Current Transthoracic Supra-Aortic Trunk Surgical Reconstruction Has Similar 30-Day Cardiovascular Outcomes Compared to Extra-Anatomic Revascularization but With Higher Morbidity Burden.

BACKGROUND: Operative risk for supra-aortic trunk (SAT) surgical revascularization for occlusive disease, particularly transthoracic reconstruction (TR), remains ill-defined. This study sought to describe and compare 30-day outcomes of TR and extra-anatomic (ER) SAT surgical reconstruction for an occlusive indication across the United States over a contemporary 15-year period. METHODS: Using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, TR and ER performed during 2005-2019 were identified. Procedures performed for nonocclusive indications and those concomitant with coronary or valve operations were excluded. Rates of stroke, death, myocardial infarction (MI) and these as composite outcome (S/D/M) were compared. Logistic regression with stabilized inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to compare groups via average treatment effect (ATE) while adjusting for covariate imbalances. RESULTS: Over the 15-year period, 166 TR and 1,900 ER patients were identified. The majority of ERs were carotid-subclavian bypass (n = 1,344; 70.7%) followed by carotid-carotid bypass (n = 261; 13.7%) and subclavian/carotid transpositions (n = 123; 6.5%). TR consisted of aorto-SAT bypass (n = 120; 72.3%) and endarterectomy (n = 46; 27.7%). The median age was 64 years for TR and 65 years in ER (P = 0.039). Those undergoing TR were more often women (69.0% vs. 56.9%; P = 0.001) and less likely to have undergone previous cardiac surgery (9.2% vs. 20.8%; P = 0.006). TR were also less frequently hypertensive (68.1% vs. 75.4%; P = 0.038) and had statistically lower preoperative creatinine levels (0.86 vs 0.91; P = 0.002). Unadjusted rates of MI (0.6% vs. 1.3%; P = 0.72) and stroke (3.6% vs. 1.9%; P = 0.15) were similar between groups with mortality (3.6% vs. 1.5%; P = 0.05) and S/D/M (6.6% vs. 3.9%; P = 0.10) trending higher with TR. IPWs could be calculated for 1,754 patients (148 TR; 1,606 ER). The estimated probability of S/D/M was 3.8% in the ER group and 6.2% in TR; no difference was seen in ATE (2.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -1.5 to 6.2; P = 0.23). No differences were seen in individual component ATEs (stroke: 3.0% vs. 1.7%; ATE = 1.3%; 95% CI: -3.9 to 1.3; P = 0.32; mortality: 3.8% vs. 1.4%; ATE = 2.4%; 95% CI: -5.6 to 0.7; P = 0.13). Secondary outcomes showed TR patients were more likely to have non-home discharge (18.7% vs. 6.6%; ATE = 12.1%; 95% CI: 5.0-19.2; P < 0.001) and longer lengths of stay (6.1 vs. 4.0; ATE = 2.2 days; 95% CI: 0.9-3.4; P < 0.001). Moreover, TR patients were more likely to require transfusion (22.7% vs. 5.0%; ATE = 17.7%; 95% CI: 10.2-25.2; P < 0.001) and develop sepsis (2.7% vs. 0.2%; ATE = 2.5%; 95% CI: 0.1-5.0; P = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: Transthoracic and extra-anatomic surgical reconstruction of the SATs for occlusive disease have similar operative cardiovascular risk. However, morbidity tends to be higher with TR due to higher transfusion requirements, sepsis risk, and need for facility stay. These results suggest ER as a first-line approach in those with proper disease anatomy is reasonable with lower morbidity, while TR remains justified in appropriate patients.

Somatic mutations show no clear association with red blood cell or human leukocyte antigen alloimmunization in de novo or therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a marrow failure disease. As patients often require chronic transfusion, many develop red blood cell (RBC) alloimmunization or immune-mediated platelet refractoriness. MDS represents a spectrum of diseases with specific categorizations and genetic abnormalities, and we set out to determine if these characteristics predispose patients to antibody formation. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A natural language search identified MDS patients with pre-transfusion testing from 2015 to 2020. Marrow reports, cytogenetic results, and next-generation sequencing panels were gathered. Transfusion history and testing were collected from the laboratory information system. RESULTS: The group consisted of 226 biopsy-proven MDS patients. The prevalence of RBC alloimmunization was 11.1% (25 of 226). Half (23 of 46) of all RBC alloantibodies were against Rh (C, c, E, e) and Kell (K) antigens. There was a relative enrichment for JAK2 positivity among the RBC alloimmunized group. A total of 7.1% (16 of 226) of patients had immune-mediated platelet refractoriness and had increased transfusion requirements (p ≤ 0.01). No disease type or genetic abnormality was significantly associated with alloimmunization or immune-mediated platelet refractoriness. DISCUSSION: While JAK2 specific mutations were enriched among RBC alloimmunized patients, this association failed to reach statistical significance in our single-center cohort. Further study using larger patient cohorts is warranted. Overall, this cohort of MDS patients had very similar RBC alloimmunization prevalence and anti-RBC antibody specificities as other recent literature. Our data reinforce the finding that MDS patients are at greater risk for alloimmunization and support the use of extended phenotype matching for these at-risk patients.

Prediction of Prolonged Intensive Care Unit Length of Stay Following Cardiac Surgery.

Intensive care unit (ICU) costs comprise a significant proportion of the total inpatient charges for cardiac surgery. No reliable method for predicting intensive care unit length of stay following cardiac surgery exists, making appropriate staffing and resource allocation challenging. We sought to develop a predictive model to anticipate prolonged ICU length of stay (LOS). All patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery with a Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) predicted risk score were evaluated from an institutional STS database. Models were developed using 2014-2017 data; validation used 2018-2019 data. Prolonged ICU LOS was defined as requiring ICU care for at least three days postoperatively. Predictive models were created using lasso regression and relative utility compared. A total of 3283 patients were included with 1669 (50.8%) undergoing isolated CABG. Overall, 32% of patients had prolonged ICU LOS. Patients with comorbid conditions including severe COPD (53% vs 29%, P < 0.001), recent pneumonia (46% vs 31%, P < 0.001), dialysis-dependent renal failure (57% vs 31%, P < 0.001) or reoperative status (41% vs 31%, P < 0.001) were more likely to experience prolonged ICU stays. A prediction model utilizing preoperative and intraoperative variables correctly predicted prolonged ICU stay 76% of the time. A preoperative variable-only model exhibited 74% prediction accuracy. Excellent prediction of prolonged ICU stay can be achieved using STS data. Moreover, there is limited loss of predictive ability when restricting models to preoperative variables. This novel model can be applied to aid patient counseling, resource allocation, and staff utilization.

Disparities in telemedicine utilization among surgical patients during COVID-19.

BACKGROUND: Telemedicine has been rapidly adopted in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. There is limited work surrounding demographic and socioeconomic disparities that may exist in telemedicine utilization. This study aimed to examine demographic and socioeconomic differences in surgical patient telemedicine usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Department of Surgery outpatients seen from July 1, 2019 to May 31, 2020 were stratified into three visit groups: pre-COVID-19 in-person, COVID-19 in-person, or COVID-19 telemedicine. Generalized linear models were used to examine associations of sex, race/ethnicity, Distressed Communities Index (DCI) scores, MyChart activation, and insurance status with telemedicine usage during the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS: 14,792 patients (median age 60, female [57.0%], non-Hispanic White [76.4%]) contributed to 21,980 visits. Compared to visits before the pandemic, telemedicine visits during COVID-19 were more likely to be with patients from the least socioeconomically distressed communities (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08,1.58; P = 0.005), with an activated MyChart (OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.17-1.64; P < .001), and with non-government or commercial insurance (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.84-2.94; P < .001). Adjusted comparison of telemedicine visits to in person visits during COVID-19 revealed telemedicine users were more likely to be female (OR, 1.38, 95% CI, 1.10-1.73; P = 0.005) and pay with non-government or commercial insurance (OR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.85-4.16; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: During the first three months of the COVID-19 pandemic, telemedicine was more likely utilized by female patients and those without government or commercial insurance compared to patients who used in-person visits. Interventions using telemedicine to improve health care access might consider such differences in utilization.

Determining the Association Between Unplanned Reoperation and Readmission in Selected General Surgery Operations.

BACKGROUND: Unplanned reoperations and unplanned readmissions can increase morbidity and mortality. Few studies however, have explored the association of reoperation and readmission among general surgery patients. Our aim was to examine this relationship in selected abdominal operations. METHODS: Data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) Participant Use Data Files from 2014 to 2018 were utilized. Six groups of operations, defined by ACS NSQIP procedure codes for ventral hernia repair, colectomy, appendectomy, proctectomy, small bowel resection, and gastrectomy, were assessed. Patients discharged ≤ 14 days after operation were included in the study. This time period was selected to reduce ACS NSQIP 30 day post-surgery follow-up bias. Unplanned reoperations were defined as those occurring during the index hospitalization. The primary outcome was unplanned readmission that occurred ≤ 14 days from the date of discharge. Logistic regression models were used to examine variables associated with unplanned readmission for each procedure group. RESULTS: A total of 787,118 patients were included: ventral hernia repair 35.2%, colectomy 30.6%, appendectomy 26.5%, proctectomy 3.7%, small bowel resection 3.2%, and gastrectomy 0.8%. Unplanned reoperation was independently associated with unplanned readmission for ventral hernia repair (OR 2.84, 95% CI 2.28-3.54, P < 0.001), colectomy (OR 1.58, CI 1.42- 1.76, P < 0.001), appendectomy (OR 2.91, CI 2.21-3.84, P < 0.001), and proctectomy (OR 1.41, CI 1.10-1.81, P = 0.006). Other clinically relevant covariates associated with readmission were partially dependent functional status before colectomy (OR 1.34, CI 1.23-1.46, P < 0.001), ventral hernia repair (OR 1.79, CI 1.54-2.09, P < 0.001), and small bowel resection (OR 1.44, CI 1.18-1.77, P < 0.001; and ASA 4/5 classification for colectomy (OR 2.71, CI 2.36-3.11, P < 0.001), proctectomy (OR 2.10, CI 1.48-2.97, P < 0.001), ventral hernia repair (OR 8.19, CI 6.78-9.88, P < 0.001), appendectomy (OR 2.80, CI 2.35-3.34, P < 0.001), and small bowel resection (OR 3.42, CI 2.20-5.32, P < 0.001). ASA 2, ASA 3 classification, age, and sex were also associated with unplanned readmission for most procedures. CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned reoperations are associated with an increase in unplanned readmission after selected abdominal operations included in this study. This factor should be considered in discharge and follow-up planning to help reduce unplanned readmissions.

Specialty-Specific Readmission Risk Models Outperform General Models in Estimating Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Readmission Risk.

BACKGROUND: Readmissions are costly and inconvenient for patients, and occur frequently in hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgery practice. Readmission prediction tools exist, but most have not been designed or tested in the HPB patient population. METHODS: Pancreatectomy and hepatectomy operation-specific readmission models defined as subspecialty readmission risk assessments (SRRA) were developed using clinically relevant data from merged 2014-15 ACS NSQIP Participant Use Data Files and Procedure Targeted datasets. The two derived procedure-specific models were tested along with 6 other readmission models in institutional validation cohorts in patients who had pancreatectomy or hepatectomy, respectively, between 2013 and 2017. Models were compared using area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC). RESULTS: A total of 16,884 patients (9169 pancreatectomy and 7715 hepatectomy) were included in the derivation models. A total of 665 patients (383 pancreatectomy and 282 hepatectomy) were included in the validation models. Specialty-specific readmission models outperformed general models. AUC characteristics of the derived pancreatectomy and hepatectomy SRRA (pancreatectomy AUC=0.66, hepatectomy AUC=0.74), modified Readmission After Pancreatectomy (AUC=0.76), and modified Readmission Risk Score for hepatectomy (AUC=0.78) outperformed general models for readmission risk: LOS/2 + ASA integer-based score (pancreatectomy AUC=0.58, hepatectomy AUC=0.66), LACE Index (pancreatectomy AUC=0.54, hepatectomy AUC=0.62), Unplanned Readmission Nomogram (pancreatectomy AUC=0.52, hepatectomy AUC=0.55), and institutional ARIA (pancreatectomy AUC=0.46, hepatectomy AUC=0.58). CONCLUSION: HPB readmission risk models using 30-day subspecialty-specific data outperform general readmission risk tools. Hospitals and practices aiming to decrease readmissions in HPB surgery patient populations should use specialty-specific readmission reduction strategies.

Characterization and comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses at vaccine sites in melanoma vaccine clinical trials.

The strength and durability of systemic anti-tumor immune responses induced by cancer vaccines depends on adjuvants to support an immunogenic vaccine site microenvironment (VSME). Adjuvants include water-in-oil emulsions with incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) and combinations of toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists, including a preparation containing TLR4 and TLR9 agonists with QS-21 (AS15). IFA-containing vaccines can promote immune cell accumulation at the VSME, whereas effects of AS15 are largely unexplored. Therefore, we assessed innate and adaptive immune cell accumulation and gene expression at the VSME after vaccination with AS15 and compared to effects with IFA. We hypothesized that AS15 would promote less accumulation of innate and adaptive immune cells at the VSME than IFA vaccines. In two clinical trials, patients with resected high-risk melanoma received either a multipeptide vaccine with IFA or a recombinant MAGE-A3 protein vaccine with AS15. Vaccine site biopsies were obtained after one or multiple vaccines. T cells accumulated early after vaccines with AS15, but this was not durable or of the same magnitude as vaccination in IFA. Vaccines with AS15 increased durable expression of DC- and T cell-related genes, as well as PD-L1 and IDO1, suggesting complex activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune function with AS15. These changes were generally greater with vaccines containing IFA, but IFA induced reduction in myeloid suppressor cells markers. Evidence of tertiary lymphoid structure (TLS) formation was observed with both adjuvants. Our findings highlight adjuvant-dependent changes in immune features at the VSME that may impact systemic immune responses.

IgG Subclass Determines Suppression Versus Enhancement of Humoral Alloimmunity to Kell RBC Antigens in Mice.

It has long been appreciated that immunoglobulins are not just the effector endpoint of humoral immunity, but rather have a complex role in regulating antibody responses themselves. Donor derived anti-RhD IgG has been used for over 50 years as an immunoprophylactic to prevent maternal alloimmunization to RhD. Although anti-RhD has dramatically decreased rates of hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (for the RhD alloantigen), anti-RhD also fails in some cases, and can even paradoxically enhance immune responses in some circumstances. Attempts to generate a monoclonal anti-RhD have largely failed, with some monoclonals suppressing less than donor derived anti-RhD and others enhancing immunity. These difficulties likely result, in part, because the mechanism of anti-RhD remains unclear. However, substantial evidence exists to reject the common explanations of simple clearance of RhD + RBCs or masking of antigen. Donor derived anti-RhD is a mixture of 4 different IgG subtypes. To the best of our knowledge an analysis of the role different IgG subtypes play in immunoregulation has not been carried out; and, only IgG1 and IgG3 have been tested as monoclonals. Multiple attempts to elicit alloimmune responses to human RhD epitopes in mice have failed. To circumvent this limitation, we utilize a tractable animal model of RBC alloimmunization using the human Kell glycoprotein as an antigen to test the effect of IgG subtype on immunoregulation by antibodies to RBC alloantigens. We report that the ability of an anti-RBC IgG to enhance, suppress (at the level of IgM responses), or have no effect is a function of the IgG subclass in this model system.

MHC-restricted phosphopeptide antigens: preclinical validation and first-in-humans clinical trial in participants with high-risk melanoma.

BACKGROUND: Phosphorylated peptides presented by MHC molecules represent a new class of neoantigens expressed on cancer cells and recognized by CD8 T-cells. These peptides are promising targets for cancer immunotherapy. Previous work identified an HLA-A*0201-restricted phosphopeptide from insulin receptor substrate 2 (pIRS2) as one such target. The purpose of this study was to characterize a second phosphopeptide, from breast cancer antiestrogen resistance 3 (BCAR3), and to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a novel immunotherapic vaccine comprising either or both of these phosphorylated peptides. METHODS: Phosphorylated BCAR3 protein was evaluated in melanoma and breast cancer cell lines by Western blot, and recognition by T-cells specific for HLA-A*0201-restricted phosphorylated BCAR3 peptide (pBCAR3126-134) was determined by 51Cr release assay and intracellular cytokine staining. Human tumor explants were also evaluated by mass spectrometry for presentation of pIRS2 and pBCAR3 peptides. For the clinical trial, participants with resected stage IIA-IV melanoma were vaccinated 6 times over 12 weeks with one or both peptides in incomplete Freund's adjuvant and Hiltonol (poly-ICLC). Adverse events (AEs) were coded based on National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) V.4.03, with provision for early study termination if dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) rates exceeded 33%. The enrollment target was 12 participants evaluable for immune response to each peptide. T-cell responses were assessed by interferon-γ ELISpot assay. RESULTS: pBCAR3 peptides were immunogenic in vivo in mice, and in vitro in normal human donors, and T-cells specific for pBCAR3126-134 controlled outgrowth of a tumor xenograft. The pIRS21097-1105 peptide was identified by mass spectrometry from human hepatocellular carcinoma tumors. In the clinical trial, 15 participants were enrolled. All had grade 1 or 2 treatment-related AEs, but there were no grade 3-4 AEs, DLTs or deaths on study. T-cell responses were induced to the pIRS21097-1105 peptide in 5/12 patients (42%, 90% CI 18% to 68%) and to the pBCAR3126-134 peptide in 2/12 patients (17%, 90% CI 3% to 44%). CONCLUSION: This study supports the safety and immunogenicity of vaccines containing the cancer-associated phosphopeptides pBCAR3126-134 and pIRS21097-1105, and the data support continued development of immune therapy targeting phosphopeptides. Future studies will define ways to further enhance the magnitude and durability of phosphopeptide-specific immune responses. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT01846143.

The impact of cirrhosis and MELD score on postoperative morbidity and mortality among patients selected for liver resection.

BACKGROUND: Independent associations between chronic liver disease, MELD, and postoperative outcomes among patients selected for liver resection have not been completely established. We hypothesized independent associations between MELD, cirrhosis, and postoperative mortality. METHODS: Patient-level data from the targeted hepatectomy module and ACS NSQIP PUF during 2014-2015 were merged. Multivariable regression models with interaction effect between MELD and liver texture (normal, congested/fatty, cirrhotic) tested the independent effects of covariates on mortality and morbidity. RESULTS: 3,530 patients were included, of whom 668 patients (19%) had cirrhosis. ACS NSQIP defined mortality (3.9%vs1.1%) and morbidity (23.5%vs15.8%) were higher in patients with cirrhosis (both p < 0.001). In multivariable models, cirrhosis (OR = 2.24; 95%CI:1.16-4.34, p = 0.016) and MELD (OR = 1.10; 95%CI:1.03-1.18, p = 0.007) were independently associated with mortality. MELD (OR = 1.04; 95%CI:1.002-1.08, p = 0.038) was associated with postoperative morbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Higher MELD and presence of cirrhosis have an independent negative effect on mortality after liver resection. MELD could be used to estimate postoperative risk in patients with and without cirrhosis.

Lower volume, more impairment: reduced cholinergic basal forebrain grey matter density is associated with impaired cognition in Parkinson disease.

OBJECTIVE: A major contributor to dementia in Parkinson disease (PD) is degeneration of the cholinergic basal forebrain. This study determined whether cholinergic nucleus 4 (Ch4) density is associated with cognition in early and more advanced PD. METHODS: We analysed brain MRIs and neuropsychological test scores for 228 newly diagnosed PD participants from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI), 101 healthy controls from the PPMI and 125 more advanced PD patients from a local retrospective cohort. Cholinergic basal forebrain nuclei densities were determined by applying probabilistic maps to MPRAGE T1 sequences processed using voxel-based morphometry methods. Relationships between grey matter densities and cognitive scores were analysed using correlations and linear regression models. RESULTS: In more advanced PD, greater Ch4 density was associated with Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) score (ß=14.2; 95% CI=1.5 to 27.0; p=0.03), attention domain z-score (ß=3.2; 95% CI=0.8 to 5.5; p=0.008) and visuospatial domain z-score (ß=7.9; 95% CI=2.0 to 13.8; p=0.009). In the PPMI PD cohort, higher Ch4 was associated with higher scores on MoCA (ß=9.2; 95% CI=1.9 to 16.5; p=0.01), Judgement of Line Orientation (ß=20.4; 95% CI=13.8 to 27.0; p<0.001), Letter Number Sequencing (ß=16.5; 95% CI=9.5 to 23.4; p<0.001) and Symbol Digit Modalities Test (ß=41.8; 95% CI=18.7 to 65.0; p<0.001). These same relationships were observed in 97 PPMI PD participants at 4 years. There were no significant associations between Ch4 density and cognitive outcomes in healthy controls. CONCLUSION: In de novo and more advanced PD, lower Ch4 density is associated with impaired global cognition, attention and visuospatial function.

A multipeptide vaccine plus toll-like receptor agonists LPS or polyICLC in combination with incomplete Freund's adjuvant in melanoma patients.

BACKGROUND: Cancer vaccines require adjuvants to induce effective immune responses; however, there is no consensus on optimal adjuvants. We hypothesized that toll-like receptor (TLR)3 agonist polyICLC or TLR4 agonist lipopolysaccharide (LPS), combined with CD4 T cell activation, would support strong and durable CD8+ T cell responses, whereas addition of an incomplete Freund's adjuvant (IFA) would reduce magnitude and persistence of immune responses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Participants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma received a vaccine comprised of 12 melanoma peptides restricted by Class I MHC (12MP), plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet). Participants were randomly assigned 2:1 to cohort 1 (LPS dose-escalation) or cohort 2 (polyICLC). Each cohort included 3 subgroups (a-c), receiving 12MP + Tet + TLR agonist without IFA (0), or with IFA in vaccine one (V1), or all six vaccines (V6). Toxicities were recorded (CTCAE v4). T cell responses were measured with IFNγ ELIspot assay ex vivo or after one in vitro stimulation (IVS). RESULTS: Fifty-three eligible patients were enrolled, of which fifty-one were treated. Treatment-related dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were observed in 0/33 patients in cohort 1 and in 2/18 patients in cohort 2 (11%). CD8 T cell responses to 12MP were detected ex vivo in cohort 1 (42%) and in cohort 2 (56%) and in 18, 50, and 72% for subgroups V0, V1, and V6, respectively. T cell responses to melanoma peptides were more durable and of highest magnitude for IFA V6. CONCLUSIONS: LPS and polyICLC are safe and effective vaccine adjuvants when combined with IFA. Contrary to the central hypothesis, IFA enhanced T cell responses to peptide vaccines when added to TLR agonists. Future studies will aim to understand mechanisms underlying the favorable effects with IFA. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The clinical trial Mel58 was performed with IRB (#15781) and FDA approval and is registered with Clinicaltrials.gov on April 25, 2012 (NCT01585350). Patients provided written informed consent to participate. Enrollment started on June 24, 2012.

Baseline symptoms and basal forebrain volume predict future psychosis in early Parkinson disease.

OBJECTIVE: Determining baseline predictors of future psychosis in Parkinson disease (PD) may identify those at risk for more rapidly progressive disease, i.e., a more malignant PD subtype. METHODS: This cohort study evaluated 423 patients with newly diagnosed PD collected as part of the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative. Psychotic symptoms were assessed with the Movement Disorders Society-Unified Parkinson Disease Rating Scale item 1.2, which assesses hallucinations and psychosis over the past week. At baseline, participants completed the Scales for Outcomes in Parkinson's Disease-Autonomic, the REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire, and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale. Cholinergic nucleus 4 (Ch4) density was calculated for 228 participants with PD and 101 healthy controls. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex found that greater autonomic symptoms (p = 0.002), RBD (p = 0.021), and excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) (p = 0.003) at baseline were associated with increased risk of reporting psychotic symptoms on ≥2 occasions. Having 2 or 3 of these baseline symptoms was associated with lower Ch4 density (p = 0.007). In a logistic regression model adjusted for age and sex, higher Ch4 gray matter density was associated with lower risk of reporting psychotic symptoms on ≥2 occasions (odds ratio 0.96 [for an increase in density of 1 unit], p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms that RBD, EDS, and greater autonomic symptom burden are associated with greater risk of future psychotic symptoms in PD. Reduced Ch4 density at baseline is associated with future psychotic symptoms and a greater burden of RBD, EDS, and autonomic symptoms.

Nonadherence to Biologic Therapies in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

BACKGROUND: Nonadherence to medications is common with patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to assess adherence to biologic medications prescribed for IBD and to identify risk factors for biologic nonadherence. METHODS: This was a single center retrospective cohort study investigating IBD patient adherence to biologic therapies over a 2-year period from September 2014 to September 2016. Specialty pharmacy and infusion center records were obtained and a modified medication possession ratio was calculated. Patient characteristics associated with nonadherence in a univariate model were placed into a multivariate logistic regression to assess independent predictors of nonadherence. RESULTS: Three hundred sixty-five patients met inclusion criteria; 63 patients were on vedolizumab. Three hundred and one patients (82%) had Crohn's disease. The pooled 24-month adherence rate was 66%; adherence to individual biologic therapy included vedolizumab 83%, infliximab 70%, adalimumab 57%, and certolizumab pegol 50%. Facility-administered biologics were independently associated with higher adherence than self-administered biologics (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.50 - 3.80). Additional risk factors for nonadherence included younger age (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.01-1.47) and noncommercial insurance (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.01 - 3.13). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to assess adherence to vedolizumab in IBD patients, which was higher than 3 other commonly prescribed biologic medications. Self-administered injections were strongly associated with biologic nonadherence. Younger age and noncommercial insurance also were associated with biologic nonadherence. Modality of administration should be taken into account when selecting a biologic agent for treatment of IBD.

A pilot study of the immunogenicity of a 9-peptide breast cancer vaccine plus poly-ICLC in early stage breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Breast cancer remains a leading cause of cancer death worldwide. There is evidence that immunotherapy may play a role in the eradication of residual disease. Peptide vaccines for immunotherapy are capable of durable immune memory, but vaccines alone have shown sparse clinical activity against breast cancer to date. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists and helper peptides are excellent adjuvants for vaccine immunotherapy and they are examined in this human clinical trial. METHODS: A vaccine consisting of 9 MHC class I-restricted breast cancer-associated peptides (from MAGE-A1, -A3, and -A10, CEA, NY-ESO-1, and HER2 proteins) was combined with a TLR3 agonist, poly-ICLC, along with a helper peptide derived from tetanus toxoid. The vaccine was administered on days 1, 8, 15, 36, 57, 78. CD8+ T cell responses to the vaccine were assessed by both direct and stimulated interferon gamma ELIspot assays. RESULTS: Twelve patients with breast cancer were treated: five had estrogen receptor positive disease and five were HER2 amplified. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. Toxicities were limited to Grade 1 and Grade 2 and included mild injection site reactions and flu-like symptoms, which occurred in most patients. The most common toxicities were injection site reaction/induration and fatigue, which were experienced by 100% and 92% of participants, respectively. In the stimulated ELIspot assays, peptide-specific CD8+ T cell responses were detected in 4 of 11 evaluable patients. Two patients had borderline immune responses to the vaccine. The two peptides derived from CEA were immunogenic. No difference in immune response was evident between patients receiving endocrine therapy and those not receiving endocrine therapy during the vaccine series. CONCLUSIONS: Peptide vaccine administered in the adjuvant breast cancer setting was safe and feasible. The TLR3 adjuvant, poly-ICLC, plus helper peptide mixture provided modest immune stimulation. Further optimization is required for this multi-peptide vaccine/adjuvant combination. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov (posted 2/15/2012): NCT01532960. Registered 2/8/2012. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01532960.

Characteristics, correlates, and assessment of psychosis in Parkinson disease without dementia.

INTRODUCTION: Considering that psychosis in Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with worse outcomes, including dementia, we aimed to study the characteristics, correlates, and assessment of PD psychosis in those without dementia. METHODS: 101 PD subjects without dementia (Montreal Cognitive Assessment ≥21/30) were recruited to participate in a study of neuropsychiatric symptoms in PD. This study included a baseline standard neurological exam and common PD symptom assessments. Using the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) and separate assessment of visual illusions and sense of presence, NINDS-NIMH criteria for PD psychosis were applied. RESULTS: Of the 33 (32.7%) PD subjects who met diagnostic criteria for psychosis in PD, visual illusions were most common (72.7%), followed by visual hallucinations (39.4%). Adjusted for presence of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (p = 0.097), use of dopamine agonists (OR = 3.7, p = 0.012) and greater autonomic symptom burden (OR = 1.1 (per 1-unit change in score on SCOPA-AUT), p = 0.012) were associated with greater risk of psychosis. Use of dopamine agonists (OR = 5.0, p = 0.007), higher MDS-UPDRS Part II score (OR = 1.1, p = 0.010), and presence of RBD (OR = 4.8, p = 0.012) were independent predictors of visual hallucinations and visual illusions. MDS-UPDRS item 1.2 score ≥1 had highly correlated with the SAPS score (r = 0.65, p < 0.0001), but was 42% sensitive and 96% specific for identifying psychosis. CONCLUSION: This study confirms the association between dopamine agonists and psychosis in PD patients without dementia. The association of RBD, autonomic symptoms, and MDS-UPDRS Part II scores with psychosis underscore its link to brainstem dysfunction and greater PD motor symptom severity.

More than Just the Number of Brain Metastases: Evaluating the Impact of Brain Metastasis Location and Relative Volume on Overall Survival After Stereotactic Radiosurgery.

OBJECTIVE: Most evidence describing outcomes of patients with brain metastases is based on number of brain metastases, rather than location or volume. We evaluated the impact of tumor location and relative volume on overall survival (OS) among a large cohort of patients treated with stereotactic radiosurgery. METHODS: Clinical, radiographic, and dosimetric data were collected on patients treated with first (if multiple) stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases. Multivariate analyses were performed to investigate the impact of brain metastasis relative location and volume on OS after stereotactic radiosurgery. RESULTS: Analysis included 300 patients with 817 tumors (116 patients with single brain metastasis). The most common tumor locations were supratentorial (75% of tumors), cerebellar (19%), and brainstem (5%). Median tumor volume was 0.4 mL (range, 0.003-65.0 mL). Tumor-specific factors associated with inferior OS included brainstem location versus both supratentorial and cerebellum locations for particular assumed values of cube root tumor volume (P < 0.001 for each) and increasing total supratentorial tumor volume (P = 0.004). Patients with supratentorial tumors and cerebellar tumors demonstrated similar OS, and cube root total tumor volume within the cerebellum and brainstem did not predict for OS. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of brainstem metastases and cumulative supratentorial tumor volume are adverse features that result in inferior survival. These results can be used to inform patient prognosis and future clinical trial design.

PD-L1, PD-L2 and PD-1 expression in metastatic melanoma: Correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells and clinical outcome.

Therapeutic blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 can have dramatic therapeutic benefit in some patients; however, the prognostic associations of PD-1 and its ligands, in the absence of therapeutic blockade have not been definitively addressed. In particular, associations of PD-L2 with immune infiltrates and with outcome have yet to be explored. We hypothesized that surface expression of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 by melanoma cells would be associated with immune cell infiltration and with overall patient survival, independent of checkpoint blockade therapy. We also characterized the heterogeneity of their distribution within a tumor and within tumors of the same patient. Tissue microarrays of metastatic melanoma samples from 147 patients were quantified for CD8+, CD45, CD4+, CD3, CD163, CD20, CD138, FoxP3, PD-1, PD-L1 and PD-L2 markers by immunohistochemistry. Relationships between the proportions of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressing tumor cells with the immune cell count, distribution (immunotype) and patient survival were studied. Expressions of both PD-L1 and PD-L2 correlated significantly with increasing densities of immune cells in the tumor specimens and with immunotype. Positive PD-L2 expression was associated with improved overall survival and the simultaneous positive expression of both PD-1 ligands showed a higher association with survival. Significant heterogeneity of PD-L1 and PD-L2 expressions within tumors were observed, however, they were less pronounced with PD-L2. In conclusion, both are markers of immune infiltration and PD-L2, alone or in combination with PD-L1, is a marker for prognosis in metastatic melanoma patients. Larger tumor samples yield more reliable assessments of PD-L1/L2 expression.

Intratumoral interferon-gamma increases chemokine production but fails to increase T cell infiltration of human melanoma metastases.

INTRODUCTION: Optimal approaches to induce T cell infiltration of tumors are not known. Chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 support effector T cell recruitment and may be induced by IFN. This study tests the hypothesis that intratumoral administration of IFNγ will induce CXCL9-11 and will induce T cell recruitment and anti-tumor immune signatures in melanoma metastases. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Nine eligible patients were immunized with a vaccine comprised of 12 class I MHC-restricted melanoma peptides and received IFNγ intratumorally. Effects on the tumor microenvironment were evaluated in sequential tumor biopsies. Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. T cell responses to vaccination were assessed in PBMC by IFNγ ELISPOT assay. Tumor biopsies were evaluated for immune cell infiltration, chemokine protein expression, and gene expression. RESULTS: Vaccination and intratumoral administration of IFNγ were well tolerated. Circulating T cell responses to vaccine were detected in six of nine patients. IFNγ increased production of chemokines CXCL10, CXCL11, and CCL5 in patient tumors. Neither vaccination alone, nor the addition of IFNγ promoted immune cell infiltration or induced anti-tumor immune gene signatures. CONCLUSION: The melanoma vaccine induced circulating T cell responses, but it failed to infiltrate metastases, thus highlighting the need for combination strategies to support T cell infiltration. A single intratumoral injection of IFNγ induced T cell-attracting chemokines; however, it also induced secondary immune regulation that may paradoxically limit immune infiltration and effector functions. Alternate dosing strategies or additional combinatorial treatments may be needed to promote trafficking and retention of tumor-reactive T cells in melanoma metastases.