RESUMEN
SuFEx (Sulfur Fluoride Exchange) is a modular, next generation family of click reactions, geared towards the rapid and reliable assembly of functional molecules. This review discusses the growing number of applications of SuFEx, which can be found in nearly all areas of modern chemistry; from drug discovery to materials science.
RESUMEN
Regulation of intestinal T-cell responses is crucial for immune homeostasis and prevention of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). A vital cytokine in regulating intestinal T cells is transforming growth factor-ß (TGFß), which is secreted by cells as a latent complex that requires activation to function. However, how TGFß activation is regulated in the human intestine, and how such pathways are altered in IBD is completely unknown. Here we show that a key activator of TGFß, integrin αvß8, is highly expressed on human intestinal dendritic cells (DCs), specifically on the CD1c+ but not the CD141+ intestinal DC subset. Expression was significantly upregulated on intestinal DC from IBD patients, indicating that inflammatory signals may upregulate expression of this key TGFß-activating molecule. Indeed, we found that the Toll-like receptor 4 ligand lipopolysaccharide upregulates integrin αvß8 expression and TGFß activation by human DC. We also show that DC expression of integrin αvß8 enhanced induction of FOXP3 in CD4+ T cells, suggesting functional importance of integrin αvß8 expression by human DC. These results show that microbial signals enhance the TGFß-activating ability of human DC via regulation of integrin αvß8 expression, and that intestinal inflammation may drive this pathway in patients with IBD.
