RESUMEN
Peer victimization and bullying behaviors are prevalent during adolescence and have been linked to depression. This study examined whether peer rejection reactivity, defined as physiological responses to peer exclusion, moderated the associations of victimization and bullying behaviors with depressive symptoms 12 months later in a sample of female youths (N = 79, Mage = 13.37 ± 2.31). Participants underwent the Yale Interpersonal Stressor-Child, during which systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate were continuously measured. Parent and youth reports of the youth's depressive symptoms were utilized. Our results demonstrate that peer rejection reactivity moderates the relationship between victimization and subsequent depressive symptoms but does not moderate the relationship between bullying behaviors and subsequent depressive symptoms. Higher victimization was associated with increased youth-reported depressive symptoms among girls with high reactivity but decreased depressive symptoms among girls with low reactivity. Future research can explore whether reducing emotional and physiological reactivity to peer rejection, as well as increasing interpersonal effectiveness in peer relationships, can reduce depressive symptoms in adolescent girls experiencing victimization.
RESUMEN
Background: There has been an increase in certain cancers among young adults (YA) aged 20-39, particularly in Latin America. This is the first study to examine cancer incidence and mortality in YA in Costa Rica, focusing on sex-specific patterns. Methods: Invasive cancer cases (excluding non-melanoma skin cancer) in YA from 2006 to 2015 were obtained from the Costa Rican National Registry of Tumors. Utilising SEER∗Stat software, age-standardized incidence rates (IRs) and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) were calculated. Trends and annual percent changes (APCs) in IRs were estimated using the Joinpoint regression analysis program. Cancer deaths from 2000 to 2021 were obtained from the Costa Rican National Institute of Statistics and Census. Age-standardised mortality rates were calculated using STATA®17. Findings: YA comprised 10.7% of all invasive cancer cases diagnosed from 2006 to 2015. The age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of invasive cancer in YA was 50.9/100,000 person-years. The ASIR was twofold higher for females compared to males (IRR = 2.03, 95% CI:1.94, 2.13). This difference increased with age, peaking in the 35-39-year age group (IRR = 2.84, 95% CI:2.62, 3.10). Thyroid, breast, and cervical cancer were the most common in females. Testicular cancer was the most common in males. Leading causes of cancer-related deaths included cervical and breast cancer in females and stomach and brain/nervous system cancer in males. Interpretation: The study highlights sex-specific patterns in cancer incidence and mortality among YA in Costa Rica to increase understanding and improve cancer outcomes in this age group. Funding: This study was funded by the Intramural Research Program of the National Cancer Institute.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In 2019, about 58 million individuals were chronically infected with hepatitis C virus. Some experts have proposed challenge trials for hepatitis C virus vaccine development. METHODS: We modeled incremental infections averted through a challenge approach, under varying assumptions regarding trial duration, number of candidates, and vaccine uptake. We computed the benefit-risk ratio of incremental benefits to risks for challenge versus traditional approaches. We also benchmarked against monetary costs of achieving incremental benefits through treatment. RESULTS: Our base case assumes 3 vaccine candidates, each with an 11% chance of success, corresponding to a 30% probability of successfully developing a vaccine. Given this probability, and assuming a 5-year difference in duration between challenge and traditional trials, a challenge approach would avert an expected 185 000 incremental infections with 20% steady-state uptake compared to a traditional approach and 832 000 with 90% uptake (quality-adjusted life-year benefit-risk ratio, 72 000 & 323 000). It would cost at least $92 million and $416 million, respectively, to obtain equivalent benefits through treatment. BRRs vary considerably across scenarios, depending on input assumptions. CONCLUSIONS: Benefits of a challenge approach increase with more vaccine candidates, faster challenge trials, and greater uptake.