Liposomes: An Emerging Strategy for the Effective Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: A Liposomal delivery system is a novel and distinguishing way of organized medicine administration. The advancements in liposomal technology allow for controlled drug distribution to treat rheumatoid arthritis effectively. Liposomes are microscopic lipid-based vesicles that have shown promise in transporting substances, such as superoxide dismutase, hemoglobin, erythrocyte interleukin-2, gamma interferon, and smaller compounds. OBJECTIVE: Liposomes are biocompatible, nontoxic, biodegradable, non-immunogenic, and flexible, with sizes ranging from 0.025 to 2.5 micrometers. LDS is normally employed to distribute drugs through topical conduits, but fresh investigation has shown that it offers promise for oral, ocular, and parenteral administration. Our major objective is to gather information about liposomes, focusing on their applicability in rheumatoid arthritis treatment. METHODS: In the current review, we have tried to cover the preparation techniques, clinical trials, patents, marketed formulations, vesicle types, formulations used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and other ailments, and layered liposomal formulations with improved characteristics. CONCLUSION: Research has established LDS as a biocompatible, sustainable, non-toxic, adaptable material. Researchers working on LDS technology in rheumatoid arthritis will find this review particularly useful as it may unclutter novel ways for therapeutic intercessions in treating the disease.

An Update on Herbal Products for the Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Ulcerative Colitis (UC) and Crohn's Disease (CD), is a continuously increasing healthcare problem mainly characterized by chronic relapsing intestinal inflammation. The common symptoms of UC and CD include inflammation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, bleeding, and weight loss. IBD is generally caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental or microbial factors that influence the body's immune response and is responsible for digestive disorders and inflammation of the intestinal tract. However, a complete understanding of the pathophysiology and work-up of IBD is necessary to ensure appropriate treatment for the management of this complex disease. This review enlightens herbal therapeutics and drug delivery systems for the management of IBD, and thus provides new insights into this field and facilitates access to new treatments.

Recent updates on development of protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B inhibitors for treatment of diabetes, obesity and related disorders.

The aim of this review was to discuss an overview of type 2 diabetes; biology of PTP1B; role of PTP1B in metabolic disorders; and recent updates in the development of PTP1B inhibitors reported in literature since 1994. In this study, extensive literature search was carried out on PTP1B inhibitors of natural as well as synthetic origin in various scientific databases and research articles related to discovery of PTP1B inhibitors were selected for this study. Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important therapeutic target for several human diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer because of its seminal part as a negative modulator in both insulin and leptin signaling pathways. A large number of molecules of broad chemical diversity were reported as potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors over other protein tyrosine phosphatases. Several of these molecules have shown their potential in the treatment of various human diseases including type 2 diabetes, obesity, inflammation and cancer in various animal models. But only a very limited number of PTP1B inhibitors (including ertiprotafib, trodusquemine and JTT-551) has entered clinical trials and are finally withdrawn owing to their unsatisfactory effectiveness and undesirable adverse effects. Consequently, it is still highly imperative and of great importance to develop potent, highly selective and safe PTP1B inhibitors.

Recent Updates on Development of Drug Molecules for Human African Trypanosomiasis.

Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT, better called as sleeping sickness), caused by two morphologically identicalprotozoan parasite Trypanosoma bruceiis transmitted by the bite of tsetse flies of Glossinagenus, mainly in the rural areas of the sub-Saharan Africa. HAT is one of the neglected tropical diseases and is characterized by sleep disturbance as the main symptom, hence is called as sleeping sickness. As it is epidemic in the poorest population of Africa, there is limited availability of safe and cost-effective tools for controlling the disease. Trypanosoma bruceigambiense causes sleeping sickness in Western and Central Africa, whereas Trypanosoma bruceirhodesiense is the reason for prevalence of sleeping sickness in Eastern and Southern Africa. For the treatment of sleeping sickness, only five drugs have been approved suramin, pentamidine, melarsoprol, eflornithine and nifurtimox. Various small molecules of diverse chemical nature have been synthesized for targeting HAT and many of them are in the clinical trialsincluding fexinidazole (phase I completed) and SCYX-7158 (advanced in phase I). The present work has been planned to review various types of small molecules developed in the last 10 years having potent antitrypanosoma activity likely to be beneficial in sleeping sickness along with different natural anti-HAT agents.