Iron Deficiency among School-Aged Adolescents in Hong Kong: Prevalence, Predictors, and Effects on Health-Related Quality of Life.

Iron deficiency (ID) is a prevalent nutritional deficiency affecting children/adolescents worldwide. We reported (1) the prevalence of ID and ID with anemia (IDA) among Chinese school-aged adolescents, (2) clinical and dietary predictors of iron status, and (3) its impact on health-related qualities of life (HRQoL). This cross-sectional study recruited 183 boys and 340 girls (mean age = 17.55) from 16 schools in Hong Kong. ID is defined as serum ferritin <15 µg/L. The participants reported their dietary habits, menstrual patterns (girls), and HRQoL using structured questionnaires. The overall prevalence of ID was 11.1%. None of the boys had ID or IDA. Among girls, the rate of ID was 17.1% and IDA was 10.9%. One-third (36.3%) reported a regular habit of skipping ≥1 meal/day. Lower ferritin was found in adolescents who skipped meals (Est = -35.1, p = 0.017). Lower ferritin is correlated with poorer school functioning (Est = 0.81, p = 0.045) and fatigue (Est = 0.92, p = 0.016). Skipping meals is associated with poorer physical (p = 0.0017) and school functioning (p = 0.027). To conclude, 1 in 10 school-aged adolescents in Hong Kong are iron-deficient. The ID rate in girls (17.1%) is similar to that in other industrialized countries (5.2-16.6%). Future work should promote awareness on the potential health consequences of poor dietary habits on ID and the well-being of adolescents.

Hb Tarrant [α126(H9)Asp→Asn; HBA2: c.379G > A (or HBA1)] in a Chinese Family as a Cause of Familial Erythrocytosis.

Hb Tarrant [α126(H9)Asp→Asn; HBA2: c.379G > A (or HBA1)], is a rare high oxygen affinity hemoglobin (Hb) variant that causes erythrocytosis, previously described in a few Mexican-American families. Here we report the first Chinese family with this Hb variant presenting with unexplained familial erythrocytosis. No evidence of hemolysis was seen. A locally adapted approach to the diagnostic process in clinical laboratories is discussed. Molecular analysis has an important role in confirmation of the diagnosis. Proper identification of this rare but clinically significant Hb variant is helpful for family counseling and will help to guide appropriate management of absolute erythrocytosis.

Aleukaemic leukaemia presenting with pathological fracture.

A 19-month-old Chinese girl presented with pathological fracture of her right distal tibia. Peripheral blood revealed no abnormal cells, electrolytes were normal and bone biopsy at the fracture site only showed small aggregates of unremarkable lymphocytes. A bone marrow study could not provide a definitive diagnosis of acute leukaemia on morphology and immunohistochemistry. A diagnosis of precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia was unequivocally confirmed by a cytogenetic study which showed a hyperdiploid clone with gain of chromosome 4 among other trisomies.

A spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c result.

We report a case of spuriously 'normal' haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) result due to misidentification of HbG Taipei as HbAo by the Variant II built-in retention time algorithm. The defect was circumvented effectively by the implementation of a chromatographic system specific internal quality control mechanism for peak identity verification. HbA1c and estimated average glucose results were corrected from 4.7% to 8.2%, and 4.9 to 10.5 mmol/L, respectively. The results were consistent with the patient's concurrent and previous fasting blood glucose concentrations and existence of diabetes mellitus dermopathy, indicating poor glycaemic control. A review of currently available analytical systems showed that other than mass spectrometry, HbA1c measurements by these systems were generally affected by the presence of haemoglobin variants. The same haemoglobin variant may affect different analytical systems differently, resulting in the deviation of HbA1c results from the true value to different extents. Including the analytical principle of HbA1c measurement in the laboratory report can avoid inappropriate comparison of results obtained by different analytical systems. Moreover, since individual haemoglobinopathy may affect the degree of glucose binding to haemoglobin in a different way, this uncertainty limits the general application of same decision cut-off of established guidelines for glycaemic control monitoring. Adoption of an individualized monitoring system based on the critical difference or reference change value of HbA1c can be considered.