[4-(2-Aminoethyl)morpholine-κ2N,N']di-bromidocadmium(II): synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis.

The title compound, [CdBr2(C6H14N2O)], was synthesized upon complexation of 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine and cadmium(II) bromide tetra-hydrate at 303 K. It crystallizes as a centrosymmetric dimer, with one cadmium atom, two bromine atoms and one N,N'-bidentate 4-(2-aminoethyl)morpholine ligand in the asymmetric unit. The metal atom is six-coordinated and has a distorted octa-hedral geometry. In the crystal, O⋯Cd inter-actions link the dimers into a polymeric double chain and inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form R 2 2(6) ring motifs. Further C-H⋯Br and N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds link the components into a three-dimensional network. As the N-H⋯Br hydrogen bonds are shorter than the C-H⋯Br inter-actions, they have a larger effect on the packing. A Hirshfeld surface analysis reveals that the largest contributions to the packing are from H⋯H (46.1%) and Br⋯H/H⋯Br (38.9%) inter-actions with smaller contributions from the O⋯H/H⋯O (4.7%), Br⋯Cd/Cd⋯Br (4.4%), O⋯Cd/Cd⋯O (3.5%), Br⋯Br (1.1%), Cd⋯H/H⋯Cd (0.9%), Br⋯O/O⋯Br (0.3%) and O⋯N/N⋯O (0.1%) contacts.

Synthesis, crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of di-acetato-bis-[4-(2-amino-eth-yl)morpholine]cadmium tetra-hydrate.

The title coordination compound, [Cd(C2H3O2)2(C6H14N2O)2]·4H2O, was synthesized by mixing 2 moles of 4-(2-amino-eth-yl)morpholine and 1 mole of cadmium acetate in double-distilled water. The Cd atom is octa-hedrally coord-inated by two N,N'-bidentate ligands [4-(2-amino-eth-yl)morpholine] and two trans-located acetate mol-ecules. The Cd atom is located on a center of inversion, whereas the 4-(2-amino-eth-yl)morpholine and four water mol-ecules are adjacent to the acetate mol-ecules. The chair conformation of the morpholine mol-ecules is confirmed. In the crystal, adjacent metal complexes and uncoord-inated water mol-ecules are linked via N-H⋯O and O-H⋯O hydrogen-bonding inter-actions, generating R 2 2(6), R 6 6(16), R 6 6(20) and S 1 1(6) motifs and forming a three-dimensional network. A Hirshfeld surface analysis indicated the contributions of various contacts: H⋯H (71.8%), O⋯H/H⋯O (27.1%), and C⋯H/H⋯C (1.0%).

Detecting anomalous growth of skin lesion using threshold-based segmentation algorithm and Fuzzy K-Nearest Neighbor classifier.

CONTEXT: Skin cancer is a complex and life-threatening disease caused primarily by genetic instability and accumulation of multiple molecular alternations. AIM: Currently, there is a great interest in the prospects of image processing to provide quantitative information about a skin lesion, that can be relevance for the clinical images and also used as a stand-alone cautioning tool. SETTING AND DESIGN: To accomplish a powerful approach to recognize skin cancer without performing any unnecessary skin biopsies, this article presents a new hybrid technique for the classification of skin images using Firefly with K-Nearest Neighbor algorithm (FKNN). MATERIALS AND METHODS: FKNN classifier is used to predict and classify skin cancer along with threshold-based segmentation and ABCD feature extraction. Image preprocessing and feature extraction techniques are mandatory for any image-based applications. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Initially, it is essential to eliminate the illumination variation and the other unwanted shadow areas present in the skin image, which is done by homomorphic filtering called preprocessing. RESULTS: The comparison of our proposed method with other existing methods and a comprehensive discussion is explored based on the obtained results. CONCLUSION: The proposed FKNN provides a quantitative information about a skin lesion through hybrid KNN and firefly optimization that helps for recognizing the skin cancer efficiently than other technique with low computational complexity and time.

Oral manifestations of HIV patients in South Indian population.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of oral manifestations in HIV-infected patients and to correlate oral manifestations with age, gender, severity, and clinical staging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty patients of either sex diagnosed as HIV positive were included in the study. The data obtained were analyzed statistically using Fisher's exact test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Among the 50 HIV-infected patients, oral manifestations were found in 40 (80.0%) patients. Thirty (60%) patients were seen in the age range between 31 and 65 years, and 29 (58%) patients were females. Majority of the patients [26 (52%)] were in the clinical staging C, of whom 23 (88.5%) were with manifestations with significant statistical value (P < 0.05). Patients with CD4 count less than 200 had manifestations in 22 (88%) patients. Correlation between reduction in CD4 count and presence of manifestations was significant (P < 0.05). Twenty-eight (80%) patients without antiretroviral therapy (ART) reported with manifestations. Correlation between ART and presence of manifestations was not significant (P = 1.00). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Oral manifestations are the indicators for the disease progression. Clinical stage C and lower CD4 count may be useful predictors for HIV, with greater prevalence of oral manifestations.

Ultrasound imaging in the diagnosis of periapical lesions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: To assess the diagnostic capability of real-time ultrasound imaging, together with the application of color power Doppler in the identification and differential diagnosis of the periapical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with periapical lesions of pulpal origin, diagnosed with clinical and conventional radiographic examination, were examined further using ultrasonography. The results from the biopsies of the lesions were compared and statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The differential diagnosis between periapical granulomas and cystic lesions, which were based on the ultrasonographic findings, were confirmed by the results of the histopathologic examination in 13 (86.7%) of 15 cases, one being granuloma and 14 being cystic lesion. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: Ultrasound real-time imaging is a technique that may help make a differential diagnosis between cysts and granulomas by revealing the nature of the content of a bony lesion. This technique may have further applications in the study of other lesions of the jaws.

Micrococcal botryomycosis of the left temporal region.

Botryomycosis arises from chronic infections produced by low-virulence organisms in an altered host environment. Staphylococci have been the most common organisms implicated, but various other bacteria have also been identified in human botryomycosis lesions. The relative balance between the host's resistance and the microorganism's virulence may be altered in some way that perpetuates the growth of the lesions in a symbiotic fashion. The diagnosis of botryomycosis is one that is often easily overlooked because it can be confused with other mycetomas such as actinomycosis and nocardosis. We report here a case of micrococcal botryomycosis that occurred in the left temporal region in a 70 year-old male, which was diagnosed by the help of a histopathological examination and microbial cultures.

Multiple and multigeneric anthelmintic resistance on a sheep farm in Malaysia.

The anthelmintic efficacy of benzimidazoles, levamisole, closantel, ivermectin and moxidectin was evaluated on an institutional farm in Malaysia using faecal egg count reduction tests, controlled slaughter trials and an in vitro egg hatch assay. The results of this study indicated simultaneous resistance of Haemonchus contortus against benzimidazoles and ivermectin and of Trichostrongylus colubriformis against benzimidazoles and levaminsole on the same farm. Moxidectin was effective against the ivermectin resistant H. contortus.

Anthelmintic resistance in Haemonchus contortus from sheep in Malaysia.

Albendazole, oxfendazole, fenbendazole, levamisole, closantel, ivermectin and febantel were administered to sheep on four farms and their efficacy assessed by faecal egg count reduction test. High level of resistance of Haemonchus contortus was found to benzimidazoles (albendazole, oxfendazole, fenbendazole) on all farms and to febantel on the one farm where it was tested. No resistance to closantel and levamisole was observed. Resistance to ivermectin was absent on the three farms examined under this study, but has been reported on the fourth farm in earlier work. It is concluded that anthelmintic resistance to benzimidazoles and the probenzimidazole, febantel, is a serious and widespread problem in H. contortus in sheep in Malaysia.