Direct introgression of untapped diversity into elite wheat lines.

The effective utilization of natural variation has become essential in addressing the challenges that climate change and population growth pose to global food security. Currently adopted protracted approaches to introgress exotic alleles into elite cultivars need substantial transformation. Here, through a strategic three-way crossing scheme among diverse exotics and the best historical elites (exotic/elite1//elite2), 2,867 pre-breeding lines were developed, genotyped and screened for multiple agronomic traits in four mega-environments. A meta-genome-wide association study, selective sweeps and haplotype-block-based analyses unveiled selection footprints in the genomes of pre-breeding lines as well as exotic-specific associations with agronomic traits. A simulation with a neutrality assumption demonstrated that many pre-breeding lines had significant exotic contributions despite substantial selection bias towards elite genomes. National breeding programmes worldwide have adopted 95 lines for germplasm enhancement, and 7 additional lines are being advanced in varietal release trials. This study presents a great leap forwards in the mobilization of GenBank variation to the breeding pipelines.

Peripheral Blood Gene Expression Changes Associated With Primary Graft Dysfunction After Lung Transplantation.

Recipient responses to primary graft dysfunction (PGD) after lung transplantation may have important implications to the fate of the allograft. We therefore evaluated longitudinal differences in peripheral blood gene expression in subjects with PGD. RNA expression was measured throughout the first transplant year in 106 subjects enrolled in the Clinical Trials in Organ Transplantation-03 study using a panel of 100 hypothesis-driven genes. PGD was defined as grade 3 in the first 72 posttransplant hours. Eighteen genes were differentially expressed over the first year based on PGD development, with significant representation from innate and adaptive immunity genes, with most differences identified very early after transplant. Sixteen genes were overexpressed in the blood of patients with PGD compared to those without PGD within 7 days of allograft reperfusion, with most transcripts encoding innate immune/inflammasome-related proteins, including genes previously associated with PGD. Thirteen genes were underexpressed in patients with PGD compared to those without PGD within 7 days of transplant, highlighted by T cell and adaptive immune regulation genes. Differences in gene expression present within 2 h of reperfusion and persist for days after transplant. Future investigation will focus on the long-term implications of these gene expression differences on the outcome of the allograft.

Revised diagnostic criteria for neurocysticercosis.

BACKGROUND: A unified set of criteria for neurocysticercosis (NCC) has helped to standardize its diagnosis in different settings. METHODS: Cysticercosis experts were convened to update current diagnostic criteria for NCC according to two principles: neuroimaging studies are essential for diagnosis, and all other information provides indirect evidence favoring the diagnosis. Recent diagnostic advances were incorporated to this revised set. RESULTS: This revised set is structured in absolute, neuroimaging and clinical/exposure criteria. Absolute criteria include: histological confirmation of parasites, evidence of subretinal cysts, and demonstration of the scolex within a cyst. Neuroimaging criteria are categorized as major (cystic lesions without scolex, enhancing lesions, multilobulated cysts, and calcifications), confirmative (resolution of cysts after cysticidal drug therapy, spontaneous resolution of single enhancing lesions, and migrating ventricular cysts on sequential neuroimaging studies) and minor (hydrocephalus and leptomeningeal enhancement). Clinical/exposure criteria include: detection of anticysticercal antibodies or cysticercal antigens by well-standardized tests, systemic cysticercosis, evidence of a household Taenia carrier, suggestive clinical manifestations, and residency in endemic areas. Besides patients having absolute criteria, definitive diagnosis can be made in those having two major neuroimaging criteria (or one major plus one confirmative criteria) plus exposure. For patients presenting with one major and one minor neuroimaging criteria plus exposure, definitive diagnosis of NCC requires the exclusion of confounding pathologies. Probable diagnosis is reserved for individuals presenting with one neuroimaging criteria plus strong evidence of exposure. CONCLUSIONS: This revised set of diagnostic criteria provides simpler definitions and may facilitate its more uniform and widespread applicability in different scenarios.

Associations between a history of breast feeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits in Puerto Rican children.

UNLABELLED: Studies relating breast-feeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits in young children are scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations of a history of breast-feeding, incidence of malocclusion and parafunctional habits. METHODS: The dental records of a sample of 540 children aged 6 to 72 months screened for oral conditions and behavioral risk factors were evaluated for variables such as a history of breastfeeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits. Descriptive statistics using the EPI-INFO Program and Chi-square test at the 0.05 level of probability were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean age of the children was 28 months +/- 14. The mothers' mean age was 26.4 years +/- 6. The prevalence of breast-feeding was 34% with a mean breast-feeding time period of 3 m +/- 3.7. About 95% of the children had a history of bottle-feeding and 90% showed some evidence of malocclusion at the time of dental examination. The main malocclusion problems were space deficiency (closed contacts among incisors) (31%), open bites (6%) and crossbites (5%). A habit of thumb sucking was reported in 32% of the cases and pacifier use in 21%. there were significant differences for the following variables: mother's age and breast-feeding time period; number of children in family and breast-feeding time period; breast-feeding history and breast-feeding time with bottle use, malocclusion and thumb sucking habit; and gender and thumb-sucking habit. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that breast-feeding practices and time period are behavioral factors that contribute in the prevention of malocclusion in addition to decreasing the practice of parafunctional habits in preschool children.

Associations between a history of breast feeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits in Puerto Rican children

Studies relating breast-feeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits in young children are scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the associations of a history of breast-feeding, incidence of malocclusion and parafunctional habits. METHODS: The dental records of a sample of 540 children aged 6 to 72 months screened for oral conditions and behavioral risk factors were evaluated for variables such as a history of breastfeeding, malocclusion and parafunctional habits. Descriptive statistics using the EPI-INFO Program and Chi-square test at the 0.05 level of probability were performed. RESULTS: The results showed that the mean age of the children was 28 months +/- 14. The mothers' mean age was 26.4 years +/- 6. The prevalence of breast-feeding was 34with a mean breast-feeding time period of 3 m +/- 3.7. About 95of the children had a history of bottle-feeding and 90showed some evidence of malocclusion at the time of dental examination. The main malocclusion problems were space deficiency (closed contacts among incisors) (31), open bites (6) and crossbites (5). A habit of thumb sucking was reported in 32of the cases and pacifier use in 21. there were significant differences for the following variables: mother's age and breast-feeding time period; number of children in family and breast-feeding time period; breast-feeding history and breast-feeding time with bottle use, malocclusion and thumb sucking habit; and gender and thumb-sucking habit. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that breast-feeding practices and time period are behavioral factors that contribute in the prevention of malocclusion in addition to decreasing the practice of parafunctional habits in preschool children.

Three-dimensional nasal changes following nasoalveolar molding in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate: geometric morphometrics.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate three-dimensional changes in nasal morphology in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate treated with presurgical nasoalveolar molding (NAM) to correct naso-labio-alveolar deformity. DESIGN: This was a prospective, longitudinal study. Digital stereophotogrammetry was used to capture three-dimensional facial images, and x, y, and z coordinates of 28 nasal landmarks were digitized. SAMPLE: Ten patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Nasal form changes between T1 (age: 28 +/- 2 days, pre-NAM) and T2 (age: 140 +/- 2 days, post-NAM), using conventional measurements and finite-element scaling analysis. RESULTS: Overall nasal changes were statistically different (p < .01), but no linear or curvilinear changes were found. Specifically, relative size increases were found on the noncleft side, involving the upper nose (30%), alar depth (20%), alar dome (30%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (17%). On the cleft side, the following showed a size increase: upper nose (8%), alar dome (5%), columella height (30%), and lateral wall of the nostril (30%). The cleft-side alar curvature, however, showed a large decrease in size (80%), but no changes on the noncleft side were found. Corresponding shape changes and angular changes were also found. CONCLUSIONS: Using NAM, bilateral nasal symmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate was improved before surgical repair. Furthermore, slight overcorrection of the alar dome on the cleft side using pressure exerted by the nasal stent is indicated to maintain the NAM result.

The effect of an early Le Fort III surgery on permanent molar eruption.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the extent to which an early Le Fort III osteotomy affects the position and eruption of the permanent maxillary first and second molars. To test the null hypothesis that there are no changes in eruption patterns, 31 patients diagnosed with craniosynostoses (13 with Crouzon's syndrome, nine with Apert's syndrome, eight with Pfeiffer's syndrome, and one with Carpenter's syndrome) with a mean age at the time of surgery of 5.3 +/- 1.3 years were studied. All patients underwent a Le Fort III osteotomy performed by a single surgeon to correct the anatomical deformity for functional and psychosocial reasons. Eighteen patients with craniosynostoses who had not been operated on (11 with Crouzon's syndrome, four with Apert's syndrome, and three with Pfeiffer's syndrome) served as controls; they had a mean age of 21.2 +/- 9.5 years. First and second molar positions and eruption patterns were assessed separately on panoramic radiographs by three observers. For the patients who underwent surgery, long-term evaluation showed that although 79 percent of all first molars erupted compared with 100 percent for the control group (p < 0.001), only 18 percent of all second permanent molars erupted compared with 89 percent for the control group (p < 0.0001). The authors conclude that in a significant minority of cases, early Le Fort III osteotomy affects first molar eruption, whereas the probability of second molar eruption is significantly decreased in the majority of cases. Therefore, Le Fort III osteotomy sites should be positioned distal to the second molar tooth buds. If this is not possible, patients, parents, and dental professionals should be made aware of these early postosteotomy sequelae so that later treatment planning can be enhanced.

Longitudinal craniofacial growth patterns in patients with orofacial clefts: geometric morphometrics.

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate craniofacial developmental patterns in repaired cleft lip and cleft palate (CLP). DESIGN: Retrospective, longitudinal. SETTING: Center for Craniofacial Disorders, San Juan, Puerto Rico. SAMPLE: Males aged 9 to 17 years: 13 noncleft (NC) Class I occlusion (NCC1); 13 NC Class III malocclusion (NCC3); 12 CLP Class I occlusion (CLPC1); and 15 CLP Class III malocclusion (CLPC3). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Form changes (ages 10, 13, and 16 years), using finite-element scaling analysis. RESULTS: NCC1, 10 to 13 interval: 30% size increase in upper midface (p <.05), mental region (p <.01), mandibular body (p <.05); 13 to 16 interval: 10% to 35% size increase in bimaxillary region and ramus (p <.01). NCC3, 10 to 13 interval: 10% to 40% size increase in posterior cranial base, upper midface, and mandible (p <.05); 13 to 16 interval: 10% to 30% size increase in bimaxillary region (p <.01), especially ramus. CLPC1, 10 to 13 interval: 10% to 15% size increase in posterior cranial base (p <.01), midface (p <.05), and mandibular ramus (p <.05); 13 to 16 interval: 8% to 20% size increase in upper midface (p <.01), lower midface (p <.05), and mandible (p <.05). CLPC3, 10 to 13 interval: no significant changes; 13 to 16 interval: upper midface and cranial base show nonsignificant size decreases, but ramus showed size increase. CONCLUSIONS: Noncleft and CLP Class 1 occlusion groups show similar craniofacial growth patterns. Noncleft Class III groups show excessive cranial and mandibular growth. Class III malocclusion in CLP patients is associated with clinically deficient craniomaxillary growth. Growth guidance may be indicated in children with CLP with unfavorable craniofacial growth patterns.

Deformations of the midfacial complex in twins with orofacial clefts.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the craniofacial morphology in twins with cleft lip and/or palate (OFC) and localize differences, compared with noncleft (NC) twins. DESIGN: Retrospective study. SETTING: School of Dentistry, University of Michigan. SAMPLE: Posteroanterior cephalographs of 32 pairs of dizygotic, concordant, like-sexed twins. The NC group consisted of 20 pairs of noncleft twins. The cleft twin (CT) group consisted of 12 pairs of concordant twins (both exhibited OFC). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Changes in linear distances, differences in form difference matrices, and visualization of deformations of thin-plate spline (TPS) transformation grids. RESULTS: Linear analysis indicated significant reductions in interorbital distance ( approximately 12%; p <.01) and reduced maxillary heights ( approximately 27%; p <.001) in CTs. Euclidean distance matrix analysis strongly supported these findings, confirmed that the form matrices were significantly different (p <.05), and indicated relative decreases in internasal width ( approximately 12%) and maxillary base width ( approximately 10%). The TPS analysis produced a transformation grid that showed superoinferior compression, suggesting that OFC is associated with a downward displacement of the nasomaxillary complex as well as distortion in the region of the maxillary base. CONCLUSIONS: Twins with orofacial clefts differ from their unaffected counterparts by a midfacial skeletal morphology characterized by decreases in interorbital and internasal widths and relatively shorter maxillary basal heights and widths. Although most of these differences appear to be due to compression and regionalized deformation, the resultant inferior displacement of the medial region of the midface concomitant with horizontal widening in the presumptive palatal region may be a development model associated with OFC.

Thrombolytic therapy for acute extra-cranial artery dissection: report of two cases.

Extra-cranial arterial dissection accounts for 10% of strokes in young people. Information on safety of thrombolytic administration in this group is limited. The literature, however, does not favor use of thrombolytics for myocardial ischemia when peripheral arterial dissection coexists. Based on the clinical and radiological features, two patients who presented with acute stroke secondary to arterial dissection were considered for thrombolysis. One of them received intra-venous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA), and the other patient received intra-arterial rtPA. There were no post thrombolysis complications. This report supports feasibility of administering thrombolytics in acute ischemic strokes resulting from extra-cranial arterial dissection. Future larger studies are necessary to determine the efficacy, safety and long-term outcome in this patient population.

Neurocysticercosos in South-Central America and the Indian subcontinent. A comparative evaluation.

Neurocysticercosis is an important public health problem in South-Central American and South Asia. A review of the differences in epidemiological and clinical attributes of cysticercosis and taeniasis in South Central America and India, respectively, is undertaken in the present communication. Intestinal taeniasis is hyperendemic in several American countries. In comparison, the prevalence of Taenia solium infestation is lower in India. The clinical manifestations in several American neurocysticercosis series comprise epilepsy, intracranial hypertension and meningeal-racemose cysticercosis, in roughly equal proportions. An overwhelming majority of the Indian subjects present with seizures. The commonest pathological substrate of the disorder in Indian patients is the solitary parenchymal degenerating cyst. The reasons for the predominance of solitary forms in India, and of multilesional forms in South Central America are discussed. The magnitude of Taenia solium infestation and the frequency of pork consumption in a given population appear to influence the quantum of cyst load in affected individuals.

Pulmonary lysozyme--a secretory protein of type II pneumocytes in the rat.

A 14 kDa basic protein isolated from rat lung lavage was demonstrated to be lysozyme by its amino acid sequence analysis. An antiserum to rat lysozyme stained type II pneumocytes and alveolar macrophages. In rat lungs, no staining of the airway cells was noted. Lysozyme was detectable in type II pneumocytes by immunocytochemistry and by a quantitative immunoassay of lung homogenates of fetal lungs at Day 20 of gestation. An increase in the lysozyme content of the lung with increasing gestational and postnatal age of the rat was noted. In adult animals, lysozyme accounts for about 169.0 micrograms/g of wet lung weight and 0.3% of the soluble proteins in lung homogenate. Lysozyme constitutes about 6.6% of the total soluble proteins in rat lung lavage. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation were used to demonstrate that rat type II pneumocytes synthesize and secrete lysozyme in vitro. However, in human lungs, lysozyme was identified in serous submucosal glands but not in alveolar type II pneumocytes. The results demonstrate differential distribution of a secretory protein in rodent and human lungs and indicate that in the rat lysozyme could be used as an immunohistologic marker for type II pneumocytes and as an indicator of secretory activity and maturation of type II pneumocytes.

Osteosarcoma doble primario o metastasis oseas

Se estudia la historia clínica de una niña en quien se practicó la amputación transescápulotorácica izquierda, cuando tenía siete años de edad, por sarcoma osteogénico en húmero izquierdo; y se le prescribió un tratamiento a base de Ciclofosfamida-Methotrexate-Adriamicina, en ciclos mensuales, durante un año; y durante dos ciclos más, con Methotrexate y Ciclofosfamida. La paciente permaneció bien hasta que presentó, ochenta y ocho meses después, una lesión en el tercio distal del muslo derecho; la biopsia reveló que era un Sarcoma osteogénico. Se le amputó el miembro inferior derecho y se prescribió Ciclofosfamida y Decarbacina. Como tres meses después presentara metástasis en los pulmones, se le administró CisPlatinum. La paciente falleció un año después de la segunda operación. Los autores consideran que la niñita sufrió, por las razones que comentan, de un foco primario de sarcoma osteogénico en 1978, del cual aparentemente curó; y de un segundo foco primario de sarcoma osteogénico con metástasis pulmonar, en 1985

Amino acid metabolism in Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis.

Ancylostoma ceylanicum and Nippostrongylus brasiliensis decarboxylated most of the amino acids examined, but only a few at significant rates. The former nematode in general possessed higher activities. Striking differences between the two parasites were, however, noticed regarding the metabolism of some of the amino acids. For instance, while alanine followed by aspartate produced highest amounts of 14CO2 in the presence of A. ceylanicum, proline exhibited maximum decarboxylation in case of N. brasiliensis. Tyrosine and lysine, on the other hand, did not liberate detectable CO2 with either parasite. Likewise, although large number of amino acids underwent transamination with 2-oxoglutarate, only some of them elicited appreciable activity for any of the two parasites.

Family studies on hanseniasis cases.

Examination of intrafamilial contacts among the first degree relatives of 400 hanseniasis patients, revealed an additional 101 cases. Distribution pattern of disease types detected in the contacts, in relation to that found in the index cases, are analysed. An attempt has been made to evaluate the role of genetic factor in determining the type of hanseniasis in a patient.

Family studies on hanseniasis cases.

O exame de contatos intrafamiliares entre parentes de 1o. grau de 400 pacientes de hanseniase revelou 101 casos adicionais.Sao analisados os modelos de distribuicao dos tipos de hanseniase observados nos contatos em relacao aqueles encontrados nos casos "index". Fez-se uma tentativa para avaliar os fatores geneticos na determinacao dos tipos de hanseniase em um paciente