Metabolic Rewiring of Mycobacterium tuberculosis upon Drug Treatment and Antibiotics Resistance.

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), remains a significant global health challenge, further compounded by the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). AMR is a result of several system-level molecular rearrangements enabling bacteria to evolve with better survival capacities: metabolic rewiring is one of them. In this review, we present a detailed analysis of the metabolic rewiring of Mtb in response to anti-TB drugs and elucidate the dynamic mechanisms of bacterial metabolism contributing to drug efficacy and resistance. We have discussed the current state of AMR, its role in the prevalence of the disease, and the limitations of current anti-TB drug regimens. Further, the concept of metabolic rewiring is defined, underscoring its relevance in understanding drug resistance and the biotransformation of drugs by Mtb. The review proceeds to discuss the metabolic adaptations of Mtb to drug treatment, and the pleiotropic effects of anti-TB drugs on Mtb metabolism. Next, the association between metabolic changes and antimycobacterial resistance, including intrinsic and acquired drug resistance, is discussed. The review concludes by summarizing the challenges of anti-TB treatment from a metabolic viewpoint, justifying the need for this discussion in the context of novel drug discovery, repositioning, and repurposing to control AMR in TB.

The unique N-terminal region of Mycobacterium tuberculosis sigma factor A plays a dominant role in the essential function of this protein.

SigA (σA) is an essential protein and the primary sigma factor in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). However, due to the absence of genetic tools, our understanding of the role and regulation of σA activity and its molecular attributes that help modulate Mtb survival is scant. Here, we generated a conditional gene replacement of σA in Mtb and showed that its depletion results in a severe survival defect in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo in a murine infection model. Our RNA-seq analysis suggests that σA either directly or indirectly regulates ∼57% of the Mtb transcriptome, including ∼28% of essential genes. Surprisingly, we note that despite having ∼64% similarity with σA, overexpression of the primary-like σ factor SigB (σB) fails to compensate for the absence of σA, suggesting minimal functional redundancy. RNA-seq analysis of the Mtb σB deletion mutant revealed that 433 genes are regulated by σB, of which 283 overlap with the σA transcriptome. Additionally, surface plasmon resonance, in vitro transcription, and functional complementation experiments reveal that σA residues between 132-179 that are disordered and missing from all experimentally determined σA-RNAP structural models are imperative for σA function. Moreover, phosphorylation of σA in the intrinsically disordered N-terminal region plays a regulatory role in modulating its activity. Collectively, these observations and analysis provide a rationale for the centrality of σA for the survival and pathogenicity of this bacillus.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Transcription Factor EmbR Regulates the Expression of Key Virulence Factors That Aid in Ex Vivo and In Vivo Survival.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes ~200 transcription factors that modulate gene expression under different microenvironments in the host. Even though high-throughput chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) studies have identified the regulatory network for ~80% of transcription factors, many transcription factors remain uncharacterized. EmbR is one such transcription factor whose in vivo regulon and biological function are yet to be elucidated. Previous in vitro studies suggested that phosphorylation of EmbR by PknH upregulates the embCAB operon. Using a gene replacement mutant of embR, we investigated its role in modulating cellular morphology, antibiotic resistance, and survival in the host. Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, under normal growth conditions, EmbR is neither phosphorylated nor impacted by ethambutol resistance through the regulation of the embCAB operon. The embR deletion mutant displayed attenuated M. tuberculosis survival in vivo. RNA-seq analysis suggested that EmbR regulates operons involved in the secretion pathway, lipid metabolism, virulence, and hypoxia, including well-known hypoxia-inducible genes devS and hspX. Lipidome analysis revealed that EmbR modulates levels of all lysophospholipids, several phospholipids, and M. tuberculosis-specific lipids, which is more pronounced under hypoxic conditions. We found that the EmbR mutant is hypersusceptible to hypoxic stress, and RNA sequencing performed under hypoxic conditions indicated that EmbR majorly regulates genes involved in response to acidic pH, hypoxia, and fatty acid metabolism. We observed condition-specific phosphorylation of EmbR, which contributes to EmbR-mediated transcription of several essential genes, ensuring enhanced survival. Collectively, the study establishes EmbR as a key modulator of hypoxic response that facilitates mycobacterial survival in the host. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis modulates its transcriptional machinery in response to dynamic microenvironments encountered within the host. In this study, we identified that EmbR, a transcription factor, plays important roles in modulating cellular morphology, antibiotic resistance, and survival in the host. We found that EmbR undergoes condition-specific phosphorylation for its activation. Together, the study establishes a key role of EmbR as a transcriptional activator of genes belonging to multiple pathways, viz., virulence, secretion, or polyketide synthesis, that aid in mycobacterial survival during hypoxia and within the host.

Unique C-terminal extension and interactome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlmU impacts it's in vivo function and the survival of pathogen.

N-acetyl glucosamine-1-phosphate uridyltransferase (GlmU) is a bifunctional enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). UDP-GlcNAc is a critical precursor for the synthesis of peptidoglycan and other cell wall components. The absence of a homolog in eukaryotes makes GlmU an attractive target for therapeutic intervention. Mycobacterium tuberculosis GlmU (GlmUMt) has features, such as a C-terminal extension, that are not present in GlmUorthologs from other bacteria. Here, we set out to determine the uniqueness of GlmUMt by performing in vivo complementation experiments using RvΔglmU mutant. We find that any deletion of the carboxy-terminal extension region of GlmUMt abolishes its ability to complement the function of GlmUMt. Results show orthologs of GlmU, including its closest ortholog, from Mycobacterium smegmatis, cannot complement the function of GlmUMt. Furthermore, the co-expression of GlmUMt domain deletion mutants with either acetyl or uridyltransferase activities failed to rescue the function. However, co-expression of GlmUMt point mutants with either acetyl or uridyltransferase activities successfully restored the biological function of GlmUMt, likely due to the formation of heterotrimers. Based on the interactome experiments, we speculate that GlmUMt participates in unique interactions essential for its in vivo function.

Redox homeostasis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is modulated by a novel actinomycete-specific transcription factor.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has evolved diverse cellular processes in response to the multiple stresses it encounters within the infected host. We explored available TnSeq datasets to identify transcription factors (TFs) that are essential for Mtb survival inside the host. The analysis identified a single TF, Rv1332 (AosR), conserved across actinomycetes with a so-far uncharacterized function. AosR mitigates phagocyte-derived oxidative and nitrosative stress, thus promoting mycobacterial growth in the murine lungs and spleen. Oxidative stress induces formation of a single intrasubunit disulphide bond in AosR, which in turn facilitates AosR interaction with an extracytoplasmic-function sigma factor, SigH. This leads to the specific upregulation of the CysM-dependent non-canonical cysteine biosynthesis pathway through an auxiliary intragenic stress-responsive promoter, an axis critical in detoxifying host-derived oxidative and nitrosative radicals. Failure to upregulate AosR-dependent cysteine biosynthesis during the redox stress causes differential expression of 6% of Mtb genes. Our study shows that the AosR-SigH pathway is critical for detoxifying host-derived oxidative and nitrosative radicals to enhance Mtb survival in the hostile intracellular environment.