Five-Year Follow-Up and Successful Kidney Transplantation in a Girl with a Severe Phenotype of Pierson Syndrome.

Pierson syndrome (PIERSS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by the combination of congenital nephrotic syndrome (CNS) and extrarenal symptoms including ocular malformations and neurodevelopmental deficits. PIERSS is caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the LAMB2 gene leading to the defects of ß2-laminin, the protein mainly expressed in the glomerular basement membrane, ocular structures, and neuromuscular junctions. Severe complications of PIERSS lead to the fatal outcome in early childhood in majority of the cases. We report a case of 5-year-old girl with severe phenotype of PIERSS caused by biallelic functional null variants of the LAMB2 gene. Due to consequences of CNS, the patient required bilateral nephrectomy and peritoneal dialysis since early infancy. The course was additionally complicated by tubulopathy, life-threatening infections, severe hypertension, erythropoietin-resistant anemia, generalized muscular hypotonia, neurogenic bladder, profound neurodevelopmental delay, epilepsy, gastrointestinal problems, secondary hypothyroidism, and necessity of repeated ocular surgery due to microcoria, cataract, and nystagmus. Due to multidisciplinary efforts, at the age of 4 years, the kidney transplantation was possible. Currently, the renal graft has an excellent function; however, the girl presents severe neurodevelopmental delay. The report presents a unique long-term follow-up of severe PIERSS with a few new phenotypical findings. It highlights the clinical problems and challenges in management of this rare condition.

[Recurrent urolithiasis as a symptom of primary hyperparathyroidism in a 16-year-old boy]. / Nawracajaca kamica ukladu moczowego jako objaw pierwotnej nadczynnosci przytarczyc u 16-letniego chlopca.

Primary hyperparathyroidism is one of the most common endocrine diseases, however, it is rare in children. In most cases, it is caused by adenoma of these organs. Its most common complications include urolithiasis, nephrocalcinosis and osteoporosis. CASE REPORT: A 16-year-old patient was admitted to our Clinic because of his first-ever renal colic. The ultrasound examination revealed rightsided hydronephrosis caused by the presence of 9 mm stone in the upper part of the right ureter. In addition, the presence of 8 mm stone in the middle calyx of the left kidney was found. Due to the clinical picture, the patient was transferred to the urological department, where the effective ureterorenoscopic lithotripsy (URSL) was performed. Subsequent metabolic diagnostics showed hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia, elevated levels of parathyroid hormone and hypercalciuria. In addition, the medical history revealed complicated, prolonged healing of a traumatic fracture of both bones of the left forearm in the last 12 months, requiring orthopedic treatment. Due to suspicion of primary hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid scintigraphy with MIBI scan by SPECT/ CT was performed. It revealed a focal lesion that could correspond to adenoma. The patient was referred to endocrinological care, but after 2 months he was readmitted to our Clinic, this time due to left renal colic. A left-sided ureteral stone was identified, which required another urological procedure. CONCLUSIONS: In differential diagnosis of urolithiasis in children, primary hyperparathyroidism should also be considered.