RESUMEN
The rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A.Juss.) Müll.Arg.), a native Amazonian species, is responsible for more than 50 thousand products and stands out as the world's main source of natural rubber. Commercial production is carried out by grafting, however, the technique has gaps in terms of time and quality for seedling production. Vegetative production via cuttings is an alternative, however, the species is difficult to root. Thus, the study tested the rooting induction, through a chemical method, with the hormonal regulator indolbutyric acid (IBA) of 5000 ppm, and a mechanical method, with the strangulation of stems, and the interaction between the methods, to analyze the survival and sprouting of rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis) cuttings, as well as verifying the efficiency of breaking the sclerenchyma ring by strangulation. A randomized block design was used, with four treatments (control, with strangulation, with IBA, strangulation x IBA) distributed in six blocks with 36 cuttings. Data were submitted to ANOVA test and Tukey's post-test (p>0.05). The results obtained 12.5% of live cuttings, without rooting, during 68 days, being the combination of strangulation and IBA with greater survival and sprouting. No breakage of the sclerenchyma ring was observed by histological analysis. The data indicate strategic gains in combining chemical and mechanical techniques for species of difficult rooting in vegetative propagation, however, the test was not enough to affirm an answer in relation to each technique, the deepening of the technique on the behavior of the species remains the biggest challenge.
Asunto(s)
Hevea , ReproducciónRESUMEN
Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.(AU)
Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Turnera/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hormigas , Suelo , Sustratos para Tratamiento Biológico/análisisRESUMEN
Abstract Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.
Resumo Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.
RESUMEN
Abstract Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.
Resumo Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Hormigas , Turnera , Plantas , Suelo , Simbiosis , Ecosistema , Hojas de la PlantaRESUMEN
Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.
Alguns estudos relatam o efeito positivo de resíduos orgânicos de formigueiros nas propriedades do solo e na estrutura da comunidade de plantas adjacentes em experimentos de campo, mas há uma lacuna sobre o efeito em espécies individuais. O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar o desenvolvimento de Turnera subulata Smith, uma espécie ornamental, na presença do substrato de descarte (SD) de formigueiros produzido pela formiga cortadeira Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) por meio de experimento em casa de vegetação. O experimento foi conduzido com dois tratamentos: solo controle e solo com 25% de SD. As plantas foram mantidas em vasos de 1L por 90 dias. Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, comprimento da raiz, número de folhas, massa seca da raiz, biomassa seca e fresca da parte aérea. Além disso, o conteúdo relativo de clorofila e os nutrientes foliares foram usados como parâmetros fisiológicos. Como resultado, as plantas que cresceram no solo com SD apresentaram valores significativamente maiores de todos os parâmetros avaliados quando comparadas ao tratamento controle (p < 0.001). Concluímos que esse biofertilizante contribuiu para a produção de plantas mais vigorosas, podendo atuar na dinâmica local de nutrientes nos ecossistemas onde A. balzani ocorre. Além disso, por ser relativamente abundante e fácil de coletar, o SD de A. balzani tem potencial para ser utilizado como biofertilizante na produção de plantas de ciclo de vida curta.
Asunto(s)
Hormigas , Suelo , Sustratos para Tratamiento Biológico/análisis , Turnera/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Some studies report the positive effect of organic residues from ant nests on soil properties and on the structure of the adjacent plant community in field experiments, but there is a gap about the effect on individual species. The purpose of the present study was to compare the soil nutrient content and the development of Turnera subulata Smith, an ornamental species, in the presence of the nest refuse (basically composed of fragments of grass leaves and the symbiotic fungus) produced by the leaf-cutting ant Acromyrmex balzani (Emery, 1890) or in control soil through a greenhouse pot experiment. The experiment was carried out with two treatments: control soil and soil with 25% of nest refuse. The plants were kept in 1L pots for 90 days. We evaluated the parameters: plant height, stem diameter, root length, number of leaves, dry weight of the root, dry and fresh aboveground biomass. Additionally, the relative chlorophyll content and leaf nutrients were used as nutritional parameters. As a result, plants that grew in the soil with nest refuse showed significant higher values of all parameters evaluated when compared to the control treatment (p < 0.001). We conclude that this biofertilizer contributed to the production of more vigorous plants, being able to act on the local dynamics of nutrients in the ecosystems where A. balzani occurs. As it is relatively abundant and easy to collect, the refuse of A. balzani has the potential to be used as an alternative substrate in the production of shortlife cycle plants.
Asunto(s)
Hormigas , Turnera , Animales , Ecosistema , Hojas de la Planta , Plantas , Suelo , SimbiosisRESUMEN
Malpighiaceae contains approximately 1300 species in 75 genera, which are predominantly distributed in the neotropics ( Anderson, 2013 ). These genera are distributed among 14 mostly well-supported clades, among them the aspicarpoid clade, comprising Aspicarpa Rich., Camarea A.St.-Hil., Cottsia Dubard. & Dop., Gaudichaudia Kunth and Janusia A.Juss. ( Davis & Anderson, 2010 ). This clade is characterized by the presence of cleistogamous flowers in some species, in addition to chasmogamous flowers. According to Anderson (1980) , the anther of a cleistogamous flower does not open to release pollen grains; instead, a pollen tube grows down through the filament and into the receptacle of the flower, penetrating the ovule and causing fertilization. The cleistogamous flowers produce viable seeds and are responsible for most of the seed production per specimen ( Anderson, 1980 ). Janusia guaranitica (A.St.-Hil.) A.Juss. has cleistogamous flowers with only one stamen and two carpels, which are produced before the chasmogamous flowers and often in great numbers. According to Lorenzo (1981) , the ovules of both types of flowers in J. guaranitica are identical. Three specimens of J. guaranitica found on public streets in Araras, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were transplanted into a Garden on the Universidade Federal de São Carlos, campus Araras ( Figure 1 A), locaded in an area with remnants of Semidecidual Seasonal Forest. This Garden is close to the portion which constitutes the Forest Reserve of the campus, with an approximate altitude of 650m, soil red dystrophic latossolic, clayey to very clayey texture, grades of sands between 32.9 and 35.1% (mass), grades of clay between 48.86 and 49.56% (mass) and organic matter concentration between 26.8 and 32.2 g dm-3 ( Yoshida & Stolf, 2016 ). The specimens were transplanted into a more shaded and humid garden area, compared to the public streets where they were initially found. The specimens were not irrigated, being exposed to the rainfall regime of the area. Before transplanting, the reproductive structures were preserved in 70% alcohol, and vouchers were collected using standard protocols for the collection and preparation of botanical material. Voucher specimens were deposited in the herbarium of the Centro de Ciências Agrárias (CCA) at the Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar, HARA herbarium)(AU)
RESUMEN
Despite the benefits of using surgical meshes to repair abdominal and inguinal hernias, there are increasing reports of mesh migration into the gastrointestinal and urinary tracts-a complication that cannot be overlooked or neglected. Resolution of such cases can be difficult and depends on the degree of migration and the anatomical site involved. The present paper reports the case of a 68-year-old patient undergoing a trans-ureteral resection of a possible bladder malignancy diagnosed following clinical and radiological evaluation. During the procedure (cytoscopy), it was found that migration of a mesh was mimicking the urological disease initially suspected. A polypropylene mesh had been inserted into the right inguinal region 20 years previously to repair an inguinal hernia. This is one of only a few case reports on mesh migration presenting as a suspected bladder malignancy.
Asunto(s)
Migración de Cuerpo Extraño/diagnóstico , Hernia Inguinal/cirugía , Herniorrafia/efectos adversos , Mallas Quirúrgicas/efectos adversos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Anciano , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Migración de Cuerpo Extraño/complicaciones , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
In many tropical landscapes, agroforestry systems are the last forested ecosystems, providing shade, having higher humidity, mitigating potential droughts, and possessing more species than any other crop system. Here, we tested the hypothesis that higher levels of shade and associated humidity in agroforestry enhance coffee ant richness more during the dry than rainy season, comparing ant richness in 22 plots of three coffee agroforestry types in coastal Ecuador: simple-shade agroforests (intensively managed with low tree species diversity), complex-shade agroforests (extensively managed with intermediate tree species diversity) and abandoned coffee agroforests (abandoned for 10-15 yr and resembling secondary forests). Seasonality affected responses of ant richness but not composition to agroforestry management, in that most species were observed in abandoned coffee agroforests in the dry season. In the rainy season, however, most species were found in simple-shade agroforests, and complex agroforestry being intermediate. Foraging coffee ants species composition did not change differently according to agroforestry type and season. Results show that shade appears to be most important in the dry seasons, while a mosaic of different land-use types may provide adequate environmental conditions to ant species, maximizing landscape-wide richness throughout the year.
Asunto(s)
Hormigas , Biodiversidad , Agricultura Forestal , Estaciones del Año , Árboles , Animales , Coffea , Ecuador , LluviaRESUMEN
In an ant colony, the queen is the single reproducer and can interact with her workers via pheromones and cuticular compounds. However, in most species queen importance is not restricted to reproduction: in the initial development of the colony, her presence might play a more important role. In this work, we studied the effects of queen absence on workers behavior displayed in the foraging arena. Ants mortality and refuse accumulation was also measured daily. The results showed that queen absence did not alter either workers behavior or foraging efficiency. However, we observed increased ant mortality accompanied by a decrease in refuse dumping outside the nest. These results corroborate the hypothesis that environmental factors are more important than intrinsical factors in the allocation of external tasks. Probably, the queen could only influence internal activities of the colony.
Asunto(s)
Hormigas/fisiología , Conducta Social , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Conducta Animal/fisiología , FemeninoRESUMEN
Numa colônia de formiga, a rainha é a única que exerce a atividade de reprodução e sua interação com as operárias ocorre, principalmente, por meio de feromônios e compostos cuticulares. No entanto, em muitas espécies, a sua importância não está restrita à reprodução. Nos estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento da colônia, ela pode exercer um papel mais importante. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os efeitos da ausência da rainha no comportamento de operárias presentes na arena de forrageamento. A mortalidade de operárias e a acumulação de lixo também foi medida diariamente. Os resultados mostraram que a ausência da rainha não alterou o comportamento das operárias nem a eficiência de forrageamento. Entretanto, verificou-se o aumento da mortalidade diária acompanhado do decréscimo na deposição de lixo fora do ninho. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de que fatores ambientais são mais importantes do que fatores intrínsecos na alocação de tarefas externas. Provavelmente, a rainha atue apenas na influência de atividades internas da colônia.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Femenino , Hormigas/fisiología , Conducta Social , Análisis de Varianza , Conducta Animal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
In an ant colony, the queen is the single reproducer and can interact with her workers via pheromones and cuticular compounds. However, in most species queen importance is not restricted to reproduction: in the initial development of the colony, her presence might play a more important role. In this work, we studied the effects of queen absence on workers behavior displayed in the foraging arena. Ants mortality and refuse accumulation was also measured daily. The results showed that queen absence did not alter either workers behavior or foraging efficiency. However, we observed increased ant mortality accompanied by a decrease in refuse dumping outside the nest. These results corroborate the hypothesis that environmental factors are more important than intrinsical factors in the allocation of external tasks. Probably, the queen could only influence internal activities of the colony.
Numa colônia de formiga, a rainha é a única que exerce a atividade de reprodução e sua interação com as operárias ocorre, principalmente, por meio de feromônios e compostos cuticulares. No entanto, em muitas espécies, a sua importância não está restrita à reprodução. Nos estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento da colônia, ela pode exercer um papel mais importante. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os efeitos da ausência da rainha no comportamento de operárias presentes na arena de forrageamento. A mortalidade de operárias e a acumulação de lixo também foi medida diariamente. Os resultados mostraram que a ausência da rainha não alterou o comportamento das operárias nem a eficiência de forrageamento. Entretanto, verificou-se o aumento da mortalidade diária acompanhado do decréscimo na deposição de lixo fora do ninho. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de que fatores ambientais são mais importantes do que fatores intrínsecos na alocação de tarefas externas. Provavelmente, a rainha atue apenas na influência de atividades internas da colônia.
RESUMEN
In an ant colony, the queen is the single reproducer and can interact with her workers via pheromones and cuticular compounds. However, in most species queen importance is not restricted to reproduction: in the initial development of the colony, her presence might play a more important role. In this work, we studied the effects of queen absence on workers behavior displayed in the foraging arena. Ants mortality and refuse accumulation was also measured daily. The results showed that queen absence did not alter either workers behavior or foraging efficiency. However, we observed increased ant mortality accompanied by a decrease in refuse dumping outside the nest. These results corroborate the hypothesis that environmental factors are more important than intrinsical factors in the allocation of external tasks. Probably, the queen could only influence internal activities of the colony.
Numa colônia de formiga, a rainha é a única que exerce a atividade de reprodução e sua interação com as operárias ocorre, principalmente, por meio de feromônios e compostos cuticulares. No entanto, em muitas espécies, a sua importância não está restrita à reprodução. Nos estágios iniciais do desenvolvimento da colônia, ela pode exercer um papel mais importante. Neste trabalho, foram estudados os efeitos da ausência da rainha no comportamento de operárias presentes na arena de forrageamento. A mortalidade de operárias e a acumulação de lixo também foi medida diariamente. Os resultados mostraram que a ausência da rainha não alterou o comportamento das operárias nem a eficiência de forrageamento. Entretanto, verificou-se o aumento da mortalidade diária acompanhado do decréscimo na deposição de lixo fora do ninho. Estes resultados corroboram a hipótese de que fatores ambientais são mais importantes do que fatores intrínsecos na alocação de tarefas externas. Provavelmente, a rainha atue apenas na influência de atividades internas da colônia.
RESUMEN
Os autores revisam os conceitos atuais sobre hipertensao acelerada. Apos um resumo dos aspectos ja definidos na literatura, sao apresentadas as teorias mais provaveis de sua fisiopatogenia. O tratamento merece as consideracoes mais extensas, dado o potencial de regressao das lesoes e recuperacao funcional do rim quando as medidas adequadas sao adotadas no devido tempo