Intestinal morphometry and cell density features in tropical farmed fish: A methodological approach.

The digestive tract of fish has many morphological adaptations related to habitat and nutrition. Intestinal biometry may reflect these adaptations. Here, we aimed to describe histometric patterns in farmed fish and their relationship with feeding by using a standardized protocol considering cell density by tissue area. Five juvenile specimens of each species (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Piaractus mesopotamicus, and Oreochromis niloticus) were used. O. niloticus possessed higher intestinal weight and length besides higher intestinal quotient and intestinal somatic index than the other species. The general histological composition was similar between species. However, P. corruscans showed differences in thickness between the anterior and posterior segments. O. niloticus had thinner serosa and muscularis layers than the other species. The cell density was distinct in both species and segments. Comparing the intestinal segments, O. niloticus displayed the lowest count of granulocytes. Goblet cell density was lower in P. mesopotamicus in all segments. However, the volume of these cells was higher in the anterior and middle anterior segments. Our data demonstrated that intestinal structural plasticity is associated with the difference in feeding habits. Here, we used quantitative standardized histometric criteria to understand the morphophysiological diversity of the fish digestive tract, and this technique can be applied in future studies to evaluate changes in the digestive tracts of vertebrates.

Hematological parameters of a Neotropical wild frog population, with a phylogenetic perspective on blood cell composition in Anura.

Hematological parameters can provide key information to an animal health status. However, this information is usually hard to obtain. Here, we described the hematological parameters of Leptodactylus podicipinus in the Brazilian Pantanal. We measured red blood cell morphometrics, erythrogram, and leukogram. We also tested for phylogenetic signal in the erythrogram and leukogram of 48 frog species from 15 families, testing if body size explains their variation. Lymphocytes were the most abundant leukocytes (>60%) in L. podicipinus, followed by neutrophils (∼10%). Given that L. podicipinus is an abundant and widely distributed species in central Brazil, knowing its hematological pattern can help establish a baseline and improve its use as a bioindicator of environmental degradation. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and value contributed more to the phylomorphospace of erythrogram, in which Leptodactylus spp. and Hypsiboas raniceps had lower values of these variables, whereas Bufotes viridis and Hyla arborea had high values. The phylogenetic signal was spread throughout the dimensions of the leukogram phylomorphospace. The variables that most contributed to it were total leukocytes counts, lymphocytes, and neutrophils. We also found a moderate phylogenetic signal for both the erythrogram and leukogram. Accordingly, body size accounted for a low proportion of variation in both the leukogram (4.7%) and erythrogram (0.57%). By applying phylogenetic comparative methods to hematological parameters, our results add a new perspective on the evolution of blood cell physiology in frogs.

Non-pharmacological therapeutic approaches to painful sexual dysfunction in women: integrative review / Terapêuticas não farmacológicas para disfunções sexuais dolorosas em mulheres: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Sexual dysfunctions associated with pain symptoms can affect female genito-pelvic functionality. The objective of this study was to identify non-pharmacological analgesic therapies used in painful sexual dysfunctions to guide clinical and therapeutic practice in comprehensive care of women's sexual health. CONTENTS: An integrative review, carried out in the Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo, PEDro and Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde databases. The searches were performed using the combinations: "dysfunction" AND "pain" AND "sexual" AND "treatment". The inclusion criteria allowed the analysis of six articles published between January 2009 and August 2019. It was observed that dysfunctions in the muscles of the pelvic floor may be associated with pain and sexual dysfunctions, thus, non-pharmacological analgesic interventions can provide greater muscle relaxation and perineal self-perception, reducing painful symptoms in the sexual response cycle. CONCLUSION: The treatment of painful sexual dysfunctions with the use of non-pharmacological resources, using techniques such as perineal massage, myofascial release, muscle training, biofeedback, vaginal dilators, electrostimulation, and radiofrequency aim to improve sexual performance and quality of life for women.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Disfunções sexuais associadas a sintomas dolorosos podem repercutir sobre a funcionalidade gênito-pélvica feminina. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar terapêuticas não farmacológicas analgésicas utilizadas em disfunções sexuais dolorosas a fim de contribuir com a prática clínica e terapêutica no cuidado integral à saúde sexual feminina. CONTEÚDO: Trata-se de revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados Pubmed, LILACS, Scielo, PEDro e Biblioteca Virtual da Saúde. As buscas foram realizadas utilizando as combinações: "dysfunction" AND "pain" AND ''sexual'' AND ''treatment''. Os critérios de inclusão permitiram a análise de seis artigos publicados no período de janeiro de 2009 a agosto de 2019. Observou-se que as disfunções na musculatura do assoalho pélvico podem estar associadas a quadros álgicos e disfunções sexuais, de modo que intervenções não farmacológicas analgésicas podem proporcionar maior relaxamento muscular e autopercepção perineal, reduzindo, assim, sintomas dolorosos no ciclo de resposta sexual. CONCLUSÃO: O tratamento de disfunções sexuais dolorosas com utilização de recursos não farmacológicos, através de técnicas como a massagem perineal, liberação miofascial, treinamento muscular, biofeedback, dilatadores vaginais, eletroestimulação e radiofrequência visam proporcionar melhora no desempenho sexual e na qualidade de vida feminina.

The evolution of red blood cell shape in fishes.

The size and shape of red blood cells (RBCs) provide key information on life-history strategies in vertebrates. However, little is known about how RBC shape evolved in response to environmental factors, body size and the role of evolutionary rate. Here, we analysed RBC morphometrics in a set of Teleostei (bony fishes) and Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays) species testing the hypothesis that phylogenetic relationship explains species occupation of morphospace. We collected data on cell and nucleus area and volume, nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and shape factor for 65 species belonging to 28 orders. Then, we built phylomorphospaces separately for bony fish and sharks and rays. To test whether phylogenetic relationships predicted phenotypic similarity, we calculated multivariate phylogenetic signal. We also estimated the evolutionary rate of RBC shape for each node and tip using ridge regression. Finally, we tested whether habitat and body size influenced RBC shape using a PGLS. We found a significant phylogenetic signal in RBC shape for bony fish, but not sharks and rays. Saltwater teleost species were more clustered than freshwater ones in the phylomorphospace, suggesting clade disparity. Accordingly, the rate of evolution was highly heterogeneous, with significant decrease in Acanthopterygii. Neither habitat nor body size influenced RBC shape. In conclusion, RBC shape seems to have evolved in fishes in response to multiple selective pressures independent of life-history characters.

Transaminase profile and hepatic histopathological traits in Piaractus mesopotamicus exposed to insecticide Diflubenzuron.

Diflubenzuron (DFB) is a widely used insecticide to control ectoparasites in fish farming. Although therapeutic concentrations (i.e., 50 to 100 mg/L) are safe as they fail to induce mortality, they can promote tissue changes. In Brazil, Pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is a native species used for commercial production, and it remains crucial to determine underlying mechanisms to mitigate the potential effects of pathogens on productivity. The aim of this study was to analyze the transaminase profile and histopathological changes in the liver of P. mesopotamicus exposed to a DFB bath. Hence, the fish were exposed to an immersion bath containing a 70 mg/L nominal concentration of Difluchem 240 SC® (24% (m/m) DFB) for 30 (n = 10), 60 (n = 10), and 120 min (n = 10), every 24 h for 3 days. Following exposure, plasma transaminases and liver histology were analyzed. In DFB-exposed fish, levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) were elevated when compared with the control at 30 and 60 min. Furthermore, liver morphology was altered based on exposure times. Compared with controls, the degree of reversible damage (degree of tissue change (DTC)) demonstrated high scores for all exposure times, with no difference between individual groups. Irreversible changes were increased in the 60 and 120-min baths. These findings highlight the impact of the therapeutic DFB concentration (i.e., 70 mg/L), revealing that 60-min and 120-min bathing induces irreversible and progressive hepatic changes.

Comparative liver morphology associated with the hepatosomatic index in five Neotropical anuran species.

The liver is an important metabolic organ in vertebrates. In anurans, the hepatosomatic index (HSI) reflects differences in energy storage and reproductive activities between males and females. The objective of this study was to describe the histological and histometric parameters of the livers of five species of Neotropical anurans, taking sex-related differences into account. We also tested how the relationship between quantitative histometric variables and HSI varied between males and females in different species. Five males and five females of Elachistocleis matogrosso, Leptodactylus podicipinus, Lysapsus limellum, Pseudis platensis, and Trachycephalus typhonius were captured in central Brazil during the rainy season. HSI did not vary according to sex, but it varied among species. Elachistocleis matogrosso had the highest HSI due to the large hepatocyte size. The percentage of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) was higher in P. platensis and L. limellum. In T. thyphonius, hepatocyte area was negatively associated with HSI, while the MMC percentages were positively associated with HSI. The liver plays a key role in reproductive activities, especially for species with explosive reproduction. Additionally, histometric patterns and volumetric structural density varied between males and females due to energy utilization for reproduction. Not only are these results important for future studies on hepatic morphophysiology but they also provide tools for evolutionary and phylogenetic studies.

Age-associated hemogram and ultrastructural leukocyte morphology in Pygocentrus nattereri (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from the Brazilian Pantanal

Pygocentrus nattereri is a carnivorous fish widely distributed in the Brazilian wetland and occupies different river strata. Based on the sexual maturity, the standard length (SL) has been used to categorize age and physiological attributes. However, hematological parameters and their relationship with age and growth features are unknow. Here, the aim was to evaluate the hematological profile and leukocyte data of juvenile and adult specimens, associating it with SL. Specimens of both sexes were weighted, and SL were measured for classify as juveniles (SL ≤16.0 cm) and adults (SL ≥16.1 cm). Blood was collected to perform the hemogram, for leukocyte quantification and ultrastructural descriptions. In general, hemogram values and leukocyte, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were high in juveniles. Hemogram variables were negatively correlated with SL. Thrombocyte and neutrophil counts were higher in adults than in juveniles. SL was correlated with leukogram variables. Ultrastructural analysis showed that granular leukocyte count in P. nattereri was similar another fishes. PAS-positive granular leukocytes are slightly smaller than neutrophils and are characterized by dense elongated and semi-lunar shapes in the cytoplasm. Our results suggest that age-based SL may be useful for the analysis of the relationship between P. nattereri health status and wetland aquatic environments.(AU)

Pygocentrus nattereri é um peixe carnívoro amplamente distribuído no pantanal brasileiro e ocupa diferentes estratos de rios. Com base na maturidade sexual, o comprimento padrão (CP) tem sido usado para categorizar a idade e os atributos fisiológicos. No entanto, os parâmetros hematológicos e sua relação com a idade e características de crescimento são desconhecidos. O objetivo foi avaliar o perfil hematológico e leucocitário de espécimes juvenis e adultos, associando-o ao CP. Espécimes de ambos os sexos foram pesados e os CPs foram medidos para classificação em juvenis (CP ≤16,0 cm) e adultos (CP ≥16,1 cm). Foi coletado sangue para realização do hemograma, perfil e morfologia dos leucócitos. Em geral, os valores do hemograma e as contagens de leucócitos, linfócitos e monócitos foram maiores nos jovens. A contagem de trombócitos e neutrófilos foi maior em adultos do que em jovens. A análise ultraestrutural mostrou que a contagem de leucócitos granulares em P. nattereri foi semelhante a outros peixes. Os leucócitos granulares PAS-positivos são menores do que os neutrófilos, sendo caracterizados por formas alongadas e semilunares densas no citoplasma. Nossos resultados sugerem que CP é útil para a análise da relação entre o estado de saúde de P. nattereri em ambientes aquáticos alagados.(AU)

Comparação entre os valores da amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos e do volume corpuscular médio com a citometria de eritrócitos em cães com leishmaniose / Comparison of amplitude values of the diameter distribution of erythrocyte volume and mean corpuscular cytometry with erythrocytes in dogs with leishmaniasis

A leishmaniose é uma zoonose de caráter endêmico que acomete diferentes espécies animal, dentre elas os cães. Como auxílio no diagnóstico e prognóstico do paciente é rotineiramente solicitado o hemograma, que é caracterizado por uma anemia do tipo normocítica e normocrômica. Os valores de volume corpuscular médio (VCM) e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular médio (CHCM) são os padrões utilizados para a classificação da anemia, no entanto, nos últimos anos começou-se a utilizar a amplitude de distribuição de diâmetro dos eritrócitos (RDW) para diferenciar as anemias em regenerativas e arregenerativas. Este trabalho tem como objetivo comparar os valores de RDW e do VCM com a citometria eritrocitária em cães com leishmaniose. Foram colhidos sangue de 19 cães de diferentes raças e idades. As amostras sanguíneas foram processadas em equipamento automático para obtenção dos valores de VCM e RDW e posteriormente confeccionados esfregaços sanguíneos para contagem e medição de cem células eritrocitárias de cada lâmina. Para avaliar a dispersão entre os valores de hemácias utilizou-se o coeficiente linear de Pearson. Os valores de RDW mostraram-se mais sensíveis a anemia do que o VCM, quando comparados a citometria eritrocitária.(AU)

Leishmaniasis is an endemic zoonosis that affects different animals species, among them the dogs. As an aid in the diagnosis and prognosis of the patient is routinely asked the CBC, which is characterized by anemia normocytic and normochromic type. The mean corpuscular volumes (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) are the standards used for the classification of anemia, however, in recent years begun to use the amplitude diameter distribution of red blood cells (RDW) to distinguish anemias in regenerative and arregenerativas. This study aims to compare the RDW and MCV values with the erythrocyte cytometry in dogs with leishmaniasis. blood of 19 dogs of different breeds and ages were collected. The blood samples were processed in automatic equipment to obtain the MCV and RDW and later made blood smears for counting and measuring erythrocyte hundred cells from each slide. To evaluate the dispersion between the RBC values used the linear coefficient of Pearson. The RDW were more sensitive to anemia than VCM as compared with erythrocyte cytometry.(AU)

Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts.

Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.

Comparison of five parasitological techniques for laboratory diagnosis of Balantidium coli cysts / Comparação de cinco técnicas parasitológicas para diagnóstico laboratorial de cistos de Balantidium coli

Abstract Balantidium coli is a protozoon that can cause dysentery in humans, pigs and nonhuman primates, with zoonotic potential. In the literature, there is still little information on the effectiveness of different laboratory techniques for diagnosing this disease. This study compared and evaluated the performance of the Lutz, modified Ritchie, Faust, modified Sheather and direct examination techniques for detecting cysts of this protozoon. Between 2012 and 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Of these, 790 were obtained from the rectum of pigs and 1115 from enclosures occupied by nonhuman primates. B. coli cysts were most evident through direct examination (22.4% of the samples) and the Lutz technique (21%). Fair agreement (Kappa = 0.41; p < 0.05) was observed only between direct examination and Lutz. The flotation techniques (Faust and modified Sheather) did not show good recovery of cysts. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the frequency of cysts between pigs and nonhuman primates could only be observed through direct examination and the Lutz technique. The most efficient method for diagnosing this parasitosis was seen to an association between direct examination and the spontaneous sedimentation technique.

Resumo Balantidium coli é um protozoário que pode determinar disenteria em humanos, suínos e primatas não humanos apresentando potencial zoonótico. Na literatura ainda são escassas as informações sobre a eficiência das diferentes técnicas laboratoriais para o diagnóstico dessa parasitose. Este estudo comparou e avaliou o desempenho das técnicas de Lutz, Ritchie modificada, Faust, Sheather modificada e do exame direto para a detecção de cistos desse protozoário. Entre 2012 e 2014, foram coletadas 1905 amostras fecais de animais cativos no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Dessas, 790 foram obtidas da ampola retal de suínos e 1115 dos recintos de primatas não humanos. Cistos de B. coli foram 22,4 % mais evidenciados pelo exame direto; e pela técnica de Lutz, 21% das amostras. Concordância regular (Kappa = 0,41; p < 0,05) foi observada somente entre exame direto e Lutz. As técnicas de flutuação, Faust et al. e Sheather modificada não apresentaram boa recuperação dos cistos. Diferença estatística significativa (p < 0,05) na frequência de cistos entre suínos e primatas não humanos pode ser observada somente no exame direto e na técnica de Lutz. A metodologia mais eficiente para diagnóstico dessa parasitose foi observada pela associação do exame direto e da técnica de sedimentação espontânea.

Avaliação toxicológica da torta de pinhão-manso Jatropha curcas em ratos

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de dietas acrescidas de torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) no desempenho e metabolismo de ratos Wistar machos. Foram utilizados 24 ratos, machos albinos (Rattus norvergicus), em fase de crescimento e com peso médio inicial 109,38±6,16g. Os animais foram pesados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos com doze animais, constituindo os tratamentos: controle dieta padrão e dietas contendo 4,281%TPM. O consumo de alimento, ganho em peso e conversão alimentar dos ratos foi depreciado pela inclusão de farelo de pinhão-manso. Observa-se perda de massa do fígado, mas que não refletiu no índice hepatossomático, no tecido hepático diminuição da fração proteica concomitante com o aumento nos teores de aminoácidos livres e um discreto aumento na atividade das enzimas ALT e AST hepática nos ratos alimentados com dietas acrescidas de farelo de pinhão-manso. Os valores de hemoglobinas e hematócritos encontravam-se dentro deste intervalo considerados adequados para roedores. Não foram reportados diferenças no equilíbrio eletrolítico e no metabolismo respiratório. Conclui-se que a inclusão de torta de pinhão-manso na alimentação de ratos afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento do crescimento e promove alterações deletérias hepáticas.

Avaliação toxicológica da torta de pinhão-manso Jatropha curcas em ratos / Evaluation of toxicity bran Jatropha curcas

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas acrescidas de torta de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.) no desempenho e metabolismo de ratos Wistar. Foram utilizados 24 ratos, machos albinos (Rattus norvergicus), em fase de crescimento e com peso médio inicial 109,38±6,16g. Os animais foram pesados e distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos com doze animais, constituindo os tratamentos: controle ­ dieta comercial e dietas contendo 4,281%TPM (torta de pinhão manso). O consumo de alimento, ganho em peso e conversão alimentar dos ratos foi depreciado pela inclusão de farelo de pinhão-manso. Observou-se discreto aumento na atividade das enzimas ALT e AST hepática nos ratos alimentados com dietas acrescidas de TPM. Os valores de hemoglobinas e hematócritos encontravam-se dentro deste intervalo considerados adequados para roedores. Não foram reportados diferenças no equilíbrio eletrolítico e no metabolismo respiratório. Conclui-se que a inclusão de torta de pinhão-manso na alimentação de ratos afeta negativamente o desenvolvimento do crescimento e promove alterações deletérias hepáticas.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of diets plus pie of Jatropha (Jatropha curcas l.) in performance and metabolism of male Wistar rats. 24 rats were used, albino males (Rattus norvegicus) in growth phase and initial average weight 109.38 ± 6, 16 g. The animals were weighed and randomly divided into two groups with 12 animals, constituting the treatments: control ­ standard diet and diets containing 4, 281TPM. Food consumption, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of rats has been deprecated by the inclusion of Jatropha bran. The liver enzymes ALT and AST in rats fed diets increased Jatropha. The values of hemoglobin and hematocrit were within this range considered adequate for rodents. Not been reported differences in the electrolytic balance and respiratory metabolism. It is concluded that the inclusion of Jatropha pie in the feeding of rats depresses growth and development promotes hepatic deleterious changes.

Conhecimentos de escolares e funcionários da Rede Pública de Ensino sobre as parasitoses intestinais / Knowledge of students and employees of Public School System on the intestinal parasites

O desconhecimento ou nível insatisfatório de informações sobre as enteroparasitoses e sua prevenção, aliados ao baixo nível socioeconômico, educacional e insuficiência de saneamento básico, têm sido apontados como fatores de risco para a aquisição dessas infecções. Neste estudo foram averiguados os conhecimentos de estudantes do 3º ao 7º ano do Ensino Fundamental e dos funcionários de sete escolas Municipais de Niterói, RJ, Brasil. Foram aplicados questionários, e as respostas foram avaliadas como adequadas, inadequadas, incompletas, não soube responder ou não respondeu. Entre os 335 estudantes, observou-se conhecimento mediano sobre habitat (47,5 %), prevenção (48,4 %) e sintomatologia (45,1 %). Desses, 43,3 % demonstraram conhecimento inadequado sobre transmissão. E 51,6 % dos estudantes fizeram associação de verminoses com vermes, e somente 2,7 % apresentaram conhecimento sobre protozoários. Em 62 funcionários, observou-se conhecimento adequado sobre definição, exemplos, habitat, transmissão, sintomatologia e prevenção. Tais resultados evidenciaram a ocorrência de informações fragmentadas sobre a infecção por enteroparasitos entre os escolares e mais corretas entre os funcionários. Torna-se importante efetuar melhor abordagem do tema, referente aos conteúdos de ciências, e ampliar este arcabouço teórico para interferir na difusão da informação e na formação de cidadãos críticos.

Lack of knowledge or unsatisfactory information about the enteroparasites and preventive measures, combined with low socioeconomic, educational and poor sanitation status, have been appointed as a risk factor for acquiring these parasites. This study aimed at identifying the knowledge of students of 3rd to 7th grade of elementary school and of employees of seven municipal schools of Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Questionnaires were applied, and the answers were rated as adequate, inadequate, incomplete, could not answer or did not answer. Among 335 students, the median knowledge on habitat (47.5 %), prevention (48.4 %) and symptoms (45.1 %) were detected. Of these, 43.3 % showed an inadequate knowledge on transmission; 51.6 % associated the verminosis with worms, and 2.7 % only had knowledge about protozoa. The adequate knowledge on definition, examples, habitat, transmission, symptoms and prevention were observed among 62 employees. Occurrence of fragmented information on the enteroparasites among students and the correct knowledge among employees. Thus, it is crucial to perform the better approach, referring to science content, aiming to promote the expansion of this theoretical framework for interfering with the information dissemination and in the development of critical citizens.

Conhecimentos de escolares e funcionários da rede pública de Ensino sobre as parasitoses intestinais / Knowledge of students and employees of public school system on the intestinal parasites

O desconhecimento ou nível insatisfatório de informações sobre as enteroparasitoses e sua prevenção, aliados ao baixo nível socioeconômico, educacional e insuficiência de saneamento básico, têm sido apontados como fatores de risco para a aquisição dessas infecções. Neste estudo foram averiguados os conhecimentos de estudantes do 3º ao 7° ano do Ensino Fundamental e dos funcionários de sete escolas Municipais de Niterói, RJ, Brasil. Foram aplicados questionários, e as respostas foram avaliadas como adequadas, inadequadas, incompletas, não soube responder ou não respondeu. Entre os 335 estudantes, observou-se conhecimento mediano sobre habitat (47,5 %), prevenção (48,4 %) e sintomatologia (45,1 %). Desses, 43,3 % demonstraram conhecimento inadequado sobre transmissão. E 51,6 % dos estudantes fizeram associação de verminoses com vermes, e somente 2,7 % apresentaram conhecimento sobre protozoários. Em 62 funcionários, observou-se conhecimento adequado sobre definição, exemplos, habitat, transmissão, sintomatologia e prevenção. Tais resultados evidenciaram a ocorrência de informações fragmentadas sobre a infecção por enteroparasitos entre os escolares e mais corretas entre os funcionários. Torna-se importante efetuar melhor abordagem do tema, referente aos conteúdos de ciências, e ampliar este arcabouço teórico para interferir na difusão da informação e na formação de cidadãos críticos.

Lack of knowledge or unsatisfactory information about the enteroparasites and preventivemeasures, combined with low socioeconomic, educational and poor sanitation status, havebeen appointed as a risk factor for acquiring these parasites. This study aimed at identifying the knowledge of students of 3rd to 7th grade of elementary school and of employees of seven municipal schools of Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Questionnaires were applied, and the answers were ratedas adequate, inadequate, incomplete, could not answer or did not answer. Among 335 students,the median knowledge on habitat (47.5 %), prevention (48.4 %) and symptoms (45.1 %) were detected. Of these, 43.3 % showed an inadequate knowledge on transmission; 51.6 % associatedthe verminosis with worms, and 2.7 % only had knowledge about protozoa. The adequate knowledge on definition, examples, habitat, transmission, symptoms and prevention were observed among62 employees. Occurrence of fragmented information on the enteroparasites among studentsand the correct knowledge among employees. Thus, it is crucial to perform the better approach, referring to science content, aiming to promote the expansion of this theoretical frameworkfor interfering with the information dissemination and in the development of critical citizens.

Gastrointestinal parasites of swine raised in different management systems in the State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil / Parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos criados sob diferentes sistemas de manejo no Estado do Rio de Janeiro

From 2012 to 2013 were surveyed gastrointestinal parasites from pig farms located in different municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Fecal samples from 790 pigs were collected from the rectum on 88 family farms and 702 farms with industrial production. The samples were subjected to Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz and direct examination faecal techniques. The estimated parasite prevalence was 93.1% in family farms and 59.1% in industrial farms. Balantidium coli, coccidia and Entamoeba sp. were the parasites with the highest frequencies, and the male and female reproductive categories and fatteners pigs the most infected (p<0.05). Trophozoites of B. coli were most evident in stool samples from semi-solid followed by solid and diarrheal consistencies. Strongyles eggs and Trichuris suis have been detected exclusively in family farms. Ascaris suum eggs and Strongyloides ransomi showed low frequency. The high degree of parasitism, especially protozoa, indicates the need to reassess the management of pigs in both types of production...

De 2012 a 2013 foram pesquisados parasitos gastrintestinais de suínos de granjas localizadas em diferentes municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro. Amostras fecais de 790 suínos foram coletadas da ampola retal, sendo 88 de propriedades familiares e 702 de granjas com produção industrial. As amostras foram submetidas às técnicas de Faust et al., Sheather, Ritchie, Lutz e exame direto. A prevalência estimada foi de 93,1% nas granjas familiares e 59,1% nas granjas industriais. Balantidium coli, coccídios e Entamoeba sp. foram os parasitos que apresentaram as maiores frequências, sendo as categorias machos e fêmeas reprodutoras e leitões de terminação as mais infectadas (p<0,05). Trofozoítas de B. coli foram mais evidenciados nas amostras fecais de consistências semi-sólida, seguida pelas fezes com consistências sólida e diarreica. Ovos de estrongilídeos e Trichuris suis foram detectados exclusivamente em criações familiares. Ovos de Ascaris suum e de Strongyloides ransomi apresentaram baixa frequência. O alto grau de parasitismo, principalmente de protozoários, indica a necessidade de reavaliação do manejo dos suínos em ambos os tipos de produção...

Isolation and maintenance of Balantidium coli (Malmsteim, 1857) cultured from fecal samples of pigs and non-human primates.

Balantidium coli is a protozoa that can determine dysentery in humans, pigs and non-human primates having zoonotic potential. The lack of standardization in isolation and maintenance hinders the development of research on its biology and epidemiology. This study is aimed to standardize the isolation and maintenance of this parasite from animal feces, in culture medium, Pavlova modified. From 2012 to 2014, 1905 fecal samples were collected from captive animals of Rio de Janeiro. Were selected for isolation samples with a minimum of 10 trophozoites and/or 30 cysts of B. coli, totaling 88 pigs, 26 Cynomolgus and 90 rhesus macaques. In the presence of cysts, the sample was homogenized in saline solution, 500 µL was removed and inoculated into culture medium. The material that contained trophozoites the inoculum was made from 240 µL of fecal solution. All inoculate tubes with the subcultures were kept at 36°C, and sterile rice starch was always added to the medium. The parasites isolate from pigs, 34%, and from Cynomolgus 38.4% were maintained in vitro for a period of more than 24 months. These procedures proved to be adequate for isolation and maintenance of B. coli from different animals, they were found to be inexpensive and easy to perform.

Balantidium coli and other gastrointestinal parasites in captives non-human primates of the Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Parasites are agents of diarrhea in captive non-human primates (NHP). To broaden information about those etiological agents in captive animals in Brazil, gastrointestinal parasites in captive NHP were researched in nurturing Centers of Rio de Janeiro State. METHODS: Fecal samples were collected from primates, of which 960 came from the Research Center (Cecal/Fiocruz) and 115 from the Primate Center (CPRJ/Inea). The study involved species of the New World (NW) primates and of the Old World (OW). RESULTS: The estimated prevalence was 56.7%, of which 91.3% presented protozoans and 7.4% presented helminths. Statistical difference between the nurturing centers occurred in the overall value of parasitosis and in the isolated frequency of Balantidium coli and Entamoeba sp., especially in the samples of OW primates living in Cecal. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated the need for implements of sanitation programs in the sites for captive primates nurturing.

Caracterização física de filés de surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) e pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas) / Physical characterization of fillets of surubi (Pseudoplatystoma sp), pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) and pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas) / Caracterización física de filetes de surubí (Pseudoplatystoma sp), pacú (Piaractus mesopotamicus) y pirarucú (Arapaimas gigas)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físicas de filé de surubim (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) pacu (Piaractus mesmopotamicus) e do pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas). Foram adquiridos 10 exemplares de surubim, pacu e postas de filé de pirarucu. Foram aferidos os parâmetros de rendimento de carcaça e as características físicas dos filés como a cor da carne, capacidade de retenção de água, força de cisalhamento e perda de líquido durante o cozimento. O rendimento de filé foi comprado entre as espécies surubim e pacu em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) com dois tratamentos e 10 repetições. As características físicas do filé utilizou-se o DIC com três tratamentos com dez repetições, comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. O rendimento de filé do surubim foi superior ao do pacu. As perdas de água após o descongelamento foram mais pronunciadas no pirarucu em comparação ao surubim. A capacidade de retenção de água das amostras de pirarucu foi significativamente superior as do surubim. O pH do filé de surubim foi de 6,18±0,08 e do filé de pirarucu de 6,27±0,15 e não apresentaram diferenças significativas. A coloração do filé do surubim e do pirarucu são muito semelhantes devido à qualidade da alimentação fornecida durante a produção em cativeiro dessas espécies de peixe. Os filés das espécies de peixe do estudo apresentam características de carne suculenta, macia e de coloração clara. Destaca-se a necessidade de realização de futuros testes de aceitabilidade e de processamento desta carne para estimular o consumo...

The objective of this study is to evaluate the physical characteristics of fillets from surubi (Pseudoplatystoma sp.) pacu (Piaractus mesmopotamicus) and pirarucu (Arapaimas gigas). A total of 10 samples of surubi, pacu and pirarucu fillet slices was purchased. Carcass yield and fillet physical characteristic parameters were measured, including meat color, water-retention capacity, shearing strength and loss of liquid during cooking. Fillet yield was compared between the surubi and pacu species, in a completely randomized design (CRD) with two treatments and 10 replications. For the physical characteristics of the fillet used the CRD with three treatments and 10 replications, compared by Tukey test. The surubi fillet yield was higher than the one for pacu. Water loss after thawing was more pronounced in pirarucu when compared to surubi. Water retention capacity of pirarucu samples was significantly higher than those for surubi. The pH for the surubi fillet was 6.18 ± 0.08 and for the pirarucu fillet was 6.27 ± 0.15, with no significant differences. The coloring of the surubi and pirarucu fillets are very similar due to the quality of feedd provided during captive production of these species of fish. The fish fillets for the species under study present characteristics of a succulent, soft and clear meat. It is important to emphasize the need for future tests on the acceptability and processing of this meat to stimulate consumption...

El objetivo de este estudio ha sido evaluar las características físicas del filete de surubí (Pseudoplatystoma sp.), pacú (Piaractus mesmopotamicus) y del pirarucú (Arapaimas gigas). Se adquirieron 10 ejemplares de surubí, pacú y lonchas de solomillo de Pirarucú. Se han medido los parámetros de rendimiento de la carcasa y las características físicas de los filetes como el color de la carne, capacidad de retención de agua, resistencia al corte y pérdida de líquido durante el cocimiento. Se ha comparado el rendimiento de los filetes entre las especies surubí y pacú en el delineamiento enteramente casualizado, con dos tratamientos y 10 repeticiones. A las características físicas del filete se han utilizado el delineamiento enteramente casualizado con tres tratamientos y 10 repeticiones, comparadas por el test de Tukey. El rendimiento del filete de surubí fue superior al de pacú. Las pérdidas de agua tras el descongelamiento fueron más pronunciadas en pirarucú en comparación al surubí. La capacidad de retención de agua de las muestras de pirarucú fue significativamente mayor que las del surubí. El pH del filete de surubí fue de 6.18 ± 0.08 y del filete de Pirarucú de 6,27 ± 0.15 y no presentaron diferencias significativas. La coloración del filete de surubí y del pirarucú es muy similar debido a la calidad de la alimentación proporcionada durante la producción de estas especies de peces en cautiverio. Los filetes de las especies de peces del estudio presentan características de carne suculenta, tierna y de coloración clara. Se destaca la necesidad de realización de futuros testes de aceptabilidad y de procesamiento de esta carne para estimular el consumo...