Multifunctional apple seed protein hydrolysates: Impact of enzymolysis on the biochemical, techno-functional and in vitro α-glucosidase, pancreatic lipase and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition activities.

The work was designed to assess the amelioration effect of papain hydrolysis on the biochemical, techno-functional, and biological properties of apple seed protein isolate (API) after 0-90 min of hydrolysis. Hydrolysis significantly enhanced the nutritional value (protein content ˃ 90 %) while decreasing the average particle size. With increasing hydrolysis time, FTIR analysis revealed a transition from α-helix to ß-turn structure, indicating the unfolding of protein structure. This structural alteration positively influenced the functional characteristics, with samples hydrolyzed for 90 min exhibiting excellent solubility, higher water and oil absorption capacity, foaming capacity, and increased emulsifying activity index. Moreover, samples hydrolyzed for 90 min displayed the highest α-glucosidase (29.62-57.43 %), pancreatic lipase inhibition (12.87-31.08 %), and ACE inhibition (25.32-62.70 %) activity. Interestingly, the inhibiting ability of protein hydrolysates against α-glucosidase and ACE was more effective than pancreatic lipase, suggesting their usefulness as a functional ingredient, particularly in type II diabetes and hypertension management.

Reproductive Risk Factors Associated with Female Infertility in Sonepat District of Haryana: A Community Based Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Infertility is a disease of the male or female reproductive system defined by the failure to achieve a pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. Aims: The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of infertility and its association with reproductive risk factors amongst women of reproductive age group (18-49 years) in district Sonepat, Haryana. Settings and Design: This observational community-based cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 444 reproductive age group (18-49 years) women residing in district Sonepat, from August 2021 to May 2022. Materials and Methods: A simple random sampling technique was used to select the study subjects. After taking written informed consent, all the participants were interviewed using a pre-designed, pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire for desired information. Statistical Analysis Used: Mean and standard deviation (SD) were calculated for quantitative data. Percentages and proportions were calculated for qualitative data. Results: Out of 444 study population, majority of women were fertile (88.7%), while 6.3% of women were secondary infertile and 5% of women were primary infertile. Most women were aged between 30 and 39 years. The difference of occurrence of infertility in relation to genital discharge (P = 0.049), genital ulcer/sores (P ≤ 0.001), groin swelling (P ≤ 0.001), warts (P = 0.015), menstrual cycle duration (P ≤ 0.001) and menstrual flow amount (P = 0.048) was statistically significant. The mean age of menarche for the female with infertility was 14.34 years (standard deviation = 1.40). Conclusion: Almost all of the symptoms of sexually transmitted infection/reproductive tract infection were high amongst infertile females. Awareness generation about the preventable risk factors and provision of infertility care services at primary healthcare facilities will be of use in addressing infertility in Sonepat.

Characterization and development of transcriptome-derived novel EST-SSR markers to assess genetic diversity in Chaetomium globosum.

Chaetomium globosum Kunze, an internationally recognized biocontrol fungus. It mycoparasitizes various plant pathogens and produce antifungal metabolites to suppress the growth of pathogenic fungi. Lack of detailed genome level diversity studies has delimited the development and utilization of potential C. globosum strains. The present study was taken to reveal the distribution, identification, and characterization of expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) in C. globosum. RNA-Seq experiment was performed for C. globosum potential isolate Cg2 (AY429049) using Illumina HiSeq 2500. Reference-guided de novo assembly yielded 45,582 transcripts containing 27,957 unigenes. We generated a new set of 8485 EST-SSR markers distributed in 5908 unigene sequences with one SSR locus distribution density per 6.1 kb. Six distinct classes of SSR repeat motifs were identified. The most abundant were mononucleotide repeats (51.67%), followed by tri-nucleotides (36.61%). Out of 5034 EST-SSR primers, 50 primer pairs were selected and validated for the polymorphic study of 15 C. globosum isolates. Twenty-two SSR markers showed average genetic polymorphism among C. globosum isolates. The number of alleles (Na) per marker ranges from 2 to 4, with a total of 74 alleles detected for 22 markers with a mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.4. UPGMA hierarchical clustering analysis generated three main clusters of C. globosum isolates and exhibited a lower similarity index range from 0.59 to 0.85. Thus, the newly developed EST-SSR markers could replace traditional methods for determining diversity. The study will also enhance the genomic research in C. globosum to explore its biocontrol potential against phytopathogens. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-023-03794-7.

Evaluation of cooking characteristics, textural, structural and bioactive properties of button mushroom and chickpea starch enriched noodles.

The present study was conducted out to develop nutritionally enriched noodles by supplementing wheat flour with mushroom and chickpea starch at different concentrations and its effect on physico-chemical, bioactive, cooking, microbial and sensory properties, morphological and textural properties has been investigated. The prepared noodles contained high levels of protein, and low levels of carbohydrate, energy with the incorporation of mushroom flour and chickpea starch concentration. The lightness (L*) (71.79-53.84) decreased and yellowness (b*) (19.33-31.36) and redness (a*) (1.91-5.35) increased with the incorporation of mushroom flour and chickpea starch. The optimum cooking time decreased while as the water absorption capacity and cooking loss increased with increase in mushroom flour and chickpea starch concentration. The microstructure study and textural properties depicted the clear picture of protein network, with smooth outer surface, and the decrease in hardness with increased concentration of mushroom flour and chickpea starch. XRD and DSC results revealed that the prepared noodles contained more complete crystallites and high fraction of crystalline region and the linear increase in the gelatinization temperature with increase in composite flour concentration. The microbial analysis of noodles showed the decrease in microbial growth with the incorporation of composite flour.

Corrigendum: Temporal transcriptome of tomato elucidates the signaling pathways of induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance activated by Chaetomium globosum.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1048578.].

Impact of germination on structural, physicochemical, techno-functional, and digestion properties of desi chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour.

Germination significantly increased the nutrient composition, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of the chickpea flour cultivars studied (GNG-469 and GNG-1581). Protein and starch digestibilities were significantly improved in germinated chickpea flour. Germinated chickpea flour formed gels that had a shear modulus about 60% that of the non-germinated ones. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that both A and B type polymorphs were present in the chickpea flour cultivars. Germination significantly reduced the relative crystallinity of the chickpea flour cultivars, from around 33 to 27% for GNG 469 and around 30 to 25% for GNG 1581. Protein secondary structures showed increase in ß-sheets and random coils content in chickpea cultivars during germination. Phenolic acid profiling showed a decrease in the concentration of ellagic, p-coumaric, p-hydroxybenzoic, and caffeic acids but an increase in gallic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids after germination.

Temporal transcriptome of tomato elucidates the signaling pathways of induced systemic resistance and systemic acquired resistance activated by Chaetomium globosum.

C. globosum is an endophytic fungus, which is recorded effective against several fungal and bacterial diseases in plants. The exclusively induce defense as mechanism of biocontrol for C. globosum against phyto-pathogens is reported. Our pervious study states the effectiveness of induced defense by C. globosum (Cg), in tomato against Alternaria solani. In this study the temporal transcriptome analysis of tomato plants after treatment with C. globosum was performed for time points at 0 hpCi, 12 hpCi, 24 hpCi and 96 phCi. The temporal expression analysis of genes belonging to defense signaling pathways indicates the maximum expression of genes at 12 h post Cg inoculation. The sequential progression in JA signaling pathway is marked by upregulation of downstream genes (Solyc10g011660, Solyc01g005440) of JA signaling at 24 hpCi and continued to express at same level upto 96 hpCi. However, the NPR1 (Solyc07g040690), the key regulator of SA signaling is activated at 12 h and repressed in later stages. The sequential expression of phenylpropanoid pathway genes (Solyc09g007920, Solyc12g011330, Solyc05g047530) marks the activation of pathway with course of time after Cg treatment that results in lignin formation. The plant defense signaling progresses in sequential manner with time course after Cg treatment. The results revealed the involvement of signaling pathways of ISR and SAR in systemic resistance induced by Cg in tomato, but with temporal variation.

OMICS in Fodder Crops: Applications, Challenges, and Prospects.

Biomass yield and quality are the primary targets in forage crop improvement programs worldwide. Low-quality fodder reduces the quality of dairy products and affects cattle's health. In multipurpose crops, such as maize, sorghum, cowpea, alfalfa, and oat, a plethora of morphological and biochemical/nutritional quality studies have been conducted. However, the overall growth in fodder quality improvement is not on par with cereals or major food crops. The use of advanced technologies, such as multi-omics, has increased crop improvement programs manyfold. Traits such as stay-green, the number of tillers per plant, total biomass, and tolerance to biotic and/or abiotic stresses can be targeted in fodder crop improvement programs. Omic technologies, namely genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and phenomics, provide an efficient way to develop better cultivars. There is an abundance of scope for fodder quality improvement by improving the forage nutrition quality, edible quality, and digestibility. The present review includes a brief description of the established omics technologies for five major fodder crops, i.e., sorghum, cowpea, maize, oats, and alfalfa. Additionally, current improvements and future perspectives have been highlighted.

Construction of Genetic Linkage Map and Mapping QTL Specific to Leaf Anthocyanin Colouration in Mapping Population 'Allahabad Safeda' × 'Purple Guava (Local)' of Guava (Psidium guajava L.).

In the present investigation, F1 hybrids were developed in guava (Psidium guajava L.) by crossing high leaf-anthocyanin reflective-index (ARI1) content cultivars purple guava (local) 'PG', 'CISH G-1' and low leaf-ARI1 content cultivar Seedless 'SL' with Allahabad Safeda 'AS'. On the basis of phenotypic observations, high ARI1 content was observed in the cross 'AS' × 'PG' (0.214). Further, an SSR-markers-based genetic linkage map was developed from a mapping population of 238 F1 individuals derived from cross 'AS' × 'PG'. The linkage map comprised 11 linkage groups (LGs), spanning 1601.7 cM with an average marker interval distance of 29.61 cM between adjacent markers. Five anthocyanin-content related gene-specific markers from apple were tested for parental polymorphism in the genotypes 'AS' and 'PG'. Subsequently, a marker, viz., 'MdMYB10F1', revealed a strong association with leaf anthocyanin content in the guava mapping population. QTL (qARI-6-1) on LG6 explains much of the variation (PVE = 11.51% with LOD = 4.67) in levels of leaf anthocyanin colouration. This is the first report of amplification/utilization of apple anthocyanin-related genes in guava. The genotypic data generated from the genetic map can be further exploited in future for the enrichment of linkage maps and for identification of complex quantitative trait loci (QTLs) governing economically important fruit quality traits in guava.

CRISPR/Cas tool designs for multiplex genome editing and its applications in developing biotic and abiotic stress-resistant crop plants.

Crop plants are prone to several yield-reducing biotic and abiotic stresses. The crop yield reductions due to these stresses need addressing to maintain an adequate balance between the increasing world population and food production to avoid food scarcities in the future. It is impossible to increase the area under food crops proportionately to meet the rising food demand. In such an adverse scenario overcoming the biotic and abiotic stresses through biotechnological interventions may serve as a boon to help meet the globe's food requirements. Under the current genomic era, the wide availability of genomic resources and genome editing technologies such as Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nucleases (TALENs), Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs), and Clustered-Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats/CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas) has widened the scope of overcoming these stresses for several food crops. These techniques have made gene editing more manageable and accessible with changes at the embryo level by adding or deleting DNA sequences of the target gene(s) from the genome. The CRISPR construct consists of a single guide RNA having complementarity with the nucleotide fragments of the target gene sequence, accompanied by a protospacer adjacent motif. The target sequence in the organism's genome is then cleaved by the Cas9 endonuclease for obtaining a desired trait of interest. The current review describes the components, mechanisms, and types of CRISPR/Cas techniques and how this technology has helped to functionally characterize genes associated with various biotic and abiotic stresses in a target organism. This review also summarizes the application of CRISPR/Cas technology targeting these stresses in crops through knocking down/out of associated genes.

Effect of Maltodextrin and Soy Protein Isolate on the Physicochemical and Flow Properties of Button Mushroom Powder.

In this investigation, the effect of different drying techniques, such as freeze-drying and cabinet drying, with two different carrier agents, such as maltodextrin (MD) and soy protein isolate (SPI), at different levels (10, 15, and 20%) on button mushrooms has been revealed. The results showed that the button mushroom powders (BMPs) formulated with SPI as a carrier agent had significantly higher powder yield, hygroscopicity, L *, a *, and b * values, whereas BMP formulated with MD had significantly higher water activity, solubility index, tapped density, bulk density, and flowability. The highest retention of bioactive compounds was reported in freeze-dried mushroom powder compared to cabinet dried powder using SPI as a carrier agent. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis confirmed that certain additional peaks were produced in the mushroom button powder-containing SPI (1,035-3,271 cm-1) and MD (930-3,220 cm-1). Thus, the results revealed that SPI showed promising results for formulating the BMP using the freeze-drying technique.

Chimeric adenoviral (Ad5.F35) and listeria vector prime-boost immunization is safe and effective for cancer immunotherapy.

Strategies to augment immunity to self/neoantigens expressed by cancers are urgently needed to expand the proportion of patients benefiting from immunotherapy, particularly for GI cancers where only a fraction of patients respond to immunotherapies. However, current vaccine strategies are limited by poor immunogenicity, pre-existing vector-specific immunity, and vaccine-induced vector-specific immunity. Here, we examined a prime-boost strategy using a chimeric adenoviral vector (Ad5.F35) that resists pre-existing immunity followed by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) to amplify immunity to the GI cancer antigen GUCY2C. This previously unexplored combination enhanced the quantity, avidity, polyfunctionality, and antitumor efficacy of GUCY2C-specific effector CD8+ T cells, without toxicity in any tissue, including GUCY2C-expressing intestines and brain. Importantly, this combination was partially resistant to pre-existing immunity to Ad5 which is endemic in human populations and vector-specific immunity did not limit the ability of multiple Lm administrations to repeatedly enhance GUCY2C-specific responses. Broadly, these findings suggest that cancer patient immunizations targeting self/neoantigens, as well as immunizations for difficult infectious diseases (HIV, malaria, etc), may be most successful using a combination of Ad5.F35-based priming, followed by Lm-based boosting. More specifically, Lm-GUCY2C may be utilized to amplify GUCY2C-specific immunity in patients receiving adenovirus-based GUCY2C vaccines currently in clinical trials to prevent or treat recurrent GI cancer.

T-Cell Responses to Immunodominant Listeria Epitopes Limit Vaccine-Directed Responses to the Colorectal Cancer Antigen, Guanylyl Cyclase C.

The Gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is an emerging platform for cancer immunotherapy. To date, over 30 clinical trials have been initiated testing Lm cancer vaccines across a wide variety of cancers, including lung, cervical, colorectal, and pancreatic. Here, we assessed the immunogenicity of an Lm vaccine against the colorectal tumor antigen GUCY2C (Lm-GUCY2C). Surprisingly, Lm-GUCY2C vaccination did not prime naïve GUCY2C-specific CD8+ T-cell responses towards the dominant H-2Kd-restricted epitope, GUCY2C254-262. However, Lm-GUCY2C produced robust CD8+ T-cell responses towards Lm-derived peptides suggesting that GUCY2C254-262 peptide may be subdominant to Lm-derived peptides. Indeed, incorporating immunogenic Lm peptides into an adenovirus-based GUCY2C vaccine previously shown to induce robust GUCY2C254-262 immunity completely suppressed GUCY2C254-262 responses. Comparison of immunogenic Lm-derived peptides to GUCY2C254-262 revealed that Lm-derived peptides form highly stable peptide-MHC complexes with H-2Kd compared to GUCY2C254-262 peptide. Moreover, amino acid substitution at a critical anchoring residue for H-2Kd binding, producing GUCY2CF255Y, significantly improved stability with H-2Kd and rescued GUCY2C254-262 immunogenicity in the context of Lm vaccination. Collectively, these studies suggest that Lm antigens may compete with and suppress the immunogenicity of target vaccine antigens and that use of altered peptide ligands with enhanced peptide-MHC stability may be necessary to elicit robust immune responses. These studies suggest that optimizing target antigen competitiveness with Lm antigens or alternative immunization regimen strategies, such as prime-boost, may be required to maximize the clinical utility of Lm-based vaccines.

Exploration of bioactive peptides from various origin as promising nutraceutical treasures: In vitro, in silico and in vivo studies.

The current health scenarios describe growing public health problems, such as diabetes, hypertension and cancer. Therefore, researchers focused on studying these health issues are interested in exploring bioactive compounds from different food sources. Among them, bioactive peptides have garnered huge scientific interest because of their multifunctional biological activities such as antioxidative, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, anticancer, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory effect. They can be used as food and pharmaceutical ingredients with a great potential against disease targets. This review covers methods of production in general for several peptides obtained from various food sources including seed, milk and meat, and described their biological activities. Particular focus was given to bioinformatic tools to advance quantification, detection and characterize each peptide sequence obtained from different protein sources with predicted biological activity. Besides, various in vivo studies have been discussed to provide a better understanding of their physiological functions, which altogether could provide valuable information for their commercialization in future foods.

Functional Assessment of Missense Variants in the ABCC6 Gene Implicated in Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum, a Heritable Ectopic Mineralization Disorder.

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a heritable multisystem ectopic mineralization disorder, is caused by inactivating mutations in the ABCC6 gene. The encoded protein, ABCC6, a transmembrane transporter, has a specialized efflux function in hepatocytes by contributing to plasma levels of inorganic pyrophosphate, a potent inhibitor of mineralization in soft connective tissues. Reduced plasma inorganic pyrophosphate levels underlie the ectopic mineralization in pseudoxanthoma elasticum. In this study, we characterized the pathogenicity of three human ABCC6 missense variants using an adenovirus-mediated liver-specific ABCC6 transgene expression system in an Abcc6-/- mouse model of pseudoxanthoma elasticum. Variants p.L420V and p.R1064W were found benign because they had abundance and plasma membrane localization in hepatocytes similar to the wild-type human ABCC6 transgene, normalized plasma inorganic pyrophosphate levels, and prevented mineralization in the dermal sheath of vibrissae in muzzle skin, a phenotypic hallmark in the Abcc6-/- mice. In contrast, p.S400F was shown to be pathogenic because it failed to normalize plasma inorganic pyrophosphate levels and had no effect on ectopic mineralization despite its normal expression and proper localization in hepatocytes. These results showed that adenovirus-mediated hepatic ABCC6 expression in Abcc6-/- mice can provide a model system to effectively elucidate the multifaceted functional consequences of human ABCC6 missense variants identified in patients with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

Evidence for the presence and release of BDNF in the neuronal and non-neuronal structures of the internal anal sphincter.

BACKGROUND: Data on the neuromodulatory effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the gastrointestinal tract were recently reported, but there are still no data on the presence, distribution, and release of BDNF in the gastrointestinal tract, including the internal anal sphincter (IAS). METHODS: We examined the presence and distribution of BDNF and its receptor TrkB in the different IAS structures (neuronal and non-neuronal) via immunohistochemical and immunocytochemical analyses. We also monitored the release of BDNF in an IAS muscle bath (consisting of smooth muscle cells [SMCs], myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus) before and after different agonists, and electrical field stimulation in the absence and presence of neurotoxin tetrodotoxin. KEY RESULTS: BDNF/TrkB was found to be present in all layers of the IAS, especially the smooth muscle, mucosa, myenteric plexus, and submucosal plexus. Detailed analyses revealed a significant colocalization between BDNF and TrkB in different structures, especially in the smooth muscle, the SMCs, and both plexuses. Data further showed higher levels of BDNF in the cytosol and that of TrkB toward the periphery of the SMCs. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES: These studies showed that BDNF/TrkB was present not only in the enteric nervous system (ENS), but also in the SMCs. For the neuromodulatory effects, BDNF is released locally from the ENS ((myenteric (10.01 ± 0.23 pg/ml) and submucosal plexus (9.05 ± 0.51 pg/ml)) and the SMCs (18.63 ± 1.63 pg/ml). Collectively, these findings have pathophysiological and therapeutic implications regarding the role of BDNF/TrkB in the IAS-associated rectoanal motility disorders.

Genetic heterogeneity of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders in a large international cohort.

PURPOSE: Heritable ectopic mineralization disorders comprise a group of conditions with a broad range of clinical manifestations in nonskeletal connective tissues. We report the genetic findings from a large international cohort of 478 patients afflicted with ectopic mineralization. METHODS: Sequence variations were identified using a next-generation sequencing panel consisting of 29 genes reported in association with ectopic mineralization. The pathogenicity of select splicing and missense variants was analyzed in experimental systems in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: A total of 872 variants of unknown significance as well as likely pathogenic and pathogenic variants were disclosed in 25 genes. A total of 159 distinct variants were identified in 425 patients in ABCC6, the gene responsible for pseudoxanthoma elasticum, a heritable multisystem ectopic mineralization disorder. The interpretation of variant pathogenicity relying on bioinformatic predictions did not provide a consensus. Our in vitro and in vivo functional assessment of 14 ABCC6 variants highlighted this dilemma and provided unambiguous interpretations to their pathogenicity. CONCLUSION: The results expand the ABCC6 variant repertoire, shed new light on the genetic heterogeneity of heritable ectopic mineralization disorders, and provide evidence that functional characterization in appropriate experimental systems is necessary to determine the pathogenicity of genetic variants.

Comprehensive evaluation of mapping complex traits in wheat using genome-wide association studies.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are effectively applied to detect the marker trait associations (MTAs) using whole genome-wide variants for complex quantitative traits in different crop species. GWAS has been applied in wheat for different quality, biotic and abiotic stresses, and agronomic and yield-related traits. Predictions for marker-trait associations are controlled with the development of better statistical models taking population structure and familial relatedness into account. In this review, we have provided a detailed overview of the importance of association mapping, population design, high-throughput genotyping and phenotyping platforms, advancements in statistical models and multiple threshold comparisons, and recent GWA studies conducted in wheat. The information about MTAs utilized for gene characterization and adopted in breeding programs is also provided. In the literature that we surveyed, as many as 86,122 wheat lines have been studied under various GWA studies reporting 46,940 loci. However, further utilization of these is largely limited. The future breakthroughs in area of genomic selection, multi-omics-based approaches, machine, and deep learning models in wheat breeding after exploring the complex genetic structure with the GWAS are also discussed. This is a most comprehensive study of a large number of reports on wheat GWAS and gives a comparison and timeline of technological developments in this area. This will be useful to new researchers or groups who wish to invest in GWAS.

Assessment of physical, microstructural, thermal, techno-functional and rheological characteristics of apple (Malus domestica) seeds of Northern Himalayas.

In this research, two common apple seed cultivars Viz: 'Golden Delicious' (GD) and 'Red Delicious' (RD) of Northern Himalayan region were characterized for physical, techno-functional, microstructure, thermal, and rheological properties. Seeds showed a significant difference in width, arithmetic, and geometric mean diameters, volume, and surface area. Proximate analysis results revealed that seed flours have high oil content (> 20%) and are potentially rich sources of protein (> 40%). Color analysis of flours indicated their satisfactory whiter color with higher brightness values (L* ˃ 75), resulting from the reduced particle size which allows greater light penetration and relatively lower a* (< 1.5) and b* (< 11) values. Techno-functional attributes including water/oil absorption capacity, emulsifying capacity, and emulsion stability were significantly higher in RD than GD flour. There was also a significant difference in the average particle size of seed flours. Flour micrographs indicated the presence of oval/spherical-shaped starch granules embedded in dense protein matrix while, Differential Scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed exothermic transition enthalpies for seed flours. Additionally, seed flours depicted high elastic modulus (G'), suggesting their suitability for modifying food texture. It was concluded that apple seeds exhibit significant potential for use in formulating protein-enriched foods while contributing to reducing industrial wastage.

Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment.

In this editorial, we highlight articles published in this Special Issue of Vaccines on "Cancer Vaccines and Immunotherapy for Tumor Prevention and Treatment", recent developments in the field of cancer vaccines, and the potential for immunotherapeutic combinations in cancer care. This issue covers important developments and progress being made in the cancer vaccine field and possible future directions for exploring new technologies to produce optimal immune responses against cancer and expand the arena of prophylactic and therapeutic cancer vaccines for the treatment of this deadly disease.