Asymmetric Propargylboration of Aldimines and Ketimines with the Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes: Novel Entries to Allenyl Carbinamines, Amino Acids, and Their α-Methyl Counterparts.

Available in either enantiomerically pure form through quantitative Grignard procedures from air-stable crystalline complexes (1, 3), the B-γ-TMS propargylic derivatives of the 10-TMS- (2) and 10-phenyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes (4) provide highly selective entries to 2°-allenyl carbinamines (8, 60-85%, 78-99% ee) and their 3° counterparts (13, 62-82%, 95-99% ee) through their additions to aldimines and ketimines, respectively. The absolute configurations of these amines were obtained from the known amino acid derivatives 16eR and 19dR through the ozonolysis of 8eR and 13dR and from the single-crystal X-ray structure of 14fR.

Cyclohexenylboration of Aldehydes and Ketones with the Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes (BBDs).

Asymmetric hydroboration of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with 4R produces the allylborane 5RR as essentially a single diastereomer (i.e., no observable 5RS), and its addition to representative aldehydes provides 9RS (52-75%) with excellent selectivity (94-99% ee). By contrast, a similar sequence with the 10-Ph-BBD reagent, 14R, results in a ca. 45:55 mixture of 15RR and 15RS. However, their addition to methyl ketones provides the corresponding 3°-homoallylic alcohols (18RS) with excellent selectivity (80-99% ee) but in low yields (15-52%) because 15RS is unreactive toward either allylboration or isomerization to 15RR. Thus, with 2 equiv of 15, the yield of 18 (R = Ph) is increased from 52% to 85%. Boranes 5SS and 15SS provide enantiomeric alcohols.

(E)-2-boryl 1,3-dienes from the 10-TMS-9-BBDs: highly selective reagents for the asymmetric synthesis of anti-α,ß-disubstituted ß-allenylamines from the allylboration of aldimines.

The asymmetric allylboration of N-H aldimines with optically pure trans-4-substituted-2-boryl-1,3-dienes 6 is described. These organoboranes 6 serve as near-perfect asymmetric allylborating agents for N-H aldimines for the preparation of anti-1,2-disubstituted-3,4-pentadien-1-amines 11 as essentially single diastereomers in enantiomerically pure form (>98% de, ≥98% ee). Enantiomerically pure cis-2,3-disubstitued piperidines 12 and α,ß-disubstituted-ß-amino acids 17 are readily prepared through the standard protocols. A novel Ru-catalyzed hydroamination provides trans-4,5-disubstituted-1-pyrrolines 21 from 11.

Highly functionalized tertiary-carbinols and carbinamines from the asymmetric γ-alkoxyallylboration of ketones and ketimines with the borabicyclodecanes.

The first asymmetric γ-alkoxyallylboration of representative ketones provides ß-alkoxy tert-homoallylic alcohols 10 whose diastereoselectivities range from 99% syn (acetophenone) to 99% anti (pinacolone) both with high ee (>95%). This distribution is attributable to the c/t isomerization of the BBD reagents and the greater reactivity of 7 vs 1 and of aromatic vs alkyl ketones. A ketone-based direct synthesis of a fostriecin intermediate and the tert-amine 26 are reported, each with high selectivities.

(E)-2-boryl-1,3-butadiene derivatives of the 10-TMS-9-BBDs: highly selective reagents for the asymmetric synthesis of anti-1,2-disubstituted 3,4-pentadien-1-ols.

The efficient stepwise construction of optically pure trans-4-substituted 2-boryl-1,3-butadienes 6 is described. Hydroboration of 1-alkynes with either enantiomeric form of 3 leads to the pure trans-1-alkenylboranes 4 which undergo addition of alpha-ethoxyvinyllithium followed by a BF(3)-mediated 1,2-B-->C vinylic group migration to provide 6. These organoboranes 6 serve as a new type of asymmetric allylborating agent providing an extremely selective protocol for the preparation of anti-1,2-disubstituted 3,4-pentadien-1-ols 8 as essentially single diastereomers in enantiomerically pure form. One example of a cis-2-boryl-1,3-butadiene (9) was prepared through a Grignard procedure. It was found to provide the corresponding syn-alcohol 11. The utility of 8 was demonstrated in their conversion to substituted beta-hydroxy acids 12 through ozonolysis and to substituted alpha,beta-unsaturated-delta-lactones 13 through Ru-catalyzed cyclocarbonylation.

Asymmetric gamma-methoxyallylation with the robust 10-TMS-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

The asymmetric gamma-methoxyallylboration of aldehydes with the configurationally very stable 1 gives nonracemic threo-beta-methoxyhomoallylic alcohols 7 (65-93%) with excellent selectivity (96-99% de, 98-99% ee). The corresponding homoallylic amines 10 are obtained from N-H aldimines with similar efficiency (72-96%) and with excellent diastereoselectivity (98% de) but with lower enantioselectivity (56-86% ee). These new reagents provide ready access to a Taxol side chain derivative.

Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes and the stereoselective asymmetric synthesis of 1,3-diol stereotriads from 1,3-diborylpropenes.

The synthesis of mixed borabicyclodecane (BBD)-derived 1,3-diborylpropenes (trans-1) is described. These new bimetallic reagents are effective for the selective asymmetric allylboration first of ketones (or ketimines) and second of aldehydes (or aldimines). Formed as a thermodynamic mixture of trans regioisomers from cis-1 through a series of 1,3-borotropic shifts, only trans-1 undergoes the monoallylation of ketones. After this single addition, this process is effectively shut down after the reaction of the 10-Ph-9-BBD portion in 1. Serving as a molecular gate, the rearranged 10-TMS-9-BBD trans-allylborane intermediate 11 reacts only after an aldehyde (or aldimine) is added. This allylation fixes the last two stereogenic centers of the 2-vinyl-1,3-diol stereotriad, ultimately resulting in 16 (or 1,3-amino alcohols) in 50-72% yield (>98% ee) as single observable diastereomers. These reagents 1 uniquely function as the equivalent of 1,1-bimetallic allylic reagents, adding sequentially first to ketones and second to aldehydes.

Strict reagent control in the asymmetric allylboration of N-TIPS-alpha-amino aldehydes with the B-allyl-10-TMS-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

The allylboration of enantiomerically pure N-triisopropylsilyl-alpha-amino aldehydes (2) with B-allyl-10-trimethylsilyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes (1) proceeds cleanly at -78 degrees C, exhibiting essentially complete reagent control. After an oxidative workup, an HOAc-mediated N-->O TIPS rearrangement facilitates the clean formation of stable O-TIPS protected beta-amino alcohol derivatives 3 which are isolated in 60-83% yields in > or = 96% de and > 99% ee. For the leucinal series (R = i-Bu), an efficient entry to either statine (8aSS) or epi-statine (8aRS) is reported illustrating the versatility of this potent 1/2 combination.

9-Borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes and the asymmetric hydroboration of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes.

The syntheses of the optically pure asymmetric hydroborating agents 1 (a, R = Ph; b, R = TMS) in both enantiomeric forms are reported. These reagents are effective for the hydroboration of cis-, trans- and trisubstituted alkenes. More significantly, they exhibit unprecedented levels of selectivity in the asymmetric hydroboration of 1,1-disubstituted alkenes (28-92% ee), a previously unanswered challenge in the nearly 50 year history of this reagent-controlled process. For example, the hydroboration of alpha-methylstyrene with 1a produces the corresponding alcohol 6f in 78% ee (cf., Ipc2BH, 5% ee). Suzuki coupling of the intermediate adducts 5 produces the nonracemic products 7 very effectively (50-84%) without loss of optical purity.

Enantiomerically pure alpha-amino aldehydes from silylated alpha-amino acids.

The disilylation of alpha-amino acids 1 to provide 2 (72-87%) was achieved without racemization. An unprecedented borane-mediated semi-reduction strategy was devised to convert 2 to stable, isolable oxazaborolidines 3 (100%) which were hydrolyzed to provide 5 (49-60%) as pure, stable compounds. Analysis of the Mosher amides (8) of the gamma-amino esters 7 reveals that < or =2% racemization occurs in the 1 --> 8 conversions.

Asymmetric synthesis of 2 degrees- and 3 degrees-Carbinols via B-methallyl-10-(TMS and Ph)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

Simple Grignard procedures provide methallylboranes 1a and 1b in enantiomerically pure form from air-stable precursors in 98% and 95% yields, respectively. These reagents add smoothly to aldehydes and methyl ketones, respectively, providing branched 2 degrees- (6, 69-89%, 94-99% ee) and 3 degrees- (10, 71-87%, 74-96% ee) homoallylic alcohols.

Beta-silylated homopropargylic amines via the asymmetric allenylboration of aldimines.

The asymmetric synthesis of alpha-trimethylsilylpropargylic carbamines (7) through the addition of allenylboranes 4 to N-H aldimines is reported. The insertion of TMSCHN2 into enantiomerically pure B-alkynyl-10-TMS-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes 3 followed by a sterically driven 1,3-suprafacial borotropic shift proceeds with complete stereospecificity to produce 4 in diastereomerically and enantiomerically pure form. These reagents give 7 (51-85%, syn/anti >99%, 92-9% ee) permitting the recovery of 8 (53-63%). Allenylboranes 4 also provide a convenient route to optically pure allenylsilanes 13 (55-94%) through their protonolysis. [reaction: see text]

B-allenyl- and B-(gamma-trimethylsilylpropargyl)-10-phenyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes: asymmetric synthesis of propargyl and alpha-allenyl 3-degree-carbinols from ketones.

Simple and efficient Grignard procedures are reported for the syntheses of B-allenyl-10-(phenyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane (1) and its B-(gamma-trimethylsilylpropargyl) counterpart (2) in both enantiomeric forms. Both add selectively to ketones, providing propargyl- and alpha-silylallenyl 3-degree-carbinols, respectively (i.e., 6 (61-93% ee) and 9 (64-98% ee)). The air-stable boron byproduct is efficiently recovered and recycled back to either 1 or 2. The ozonolysis and bromination of 9 provide nonracemic alpha-hydroxy acids and gamma-bromopropynyl carbinols, respectively.

Nonracemic 3 degrees-carbamines from the asymmetric allylboration of N-trimethylsilyl ketimines with B-allyl-10-phenyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

The simple and efficient asymmetric synthesis of 3 degrees -carbamines 7 from N-TMS enamines (3) and either enantiomeric form of beta-allyl-10-(phenyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane (1) is reported. The high reactivity (<1 h, -78 degrees C) and enantioselectivity (60-98% ee) of these substrates can be attributed to the fact that the complexation of 3 with 1 facilitates its isomerization to the corresponding syn-N-TMS ketimine complex from which allylation can occur. In addition to providing the homoallylic amines 7 with predictable stereochemistry, the procedure also permits the efficient recovery of the chiral boron moiety (50-65%) as air-stable crystalline pseudoephedrine complexes 8, which are directly converted back to 1 with allylmagnesium bromide in ether (98%).

N-propargylamides via the asymmetric michael addition of B-alkynyl-10-TMS-9- borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes to N-acylimines.

[Structure: see text] The asymmetric synthesis of N-propargylamides through Michael addition of the alkynylborane 1 to N-acylimines is reported. The N-acetylimines provide the best substrates for the process exhibiting high selectivity (56-95% ee) with predictable stereochemistry. In several cases, 5 crystallizes in essentially pure form (97-99% ee) and a single-crystal X-ray structure was also obtained for 5g (R1=R2=Me, R3=o-Cl-C6C4). The process regenerates 4 for its direct conversion back to 1 and facilitates the efficient recovery of the pseudoephedrine.

Nonracemic alpha-allenyl carbinols from asymmetric propargylation with the 10-trimethylsilyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

[reaction: see text] The asymmetric propargylboration of aldehydes at -78 degrees C in <3 h with 1 provides silylated alpha-allenyl carbinols 6 (60-87%) in high ee (94% to >98% ee). The reagents 1 are easily prepared in both enantiomeric forms with a simple Grignard procedure and air-stable borinate complexes 2. The ozonolysis of 6 proceeds smoothly through an acylsilane intermediate to give a TMS ester, which is hydrolyzed to the alpha-hydroxy acid quantitatively with water.

B-allyl-10-Ph-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes: strategically designed for the asymmetric allylboration of ketones.

The simple and efficient syntheses of B-allyl-10-(phenyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decane (1) in both enantiomeric forms are reported. The remarkable enantioselectivity (81-99% ee) of these reagents in the allylboration process at -78 degrees C is only modestly diminished when the process is conducted at 0 degrees C, a phenomenon attributable to its rigid bicyclic structure. In addition to providing the homoallylic alcohols 6 efficiently (70-92%), the procedure also permits the efficient recovery of the chiral boron moiety (67-82%) as an air-stable crystalline N-methylpseudoephedrine complex 4 for the direct regeneration of 1 with allylmagnesium bromide in ether (98%). The reagent gives predictable stereochemistry, providing a strategically designed "chiral pocket" which is particularly receptive to leading methyl groups (e.g., methyl ethyl ketone, 87% ee).

Asymmetric allyl- and crotylboration with the robust, versatile, and recyclable 10-TMS-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

The remarkable versatility and selectivity of the 10-(trimethylsilyl)-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes (10-TMS-9-BBDs) in the allyl- and crotylboration of representative aldehydes are reported. The new reagents are prepared through air-stable crystalline pseudoephedrine borinic ester complexes of the 10-TMS-9-BBDs (4), which are available in 63% overall yield from B-MeO-9-BBN through a simple two-step procedure. These complexes 4 are directly converted to the corresponding B-allyl-10-TMS-9-BBDs (1) with allylmagnesium bromide, which either can be isolated (98%) or used in situ for the allylations. The remarkable enantioselectivity (96 to > or =99% ee) of these reagents in the rapid (<3 h), asymmetric allylboration process at -78 degrees C is only slightly diminished when it is conducted at 25 degrees C, a phenomenon attributable to its rigid bicyclic structure. In addition to providing the homoallylic alcohols 6 efficiently (68-80%), the procedure also permits the efficient recovery of 4 (68-84%) for the direct regeneration of 1. Alternatively, an oxidative workup procedure can be used for the preparation of 6. The reagent gives predictable stereochemistry and exhibits an extremely high level of reagent control in the allylboration of d-glyceraldehyde acetonide. A simple and efficient procedure has been developed for the preparation of all four geometric and enantiomeric isomers of the B-crotyl-10-TMS-9-BBDs (10) from optically pure enantiomers of B-MeO-10-TMS-9-BBD (3). These reagents 10 also add rapidly (<3 h) and efficiently to representative aldehydes at -78 degrees C, providing ready access to all four of the possible stereoisomers of the beta-methyl homoallylic alcohols 12-15 (69-92%) in high dr (> or =98:2) and ee (94-99%).

Nonracemic homopropargylic alcohols via asymmetric allenylboration with the robust and versatile 10-TMS-9-borabicyclo[3.3.2]decanes.

The asymmetric allenylboration of representative aldehydes with the stable, storable 1 is reported. Easily and efficiently prepared in either enantiomeric form from the air-stable crystalline 4 through simple Grignard procedures, 1 gives 6 cleanly. The latter is easily isolated in high yield and ee with predictable stereochemistry. The procedure also regenerates 4 for its direct conversion back to 1 and facilitates the efficient recovery of the pseudoephedrine. The net process is the synthetic equivalent of the asymmetric addition of allenylmagnesium bromide to aldehydes. [reaction: see text]