferon and ribavirin, although the development of new direct-acting antiviral agents such as sofosbuvir and simeprevir will change the strategies used in these patients. The decision to wait for the new treatments is complex because their release date is unknown; likewise, their high cost will limit the possibilities for their use