Commitment, perception and evidence-based practice training in Spanish nursing students: A multicentre cross-sectional study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the commitment and level of self-perceived training in evidence-based practice among students of the Nursing degree of five Spanish universities. BACKGROUND: In university Health Sciences degrees, evidence-based clinical practice can directly or indirectly impact the quality of care, the cost of the service provided and the safety of clinical practice. DESIGN: Multicentre cross-sectional observational study according to STROBE guidelines. METHODS: The evidence-based skills in Practice questionnaire (CACH-PBE, for its acronym in Spanish) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Student Scale (UWES-9S) were used. The study was performed in five Spanish universities (Alicante, Castilla La Mancha, Jaen, Huelva and Seville) from October to December 2020, with 755 participants (Nursing students). RESULTS: A total mean score of 91.9 points (SD = 11.81) was observed for the CACH-PBE questionnaire and of 36.8 points (SD = 8.48 points) for the UWES-9S. In addition, the multivariate analysis predicted that variables such as sex, academia, university, intention to do a Master or Doctorate degree, the level of work engagement, and the previous training in evidence-based clinical practice were associated with a greater perception of evidence-based practice. CONCLUSION: The sample of Nursing degree students has intermediate-high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment, with differences observed between each of the universities. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nursing students should develop from intermediate to high levels of knowledge, skills and attitudes regarding evidence-based practice and work commitment. There are various actions to promote EBP, such as the incorporation of a specific course covering the subject into the nursing curriculum, and the selection, for clinical practices, of care units that implemented evidence-based care.

Level of Stigma among Spanish Nursing Students toward Mental Illness and Associated Factors: A Mixed-Methods Study.

Mental health problems have been identified by the World Health Organization as a global development priority. Negative attitudes toward mental health patients have been documented in multiple health professionals. The aim of this study was to determine the level of stigma and associated factors toward people with mental health problems among students doing their degree in nursing. An explanatory sequential mixed-methods approach. A cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out on a sample of 359 students doing their degree in nursing. Students had to be enrolled in any of the four years of study of the degree at the time the questionnaire was done. We explored the perception and experience of students doing their degree in nursing regarding the level of stigma, through in-depth interviews (n = 30). The mean overall Mental Health Stigma Scale (MHSS) score was 30.7 points (SD = 4.52); 29.5% (n = 106) scored low for stigma, 49.9% (n = 179) showed moderate stigma, and 20.6% (n = 74) scored high. The multivariate analysis showed that 4th-year students had an OR of 0.41 (CI95%: 0.20-0.84) for high/moderate stigma and that 3rd-year students had an OR of 0.49 for high/moderate stigma compared with 1st-year students. We also observed that students with family members with mental health problems had an OR of 2.05 (CI95%: 1.19-3.56) for high/moderate stigma compared with students who did not have family members with mental health problems. The following categories emerged: fear and lack of knowledge, breaking the silence, and integration into society. The levels of mental health stigma in our sample of nursing students were moderate. Stigma levels were lower in 3rd- and 4th-year students (i.e., after having received training in mental health), and in students with family members with mental health problems.

Professional Identity of Nurse Manager in the Light of the Structural Dialectic Care Model / Identidad profesional del enfermero gestor a la luz del Modelo Estructural Dialéctico de los Cuidados / Identidade profissional do enfermeiro gestor à luz do Modelo Estrutural Dialético dos Cuidados

ABSTRACT Objectives: To identify in the scientific literature the identity-related configurations inherent to the nurse's managerial practices of a professional that works in a hospital setting, and to analyze them in the light of the Structural Dialectic Care Model (SDCM). Materials and method: The article concerns about a qualitative research where an integrative review was made enabling the selection of 15 articles, analyzed in light of the SDCM. Results: From the 15 selected articles, three thematic axes were established: Leadership, care and conflicts. Conclusions: It was concluded that the SDCM has made it possible to discover the nurse's identity models as a managerial agent in the diverse pluralities articulated to the identity-related processes of such professional.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar en la literatura científica las configuraciones identitarias inherentes a las prácticas gerenciales del enfermero, que actúa en el entorno hospitalario, y analizarlas a la luz del Modelo Estructural Dialéctico de los Cuidados (MEDC). Materiales y método: investigación cualitativa en la que se realizó una revisión integradora que posibilitó seleccionar 15 artículos, analizados desde el MEDC. Resultados: a partir de los artículos seleccionados, se establecieron tres ejes temáticos: liderazgo, cuidado y conflictos. Conclusiones: el MEDC ha posibilitado averiguar los modelos identitarios del enfermero como agente gestor en las diversas pluralidades articuladas a los procesos identitarios de dicho profesional.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar, na literatura científica, as configurações identitárias inerentes às práticas gerenciais do enfermeiro que atua em ambiente hospitalar e analisá-las à luz do Modelo Estrutural Dialético dos Cuidados (MEDC). Materiais e método: trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa que possibilitou selecionar 15 artigos, analisados à luz do MEDC. Resultados: a partir dos 15 artigos selecionados, foram estabelecidos três eixos temáticos: liderança, cuidado e conflitos. Conclusões: conclui-se que o MEDC possibilitou averiguar os modelos identitários do enfermeiro, como agente gestor, nas diversas pluralidades articuladas aos processos identitários desse profissional.

Impacto de la evaluación de competencias en la calidad del aprendizaje: percepción de discentes y docentes de Grado en Enfermería / Competency assessment impact in quality of learning: nursing degree learner's and teacher's perception

Introducción: El enfoque de educación basada en competencias pretende reducir la brecha entre educación y empleo buscando lograr un aprendizaje profundo, significativo, para toda la vida, transferible a situaciones reales, complejas y cambiantes. Conceptualizar la evaluación a partir de este enfoque implica asumir su carácter multidimensional diseñando una evaluación para el aprendizaje y no sólo del aprendizaje, en la búsqueda de formas de evaluación capaces de mejorar la calidad del mismo. La conciencia del impacto de la evaluación en el aprendizaje obliga a plantear la evaluación como un proceso compartido que sea simultáneamente causa y efecto de los aprendizajes. En este contexto, el objetivo de este estudio es conocer la percepción de discentes y docentes en relación a las prácticas actuales de evaluación de competencias y su impacto en la calidad del aprendizaje. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo interpretativo. Análisis cualitativo de los datos recogidos mediante cuestionarios abiertos y grupos de discusión de discentes y docentes del Grado en Enfermería. Resultados: Ambos grupos consideran que las prácticas actuales de evaluación de competencias condicionan el aprendizaje, sin embargo, existen grandes diferencias en sus percepciones. Los docentes perciben este impacto como negativo y afirman que para los estudiantes la evaluación consiste sólo en superar asignaturas. Los estudiantes manifiestan que la evaluación les influye positivamente al orientar su aprendizaje y ofrecerles oportunidades de mejora. Conclusiones: Los docentes perciben dificultades para superar la orientación tradicional de la evaluación, mientras los estudiantes perciben su función más formativa y demandan para ella un feedback suficiente y de calidad

Introduction: Competency based education offers the promise of reducing the gap between education and employment and concerns in Higher Education have revolved around how to achieve deep and meaningful learning, a long life learning, so that learning transfer to real situations, complex and changing, would be possible. Conceptualizing assessment from competency based education approach requires assuming its multidimensional character and designing an assessment for learning and not only assessment of learning seeking to improve learning quality. Awareness of the assessment impact on learning requires raising evaluation as a shared process able to be simultaneously cause and effect of learning. In this context, the aim of this study is to determine learners and teachers perceptions about current practices of competence assessment and its impact on the quality of learning. Methodology: Interpretative descriptive study. Qualitative analysis of data collected through open questionnaires and discussion groups with Degree in Nursing learners and teachers. Results: Both teachers and learners believe that current assessment practices determine learning skills, but there are big differences in their perceptions. Teachers perceive negatively this impact and claim that for student’s evaluation is only overcoming subjects while students state that assessment influences them positively, guiding their learning and offering improvement opportunities. Conclusions: teachers perceive difficulties in overcoming evaluation`s traditional, while students perceive its most formative function and demand for it sufficient and quality feedback

La aplicación del modelo de competencia cultural en la experiencia del cuidado en profesionales de Enfermería de Atención Primaria / Application of the cultural competence model in the experience of care in nursing professionals Primary Care

Objetivo: Conocer las experiencias y percepciones de los profesionales de enfermería en la prestación de cuidados y promoción de la salud, a mujeres pertenecientes a colectivos en riesgo de vulnerabilidad social, aplicando el modelo de competencia cultural de Purnell. Diseño: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico. Emplazamiento: Departamento de Salud de Elda. Participantes: Veintidós profesionales voluntarios de Atención Primaria. Método: Entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales con grabación y análisis de contenido, de acuerdo con la teoría del modelo de competencia cultural. Resultados: Los factores socioculturales influyen en la relación entre profesionales y usuarias del sistema. El racismo sutil y los prejuicios históricos crean situaciones incómodas y de desconfianza. La barrera idiomática dificulta no solo la comunicación, sino también el seguimiento y control del proceso salud-enfermedad. El aspecto físico y los estereotipos son condicionantes para los profesionales de Atención Primaria. Aunque se percibe que se hace un mal uso de los servicios sanitarios, se escuchan discursos con signo de cambios. Los aspectos espirituales relacionados con las creencias religiosas solo se tienen en cuenta en el caso de mujeres musulmanas, no siendo considerados como algo importante en el caso de mujeres gitanas o rumanas. Conclusiones: Para ofrecer cuidados de calidad, culturalmente congruentes y competentes, es preciso desarrollar programas de formación en competencia cultural para profesionales, con el fin de dar a conocer la cultura del otro, y trabajar sin ideas preconcebidas y etnocentristas; ya que cuanto mayor es el conocimiento del grupo cultural al que se atiende, mejor es la calidad de los cuidados prestados (AU)

Objective: To know the experiences and perceptions of nurses in providing care and health promotion, women belonging to groups at risk of social vulnerability, applying the model of cultural competence Purnell. Design: Phenomenological qualitative study. Location: Department of Health Elda. Participants: A total of 22 primary care professional volunteers. Method: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with recording and content analysis, according to the theory model of cultural competence. Results: Socio-cultural factors influence the relationship between professionals and users of the system. The subtle racism and historical prejudices create uncomfortable situations and mistrust. The language barrier makes it difficult not only communication, but also the monitoring and control of the health-disease process. The physical appearance and stereotypes are determining factors for primary care professionals. Although perceived misuse of health services are also talking about changes. The spiritual aspects of religious beliefs alone are taken into account in the case of Muslim women, not being considered as important in the case of Gypsy women and Romanian women. Conclusions: To provide quality care, consistent and culturally competent, it is necessary to develop training programs for professionals in cultural competence, to know the culture of other, and work without preconceived ideas, and ethnocentric; since the greater the knowledge of the cultural group being served, the better the quality of care provided (AU)

Las nodrizas en el periódico ABC (1903-1920) / Amas de leite no jornal ABC (1903-1920) / Wet-nurses in the ABC newspaper (1903-1920)

En el proceso de alimentación infantil a lo largo de la historia una de las opciones ha sido la descarga en las nodrizas tanto a nivel familiar como institucional. Esta figura social se ha reflejado en la prensa y puede ser estudiada en función de su representación. Nos planteamos como objetivo adquirir una visión social a través del análisis de un corpus de documentos del diario ABC de Madrid entre los años 1903 A 1920. Metodológicamente se ha recurrido a la revisión y análisis de contenido del diario ABC en el período indicado de las noticias, anuncios y demás referencias del término nodriza. Se han recuperado y analizado 999 documentos, que se corresponden al 41% corresponden a ofertas y demandas de nodrizas, un 24% a anuncios y productos relacionados con la alimentación y/o suplementos alimenticios. El resto de registros corresponden a medidas económicas, normas legislativas o referencias sociales o de las nodrizas de la realeza. El análisis de contenido cualitativo permite clarificar la visión social de las nodrizas en la sociedad del momento. Se concluye en el estudio que las nodrizas se presentan como una figura normalizada en la sociedad y como tal se refleja en la prensa, que además va a reflejar la visión negativa sobre estas mujeres influenciadas por la corriente higienista (AU)

In the process of infant feeding throughout history, one of the options has been the support by wet nurses, in both household and institutional level. This social figure has been reflected in press and can be studied in terms of its representation. We set as our goal to acquire a social vision through the analysis of a corpus of documents from the newspaper ABC of Madrid between 1903 and 1920. The method used has been the search of the term wet nurse through the review and content analysis of the ABC, in news, advertisements and other references in the period indicated. 999 documents have been recovered and analyzed, 41% corresponding to wet nurses offers and demands, 24% to advertisements and products related to food and/or food supplements. The remaining records correspond to economic measures, legislative rules, references to wet nurses of royalty or social references. Qualitative content analysis clarifies the social vision of wet nurses in society at that time. The study concludes that wet nurses are presented as a normalized social figure and as such is reflected in the press, which will also reflect the negative view of these women influenced by the hygienist current (AU)

No processo de alimentação infantil ao longo da história uma das opções foi baixado enfermeiros, tanto doméstico e institucional. Esta figura social tem-se reflectido na imprensa e pode ser estudada em termos de sua representação. Estabelecemos como meta para adquirir uma visão social através da análise de um corpus de documentos o jornal ABC de Madrid entre 1903 e 1920. Metodologicamente usou a revisão e análise de conteúdo ABC no período indicado na notícia , propagandas e outras referências a enfermeira prazo. Eles foram recuperados e analisados 999 documentos, que correspondem a 41% são enfermeiros ofertas e pedidos, 24% à publicidade e relacionado com alimentos e / ou suplementos alimentares. As linhas restantes correspondem a medidas econômicas, legislação ou referências direitos sociais ou em aleitamento. Análise de conteúdo qualitativa esclarece a visão social do enfermeiro na sociedade da época. Concluiu-se no estudo que os enfermeiros são apresentados como uma figura normalizada na sociedade e, como tal, é refletida na imprensa, que também irá refletir a visão negativa dessas mulheres influenciadas pela corrente higienista (AU)

[Application of the cultural competence model in the experience of care in nursing professionals Primary Care]. / La aplicación del modelo de competencia cultural en la experiencia del cuidado en profesionales de Enfermería de Atención Primaria.

OBJECTIVE: To know the experiences and perceptions of nurses in providing care and health promotion, women belonging to groups at risk of social vulnerability, applying the model of cultural competence Purnell. DESIGN: Phenomenological qualitative study. LOCATION: Department of Health Elda. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 22 primary care professional volunteers. METHOD: Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with recording and content analysis, according to the theory model of cultural competence. RESULTS: Socio-cultural factors influence the relationship between professionals and users of the system. The subtle racism and historical prejudices create uncomfortable situations and mistrust. The language barrier makes it difficult not only communication, but also the monitoring and control of the health-disease process. The physical appearance and stereotypes are determining factors for primary care professionals. Although perceived misuse of health services are also talking about changes. The spiritual aspects of religious beliefs alone are taken into account in the case of Muslim women, not being considered as important in the case of Gypsy women and Romanian women. CONCLUSIONS: To provide quality care, consistent and culturally competent, it is necessary to develop training programs for professionals in cultural competence, to know the culture of other, and work without preconceived ideas, and ethnocentric; since the greater the knowledge of the cultural group being served, the better the quality of care provided.

Madre y mujer gitana. Joaquina la gitana de Joaquín Sorolla / Mãe e mulher cigana. Joaquina la gitana, Joaquin Sorolla / Mother and roma woman. Joaquina la gitana, Joaquin Sorolla

La iconografía tiene como objetivo la descripción de las imágenes. Nos permite conocer las imágenes en sus aspectos semánticos, ya que consiste en el conocimiento y análisis de las formas, y en el propósito de desvelar los mensajes que tras ellas se ocultan, siendo un elemento fundamental para el conocimiento de la cultura. Mediante el análisis de la obra de Joaquín Sorolla, Joaquina la gitana, pretendemos realizar una aproximación a la realidad de las mujeres gitanas dentro de su contexto social, siguiendo los tres niveles de significación de Erwin Panofsky. Encontramos así dos personalidades de la misma mujer. En la parte izquierda, se nos presenta a una mujer vestida de negro, una mujer arraigada a las tradiciones. Es la «mujer de respeto» que cumple con las normas del pueblo gitano. Y en otro estilo bien distinto, aparece reflejado el aspecto maternal de la gitana, retratada con mucha luz a pesar de ser una figura muy oscura, con su hijo en brazos al que parece estar dando el pecho. A través del análisis de esta obra, nos hemos acercado un poco más a la realidad de la mujer gitana, y comprender sus vivencias, dentro del entorno cultural del pueblo gitano (AU)

The iconography aims describing images. It allows us to understand the images on their semantic aspects, as is knowledge of the methods and analysis, and in order to unlock the messages hidden behind them, being a fundamental knowledge of the culture element. By analyzing the work of Joaquín Sorolla, Joaquina la gitana, we intend to make an approach to the reality of Roma women within their social context, following the three levels of significance of Erwin Panofsky. We thus find two personalities of the same woman. We are introduced to a woman dressed in black, one rooted in the traditions woman in the left hand. Is the «woman of respect» that meets the standards of the Roma people. And in another quite different style, is reflected the maternal aspect of the Roma, portrayed bright despite being a shadowy figure, with her child who appears to be breastfeeding. Through the analysis of this work, we have come a little closer to the reality of Roma women, and understand their experiences within the cultural environment of the Roma people (AU)

A iconografia tem como objetivo descrever as imagens. Ela nos permite compreender as imagens em seus aspectos semânticos, como é do conhecimento dos métodos e análise e, a fim de desbloquear as mensagens escondidas por trás deles, sendo um conhecimento fundamental do elemento de cultura. Ao analisar a obra de Joaquín Sorolla, Joaquina Gypsy, pretendemos fazer uma aborda gem à realidade das mulheres de etnia cigana dentro de seu contexto social, seguindo os três níveis de significância de Erwin Panofsky. Temos, assim, encontrar duas personalidades de uma mesma mulher. Somos apresentados a uma mulher vestida de preto, um enraizado em tradições a mulher na mão esquerda. É a «mulher de respeito» que atenda aos padrões do povo cigano. E em outro estilo bem diferente, reflete o aspecto maternal da Roma, retratado brilhante, apesar de ser uma figura sombria, com seu filho, que parece estar a amamentar. Através da análise deste trabalho, chegamos um pouco mais perto da realidade das mulheres ciganas, e compreender as suas experiências dentro do ambiente cultural do povo cigano (AU)

Job satisfaction among health care workers: the role of gender and age / Influência do gênero e da idade: satisfação no trabalho de profissionais da saúde / Influencia del género y edad: satisfacción laboral de profesionales sanitarios

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of gender and age on the quality of the professional lives of health care professionals at a university hospital. METHOD: a total of 546 professionals completed a general questionnaire that measured sociodemographic variables and evaluated job satisfaction using a scale adopted from the NTP 394 Job Satisfaction scale and translated into Spanish. RESULTS: overall, 77.2% of the professionals surveyed were satisfied with the work they perform. With regards to gender, we found overwhelming evidence of the feminization of practically all health care professions included in the study, with higher levels of job satisfaction among women than men. Regarding age, 20-30-year-olds and professionals over 61 years old showed higher satisfaction levels than did middle-aged professionals. Higher levels of dissatisfaction were reported by professionals between 41 and 50 years old. CONCLUSIONS: we were able to detect the influence of gender and age on the level of job satisfaction, finding significant associations between job satisfaction and both of these variables. Generally, women expressed more satisfaction than men, and elderly professionals showed higher satisfaction compared to younger professionals. Management policies should focus on taking action to correct the conditions that produce dissatisfaction among certain groups of employees. .

OBJETIVO: analisar a influência do gênero e da idade na satisfação no trabalho de profissionais da saúde num hospital universitário. MÉTODO: a amostra foi constituída por 546 profissionais, aos quais foi administrado um questionário genérico, contendo variáveis sociodemográficas e um questionário específico, o NTP 394: Satisfação no Trabalho: Escala de Satisfação Global adaptada e validada para o castelhano. RESULTADOS: de modo geral, 77,2% da amostra manifestou estar satisfeita com o trabalho que realiza. Quanto ao gênero, foi evidenciada a feminização de praticamente todas as profissões em saúde, sem exceções, sendo que as mulheres manifestaram níveis mais elevados de satisfação. Com relação à idade, as faixas etárias que manifestaram os níveis mais elevados de satisfação foram entre 20 e 30 anos e acima de 61 anos. Em contrapartida, os profissionais entre 41 e 50 anos de idade apresentaram níveis de insatisfação. CONCLUSÕES: pode-se estabelecer a influência do gênero e da idade nos níveis de satisfação no trabalho da amostra estudada, visto que foram identificadas associações significativas. Em relação ao gênero, as mulheres manifestaram estar mais satisfeitas e, com respeito à idade, os maiores níveis de satisfação foram manifestos pelos participantes mais idosos. Sendo assim, as políticas de gestão devem focar na implantação de ações destinadas a melhorar as variáveis que se associam à insatisfação. .

OBJETIVO: analizar la influencia del género y edad en la satisfacción de la vida laboral en los profesionales sanitarios de un Hospital Universitario. MÉTODO: la muestra quedó constituida por 546 profesionales, administrándose un cuestionario general con variables sociodemográficas y otro específico, el NTP 394 Satisfacción Laboral: escala general de satisfacción adaptada y validada al castellano. RESULTADOS: en general un 77,2% se encuentra satisfecho con el trabajo que desempeña. En relación al género, se evidencia la feminización de prácticamente todas las profesiones sanitarias sin excepción, quedando patente niveles de satisfacción superior en las mujeres. La edad, presenta niveles más elevados de satisfacción en profesionales de edades entre 20 y 30 años y en los mayores de 61; en contrapartida los niveles de insatisfacción se presentan en los profesionales de edades comprendidas entre 41 y 50 años. CONCLUSIONES: podemos delimitar la influencia del género y la edad en los niveles de satisfacción laboral, obteniéndose asociaciones significativas en ambas variables; respecto al género, las mujeres se muestran más satisfechas y en cuanto a la edad los profesionales de mayor edad muestran mayor satisfacción. Así, las líneas de gestión deben orientarse al establecimiento de acciones de mejora en aquellas variables que producen insatisfacción. .

Job satisfaction among health care workers: the role of gender and age.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of gender and age on the quality of the professional lives of health care professionals at a university hospital. METHOD: a total of 546 professionals completed a general questionnaire that measured sociodemographic variables and evaluated job satisfaction using a scale adopted from the NTP 394 Job Satisfaction scale and translated into Spanish. RESULTS: overall, 77.2% of the professionals surveyed were satisfied with the work they perform. With regards to gender, we found overwhelming evidence of the feminization of practically all health care professions included in the study, with higher levels of job satisfaction among women than men. Regarding age, 20-30-year-olds and professionals over 61 years old showed higher satisfaction levels than did middle-aged professionals. Higher levels of dissatisfaction were reported by professionals between 41 and 50 years old. CONCLUSIONS: we were able to detect the influence of gender and age on the level of job satisfaction, finding significant associations between job satisfaction and both of these variables. Generally, women expressed more satisfaction than men, and elderly professionals showed higher satisfaction compared to younger professionals. Management policies should focus on taking action to correct the conditions that produce dissatisfaction among certain groups of employees.

La formación clínica de las enfermeras y la figura del tutor en el siglo XXI, un reto para los docentes / O ensino clínico de enfermagem eo tutor no século XXI, um desafio para os professores / The clinical training of nurses and the tutor in the XXI century, a challenge for educators

No disponible

[The cultural history of palliative care in primitive societies: an integrative review]. / Historia cultural de los cuidados paliativos en las sociedades primitivas: revisión integrativa.

The objective of this study is to describe the evolution of palliative care in order to reflect on the possibility of its origin in primitive cultures and their relationship with the beginnings of the cult of the dead. It describes the change in the symbolic structures and social interactions involved in palliative care during prehistory: functional unit, functional framework and functional element. The theoretical framework is based on cultural history, the dialectical structural model and symbolic interactionism. Categorization techniques, cultural history and dialectic structuralism analyses were performed. Palliative care existed in primitive societies, mostly associated with the rites of passage with a high symbolic content. The social structures - functional unit, functional framework and functional element - are the pillars that supported palliative care in prehistory societies.

Historia cultural de los cuidados paliativos en las sociedades primitivas: revisión integrativa / A história cultural do cuidado paliativo em sociedades primitivas: uma revisão integrativa / The cultural history of palliative care in primitive societies: an integrative review

Este estudio tiene el objetivo de describir la evolución de los cuidados paliativos, reflexionando sobre la posibilidad de su origen en las culturas primitivas y su relación con el inicio del culto a los muertos. Se describe el cambio producido en las estructuras, las interacciones simbólicas y sociales implicadas en el desempeño de cuidados paliativos durante la prehistoria: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional. El marco teórico se fundamenta en la historia cultural, el modelo estructural dialéctico y el interaccionismo simbólico. Se aplicaron técnicas de categorización y análisis de la historia cultural y el estructuralismo dialéctico. Los cuidados paliativos ya existían en las sociedades primitivas vinculados, en gran medida, a los ritos de transición con un alto contenido simbólico. Las estructuras sociales: unidad funcional, marco funcional y elemento funcional; constituyen los pilares sobre los que se sustentaron los cuidados paliativos en las sociedades prehistóricas.

Este estudo tem como objetivo descrever a evolução dos cuidados paliativos para refletir sobre a possibilidade de sua origem em culturas primitivas e suas relações com o início do culto dos mortos. Há a descrição das mudanças nas estruturas simbólicas e interações sociais envolvidas no desempenho de cuidados paliativos, durante a pré-história: unidade funcional, o quadro funcional e elemento funcional. O referencial teórico é baseado na história cultural, no modelo estrutural dialético e no interacionismo simbólico. Aplicaram-se técnicas de categorização e análises da história cultural e do estruturalismo dialético. Conclui-se que os cuidados paliativos existiam nas sociedades primitivas ligadas, em grande medida, aos rituais de passagem com alto conteúdo simbólico. As estruturas sociais - unidade funcional, o quadro funcional e elemento funcional - são os pilares sobre os quais se basearam os cuidados paliativos nas sociedades pré-históricas.

The objective of this study is to describe the evolution of palliative care in order to reflect on the possibility of its origin in primitive cultures and their relationship with the beginnings of the cult of the dead. It describes the change in the symbolic structures and social interactions involved in palliative care during prehistory: functional unit, functional framework and functional element. The theoretical framework is based on cultural history, the dialectical structural model and symbolic interactionism. Categorization techniques, cultural history and dialectic structuralism analyses were performed. Palliative care existed in primitive societies, mostly associated with the rites of passage with a high symbolic content. The social structures - functional unit, functional framework and functional element - are the pillars that supported palliative care in prehistory societies.

Ischemic heart disease in women / A cardiopatia isquêmica na mulher / La cardiopatía isquémica en la mujer

Nowadays, Coronary Diseases (CDs) represent the main mortality cause in men and women, but there are gender differences regarding their presentation, progression and the way the disease is tackled. This study mainly focuses on reviewing literature about the CD and its gender approach. The authors carried out a search of texts that use qualitative methodology, published between 2003 and 2009 in the following databases: PUBMED, IME, CUIDEN and CINAHL. Factors that hinder the early diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease in women are identified as the main findings, and the possible consequences are pointed out. In the fifty-six texts that were selected initially, we can see the difficulty women face to recognize early symptoms of the CD and their low risk perception of this disease. Greater awareness on Ischemic Heart Disease is needed, so that the high morbidity and mortality rates can be reduced.

As doenças coronárias (DC) são o principal motivo de mortalidade no sexo feminino e masculino. Existem diferenças de gênero na apresentação, na evolução e na maneira como a doença é abordada. Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal revisar a literatura sobre a DC e o seu enfoque de gênero. Os autores pesquisaram diferentes textos caracterizados por uma abordagem qualitativa, publicados entre 2003 e 2009, nas bases de dados PubMed, IME, CUIDEN e CINAHL. Como principais resultados são identificados os fatores que dificultam o diagnóstico precoce da doença isquêmica nas mulheres, e as possíveis consequências desse diagnóstico tardio são apontadas. Nos 56 textos selecionados, inicialmente mostra-se a dificuldade da mulher relacionada ao reconhecimento dos primeiros sintomas da doença coronária, e a baixa percepção do risco dessa doença. É necessária maior sensibilização sobre a cardiopatia isquêmica (CI), para se reduzir o elevado índice de morbidade e mortalidade.

Las Enfermedades Coronarias (EC) suponen la principal causa de mortalidad en el sexo femenino y masculino, pero existen diferencias de género en aspectos como la presentación, evolución o el abordaje de la enfermedad. Este trabajo se centra principalmente en revisar la literatura sobre la EC y el enfoque de género. Los autores han realizado una búsqueda de artículos que utilizan metodología cualitativa publicados entre 2003 y 2009 en las bases de datos PUBMED, IME, CUIDEN y CINAHL. Como hallazgos principales se identifican los factores que dificultan el diagnóstico precoz de la cardiopatía isquémica en la mujer, y se apuntan las posibles consecuencias que puede comportar. En los 56 textos seleccionados, inicialmente se evidencia la dificultad de la mujer para reconocer los síntomas iniciales de EC, así como la baja percepción de riesgo sobre dicha enfermedad. Es necesaria una mayor concienciación sobre la CI con la finalidad de reducir las altas cifras de morbimortalidad.

Cultural history and aesthetics of nursing care / A história cultural e a estética dos cuidados de enfermagem / La historia cultural y la estética de los cuidados de enfermería

The aim of this study was to clarify the role of aesthetics in the organization and motivation of care through history. The guiding questions were: What values and aesthetic feelings have supported and motivated pre-professional and professional care? and Based on what structures has pre-professional and professional care been historically socialized? Primary and secondary sources were consulted, selected according to established criteria with a view to avoiding search and selection bias. Data analysis was guided by the categories: "habitus" and "logical conformism". It was found that the relation between social structures and pre-professionals (motherhood, religiosity) and professional aesthetic standards (professionalism, technologism) of care through history is evidenced in the caregiving activity of the functional unit, in the functional framework and the functional element. In conclusion, in social structures, through the socialization process, "logical conformism" and "habitus" constitute the aesthetic standards of care through feelings like motherhood, religiosity, professionalism, technologism and humanism.

O objetivo deste artigo foi esclarecer o papel da estética na organização e motivação dos cuidados ao longo história. A seguir, são mostradas as perguntas norteadoras: quais foram os valores e sentimentos estéticos que fundamentaram e motivaram os cuidados pré-profissionais e profissionais? E em quais estruturas têm sido socializados historicamente? Foram consultadas fontes secundárias e primárias, selecionadas de acordo com critérios estabelecidos para evitar viés de busca e seleção. A análise de dados foi guiada pelas categorias: habitus e conformismo lógico. Identificaram-se evidências da relação entre as estruturas sociais e os padrões estéticos pré-profissionais (maternidade, religiosidade) e profissionais (profissionalismo, tecnicismo) dos cuidados através da história em: a atividade cuidadora da unidade funcional, o referencial funcional e o elemento funcional. Conclui-se que as estruturas sociais, mediante o processo de socialização, o conformismo lógico e o habitus configuram os padrões estéticos dos cuidados, mediante sentimentos como: maternidade, religiosidade, profissionalismo, tecnicismo e humanismo.

El objetivo de este artículo fue clarificar el papel de la estética en la organización y la motivación de los cuidados en la historia. La preguntas orientadoras fueron: ¿En qué valores y sentimientos estéticos se han fundamentado y motivado los cuidados preprofesionales y profesionales? y ¿En qué estructuras, los cuidados preprofesionales y profesionales, se han socializado históricamente? Se consultaron fuentes secundarias y primarias seleccionadas de acuerdo con criterios establecidos para evitar sesgos de búsqueda y selección. El análisis de los datos se guió con las categorías: "habitus" y "conformismo lógico". Se encontró que la relación entre las estructuras sociales y los patrones estéticos preprofesionales (maternidad, religiosidad) y profesionales (profesionalismo, tecnologicismo) de los cuidados a través de la historia, se evidencia en la actividad cuidadora de la unidad funcional, en el marco funcional y en el elemento funcional. Se concluye que en las estructuras sociales mediante el proceso de socialización, el "conformismo lógico" y el "habitus" configuran los patrones estéticos de los cuidados mediante sentimientos como la maternidad, la religiosidad, el profesionalismo, el tecnologicismo y el humanismo.

Ischemic heart disease in women.

Nowadays, Coronary Diseases (CDs) represent the main mortality cause in men and women, but there are gender differences regarding their presentation, progression and the way the disease is tackled. This study mainly focuses on reviewing literature about the CD and its gender approach. The authors carried out a search of texts that use qualitative methodology, published between 2003 and 2009 in the following databases: PUBMED, IME, CUIDEN and CINAHL. Factors that hinder the early diagnosis of Ischemic Heart Disease in women are identified as the main findings, and the possible consequences are pointed out. In the fifty-six texts that were selected initially, we can see the difficulty women face to recognize early symptoms of the CD and their low risk perception of this disease. Greater awareness on Ischemic Heart Disease is needed, so that the high morbidity and mortality rates can be reduced.

Psoriasis / Psoriasis

Revisión, presentación y síntesis de las diversas tipologías de la psoriasis y de los tratamientos desarrollados -desde aquellos más comunes a los más novedosos-. Se exponen los cuidados de enfermería más frecuentes. Teniendo en cuenta la cronicidad, evolución por brotes, y afectación tanto física como psicológica del paciente, el rol de la enfermera es esencial en la adaptación e independencia del enfermo con psoriasis (AU)